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Abstract: This paper, first it has reviewed the literature on the characteristics of mathematical word problems and their solution process. The review revealed that among the root causes for students’ difficulties with mathematical word problems, two factors are salient, namely the text complexity and the unfamiliar context. To shed more light on these findings, a factorial experimental study was designed with 80 grade 7 students from a school in middle class residents. These students were randomly put into the four groups of 20 each two as experimental and two as control group. Four tests were administered as pre-tests and post- tests to compare the students regarding their problem solving skills with the intervention of two kinds of rewording familiarization and personalization. The major finding of this study is that the rewording per se has meaningful effect on students’ understanding and solving of word problem.    

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Since the establishment of formal education in Iran, there has always been an emphasis on the application of mathematics in real life situation. To measure students’s competencies in applying mathematics in real life situations, there is a need to design a test with this purpose. During the current decade, PISA has been conducted in various countries to measure sudents’ competencies needed for solving real life problems in 15 years old. Because of the reliable systematic framework of PISA regarding mathematics literacy (ML) as a construct, agreed by mathematics experts, PISA framework has been chosen as a suitable framework to design a test to assess students’ competencies for ML. In this paper, we explain the stages of designing a similar test for the Iranian students of the same age. The approach to design the test is cognitive-diagnostic according to the framework of PISA and required modifications were made based on mathematics teachers’ viewpoints in Tehran. The final test items are based on three processes of mathematics literacy which consist of formulation employment and interpretation/ evaluation, and six cognitive competencies including communication, mathematising, representation, reasoning and argument, devising strategies for solving problems and using symbolic, formal and technical language and operations, in addition, four real context of personal societal occupational and scientific and finally four content area of quantity uncertainty and data change and relationships and space and shape.

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Our goal was to investigate readiness of art students in application of e-learning. This is a Descriptive- Survey research. Three hundred and forty-seven students of Alzahra University, Tarbiat Modares University, University of Tehran and Art University in 2013-2014 were selected by multistage cluster sampling and via Morgan Table. Their readiness for E-learning application was assessed by researcher-developed questionnaire. Data analysis is done by indexes of Descriptive statistics and One-Sample T-test. The results showed that a significant relationship was found between readiness of undergraduate students, graduate Students and post-graduate students to apply E-learning, but there was no significant relationship between the other variables of research (Sex, University and Field of Study). Results revealed that Art students were located in Moderate level of readiness for applying E-learning.
 

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Current study has been implemented with the aim of quality evaluation of research methodological skills of master students in human science disciplines in Tehran's public Universities. In qualitative section, by using purposeful and snow-ball sampling, experts in field of teaching methodology were interviewed. By using content analysis and coding procedure and also the syllabuses of the research methods and statistic courses, 35 important skills were indentified. In quantitative section, based on identified skills a valid and reliable questionnaire was developed and completed by 270 students. First, by implementing exploratory factor analysis, all skills were decreased into 27 skills and 4 factors (designing, practical, analytical and writing skills) were indentified. In the second stage, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the measurement model of latent variable has good fit with observed data. In the next stage the results of Chi-squared test indicated that students have meaningful evaluation from skills. They evaluated their skills lower than average. Also the results of Friedman test have meaningfully ranked skills in each dimension. The results of ranked skills indicate that "selecting an appropriate title for doing research", "using electronic resource and scientific database", "interpreting the outputs of analyzed data", and "writing an article from the results of conducted research" have the lowest rank in each dimension. Generally, result of this study indicates weakness in needed research skills among human sciences master students of Tehran's public Universities.

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Future teachers of education are Current students that  focus on the development of teacher knowledge in the field of theory and practice in practicum as an important part of the teacher training program. One of the effective factors in the pre-service programs is schools coach, The study seeks it. The reserch method used in this study was qualitative method and was of phenomenological type. And focuses on four participants, among 22 cases. Participants are 91-92 students have completed 3 practicum. The data is collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. As well as semi-structured interviews were done with their mentors. Data through Strauss and Corbin analysis were categorized. The data shows that coach can develop their competence as the greatest intervention in the professional world, Sometimes that role as coach is show As an imitation, or as a joint  exprementation and sometimes in the form of hall of mirrors.

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This study aimed to investigate the impact of Parallel teaching on the academic performance of students in the sixth grade in math and their attitude toward school was conducted. The research method was experimental and pretest-posttest with control and experimental groups. Statistical population consisted sixth female students in Tabriz in the academic year 94-95 and the sample size is 70 persons that 35 of them in the control group and 35 patients in the experimental group were exposed. So in the experimental group Parallel teaching was conducted for 2 months and in the control group one teacher was used for teaching. The Analysis of ANCOVA was performed on the math achievement of students in the experimental and control group's shows that the students' mathematics achievement between the experimental and control groups was a significant difference observed

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This study conducted with aim of investigation profound experiences of elementary male students in the fourth and fifth grades from the descriptive evaluation. The method of this study was qualitative and phenomenological one. To achieve this objective and considering the nature of the study, purposeful sampling was used. Collected Data were saturated by interviewing with nine students. Data were analyzed by MAXQDA10 software. The results of these experiences were summarized at five themes and several subthemes. These themes included: "positive perception of descriptive evaluation", "negative perception of descriptive evaluation", "appropriate for bottom grades" pleasant for lazy students parents "and" harmful for lazy students". These findings can help Authorities in investigation the conditions of descriptive evaluation, its advantages and disadvantages. So they can take steps in Solving Problems and improvements, Remove or replacement of this evaluation.

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Entrepreneurship education has a significant effect on the economic growth of societies. The goal of entrepreneurship education is to develop skills and entrepreneurial skills. By developing these skills at an earier age, young, capable, creative and innovative people can be found in all aspects of social, cultural, political and economic life. The purpose of the research is to model for designing an entrepreneurship education curriculum for the the junior high School students. Field of study is includes texts and authoritative documents of curriculum and entrepreneurship education. The tatistical population of the experts and professors of the university, and the statistical sample, wer 30 curriculum and entrepreneurship specialists who were selected by avilable method. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and interview. The method of research is mixed. The research findings inglude a patterned design for entrepreneurship education for the junior high School students.

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The present research aims to study, understand and explain the experiences of parents of students and school administrators from parent participation in school affairs of children. This research is conducted in a descriptive phenomenological approach. For this purpose, 8 managers and 6 students from Hamedan schools were selected by targeted method and data were collected by semi-structured interview. The collected data were analyzed by Straubert and Carpenter (2003). Findings show that in both groups there is no identical definition of participation and people refer to the funds of participation. In the structure, administrators rely on parent associations and coaches as formal institutions and parents focus on personal relationships with school agents. The fields of participation in schools are diverse and factors such as the motivation and parenting of parents, the positive interaction of managers and the existence of a participatory culture in the school organization can strengthen it.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the type and extent of the curriculum commonplaces in the curriculum committee of selected universities in Iran using a qualitative research approach, it was a content analysis method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all curriculum development and subject matter specialists in university curriculum committees, out of which 21 were selected using purposeful sampling and "saturation criterion" and they were semi-structured interviews. Free categorization and coding were used to analyze the data obtained from the interviews. The findings showed that the type and curriculum commonplaces influencers in the curriculum committees were classified into three main categories: 1-Ageism and resistance to curriculum-policy-making, rent-seeking, and financial incentives to select members; 2- Minor contribution participation of curriculum specialists in curriculum development decision making; 3- Poor participation of employers and students in review curricula or creating new disciplines.
 

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The aim of this study was to represent the semantic phenomenon of academic dropout of Martyr and Veteran Students and to present a paradigmatic model. Methodology of this research, qualitative and Participants included all students with academic dropout in Shahed schools, teachers and principals of Shahed schools, educational experts of the Martyr Foundation of Sanandaj City, as well as Educational Districts 1 and 2 of Sanandaj, the Kurdistan Province General Office of Education and the parents of those students who have Academic dropout . Based on the results of causal conditions, the phenomenon of academic failure, including emotional deficiency; Poor academic guidance and low motivation and Contexctual conditions including low effort and perseverance; Educational facilitation and academic dropout and intervening conditions including employment guarantee; They had a weak support structure and enjoyed the benefits of self-sacrifice. The core category was defined as academic failure as "acceptance of failure versus success."

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This study has been done in the category of applied research with qualitative paradigm by thematic analysis through an inductive approach.From reliable first-hand documents and resources in terms and keywords of this inquiry in thriving countries,45 cases were selected by purposive sampling.The data collection tool was manual and computer notes(MAXQDA,2020).The network of themes extracted in the findings indicates a conceptual model with five broad themes(curriculum competencies,educational strategies,student,teacher and challenges and opportunities)and a practical model with five broad themes(School's curriculum,educational activities,operational activities,student activities,and teaching activities).The study shows that in prosperous countries like Finland and Sweden,students' start-ups have been started for many years and are going on regularly and desirably.Since this type of activity has been neglected in Iranian curricula,it is suggested that the curriculum of start-ups in the second year of high school be designed & implemented based on the criteria an indicatores provided in the models of this research.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of ethnicity and lived ethnic experiences of junior school students in the formal-hidden curriculum of Iran's academic year in 2019-2020.The research method in the first part of documentary analysis and qualitative content analysis with 3 volumes of social studies book including 553 pages.Content Analysis Unit;Text-Images and activities.The second part of the qualitative and phenomenological research method was purposeful sampling of participants including 30 students (persian-Azeri-Kurd-Lor-gilak) and 20 teachers.Student journal and informal interview were also used. Findings show that only 6% of the three sections of the examined content pay attention to the desirable components of ethnicity, which is very undesirable in the formal curriculum.In the analysis of information,cultural assimilation, superficial thoughts about ethnic culture, educational inequality, cultural diversity alienism,neglect of peaceful coexistence appeared, overall, it can be acknowledged that the position of ethnicity in the hidden curriculum was not desirable

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The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a model of multicultural literacy curriculum for students and teachers of Farhangian University. The approach of this research is mixed descriptive and its statistical population includes a small part of university-cultural university students, the sampling method was to select student-teachers from random clusters. Research method; Using a questionnaire with three components of multicultural knowledge, multicultural attitude and multicultural skills, and in the qualitative section, systematic analysis was used to find the components of multicultural literacy. In a small part, the results of this study indicated that the multicultural literacy of university students, teachers and educators was relatively good in the multicultural dimension and moderate in the multicultural dimension, but not at the desirable level in the multicultural dimension. According to the current situation of multicultural literacy of students and teachers, a model was designed and validated for the desired situation.

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The present study aims to analyze the ideas of elementary teachers about the concept of "child-friendly school" toextract components and its obstacles. The research method applied was phenomenological and the study samples included 24 elementary teachers in Tehran who had low, medium and high levels of teaching experience. The data for study was collected through semi-structured interviews which were performed on the basis of theoretical saturation. The method of data analysis used was Brown and Clark ' thematic analysis (2006). Based on the theme analysis, 13 basic themes 5 organizing and a main theme  were identified as the child-friendly school components. In addition, 7 basic themes, 3 organizing themes and an overarching theme were recognized as the barriers to the realization of a child-friendly school. Finally, it should be mentioned that due to several obstacles, there are no conditions to create such atmosphere in many Iranian schools, especially public schools.