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This article engages the reader with a critical and challenging issue in teacher education domain. The issue chosen is the structure of the program which extends itself quite naturally to the issue of implementation in terms of institutions involved. The author argues that although there is no definite answer to the question of which pre-service teacher education program assures training of effective teachers, a viable teacher education curriculum should consist of four elements, together forming an image of a square. The four elements are described as: content (disciplinary) knowledge component, general educational knowledge component, content specific professional knowledge coupled with practicum and induction, which refers to a one year monitoring and coaching of novice teachers. The four-sided program needs to be implemented in a cooperative spirit which involves the higher education sector and public education sector, thus depicting a cross-sectoral picture of the task of teacher education. The first two components come naturally under the expertise of universities and the last two are components for which the public education sector is better prepared. The implementation scheme discussed in the article presents a serious challenge to the current thinking and policy direction in Iran which has recently rested the case for teacher education by awarding all the responsibilities to the public education sector and exempting the higher education from performing any meaningful role in this respect. The policy has manifested itself in the 2012 enactment of a legislature authorizing the establishment of a single university run by ministry of education to assume the full responsibility for teacher education.

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This paper conducts a historical analysis of the meaning and aims Reconceptualism in viewpoint of Pinar et al, including methodology and critics related to it in curriculum field from 1960s to 2010s.  For this means, 25 papers and 4 books of Pinar et al were studied by methods of document and textual analysis through an analytical-critical approach. Critiques of Wraga and Hlebowitsh as alternatives for Reconceptualism are accounted. The result of analysis showed that a) Reconceptualists aren’t a homogeneous group of curriculum experts share certain ideas b)Reconceptualism isn’t a movement, but rather a way or a process of understanding c) the process of understanding or the Reconceptualiztion project will never cease to continue. Thus, Reconceptualism cannot be defined easily and, d) Reconceptualism is a critical and inclusive movement that concentrates on out of school phenomena and critique of hidden and overt curriculum outcomes. Concerned issues and methodology of Reconceptualism that were extracted via open and selected coding include: pursuit of interdisciplinary studies, empowering critical role of theory, paradigm shift from curriculum planning to curriculum understanding, focusing on out of school variables, generalizing, emphasis on theory rather than practice, improving the field of curriculum studies in order to adapt to complicated dialogues, internationalization of curriculum studies, critic of ahistorical posture and using of autobiography and interpreting Currrere as a biographical mode. Finally, notable critiques of Reconceptualism and their responses are analyzed.

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This paper presents a report on the level of achievement in the third grade of high school courses of physics and laboratory. This research is assessment-oriented and evaluative and in collecting of data follows the grounded theory method. Curricular goal achievement was assessed with evaluating mathematics and science students (N=369) from five districts in Tehran via academic achievement test. The analysis of data showed that: 1- The goals of physics curriculum in cognitive domain had been achieved. 2- There were no significant differences between male and female mathematics and science students in goal achievement in cognitive domain. 3- There were significant differences in cognitive domain in between students who studied in different districts of Tehran.

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Abstract: An effective research requires the initialization of knowledge, positive affect and research action in the researcher as well as the initialization of research comprehensive attitude. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method based on analyzing the concepts and re-processing the results of previous research. Based on this, theoretical and research background related to the realization of research comprehensive attitude were analyzed and three cognitive, emotional and functional dimensions of the mentioned theoretical framework along with the proposed components were organized in a clear dimensions and statements. At the end, a sample structure was presented in designing the general elements of school curriculum in order to realize research comprehensive approach.
 

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Abstract: The crisis of identity has been coupled with the field of curriculum studies. Despite the considerable quantitative expansion that the field has experienced in recent decade the academic borders are not yet clear and concise. Such indeterminacy, although is uncomforting at times, but it can be made into an opportunity providing the bedrock for creative suggestion of new accounts and pluralism with respect to identity. In this article the behavior of the administrators of the education system with reference to the deployment of curriculum knowledge in setting the stage for proper decision making has been made subject to criticism. The author emphasizes that such treatment is not justified even at the time of such identity crisis and that the graduates can offer worthwhile contributions to policymakers. What follows, then, is an explanation of the expectation that administrators could have from the scholars and specialists of the field. This expectation is expressed within the fundamental responsibility of the academic community to renew the educational programs defined for preparing future specialists. The point is that by attending to such professional responsibility, the crises of identity could be resolved (or ameliorated) and specialists with a more pronounce professional identity could be made available to policymakers. At the end, what is referred to as the map for plural identity has been suggested which identifies the spectrum of identity options available to curriculum specialists. An exemplary framework for a doctoral program consistent with the map is also attached to the article.
 

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Abstract: Curriculum has always been the main element in any educational system and a relatively large number of research has been carried out in this area. Using quantitative approach and document content analysis, this study investigates the methodologies applied in research on higher education curriculum. Among the existing literature, 30 studies from 13 journals that were carried out by Iranian researchers, and 30 studies from 14 credible journals carried out by foreign scholars were selected through purposeful sampling, and subsequently analyzed.  The results reveal that in foreign studies on curriculum, qualitative approach was dominant, employed in sixty percent of the studies. Within this portion, case studies and phenomenological approach with %50 and 37.5% were used most by the researchers. The study also found that quantitative approach was the dominant approach applied in Iranian studies (fifty percent), among which survey methodology was the most widely used (%85.8). Moreover, this study indicates that both Iranian and foreign research are moving from quantitative to qualitative and mixed research, although this trend is stronger in foreign research.  

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Abstract: The objective of this research was to study the feasibility of integrative approach in physical education course at the elementary level from the point of view of experts. The researchers used descriptive survey method for this study. The statistical population consisted of physical education experts majoring in curriculum development or management and planning who were familiar with physical education courses of public universities in Tehran. The research data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. Data was collected through both T-solo and linear-algorithm sample statistical methods. Results through T-solo sample showed that in terms of professionals who set the objectives, selection of content and coherence of learning experiences was meaningful in integrated delivery of physical education curriculum. Results through linear-algorithm method showed that experts' opinion was significantly correlated to their gender and attitude towards integrated physical education curriculum. Also there was significant variation regarding the experts' years of experience. In addition, there was no significant correlation between these three factors, i.e. gender, attitude towards integrated curriculum and teaching experience. According to the findings of this study, the experts agreed that development of an integrated physical education curriculum was feasible if curriculum development elements were taken into consideration. In terms of gender and attitude towards an integrated curriculum, experts agreed that development of an integrated physical education curriculum was feasible. In terms of teaching experience and background, and interrelation between these three factors there is difference of viewpoint among experts.  

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Abstract: In the late 70's, in reaction to both "New Math" movement in the United States and "mechanistic mathematics education" approach to mathematics education in Netherland, Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) has been introduced by Freudenthal and his colleagues. In this educational approach, Freudenthal considered mathematics as a human activity. Based on this approach, education should give students the opportunity to re-invent mathematics by doing appropriate activities. Recently, the National curriculum of Islamic Republic of Iran has been developed by the Ministry of Education to provide educational policies. In this document, an implicit emphasis on so called “realistic” aspect of the program can be seen in the mathematics curriculum framework section. In this paper, I first, introduce the different aspects of RME, and then this educational approach has been traced in the newly written mathematics textbooks in Iran.    

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Abstract: Study on curriculum movement and variation of the mathematics textbooks in Iran is one of the fields that few studies have been accomplished, and in this field there have been no investigation reports or any particular results of such these studies. This paper deals with a short report of a comprehensive research in this field from the beginning of formal education curriculum in Iran for high school (1925) to 2008 (the time of gathering the data). In this research following subjects on high school curriculum are investigated: 1) Historical changes and overall evolution of formal educational system, 2) Five historic periods on changed of math textbooks, 3) Changes of curriculum based on the math subjects. I tried all the school textbooks to be considered and the content of them mathematically to be investigated. This paper deals with a conclusion by reviewing trigonometry as one of the school topics and its changes during this interval.    

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Abstract: In the first part of this study, first a brief introduction of problem posing was present and then, some frameworks and classifications of problem posing were reviewed. In the second part of the study the research that has been conducted in Iran was introduced. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with experimental and control groups which aimed to investigate the impact of fostering mathematics problem posing skills on 8th grade students’ ability to solve mathematical problems. The findings of the first part showed that problem posing skills was associated with problem solving ability, creativity and divergent thinking, and they improved each other. Problem posing process also could be used as a tool to gain a greater awareness of what's going on in the minds of students. T-test analysis of the second part of paper showed that doing problem posing activities in the classroom made a significant difference in students' problem solving skills.    

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According to scientific and technological changes that are emerging in society, the necessity of using interdisciplinaries is unavoidable. Successful development and implementation of interdisciplinary curricula need evaluation and revision continuously. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the humanities interdisciplinary curricula in higher education of Iran. Now the question is: "How much the current status of the curricula in higher education of Iran is adapted with the desired status"? To answer this question, evaluative research method, based on mixed methods, has been ussed.The population of this research includes humanities interdisciplinary curricula in higher education of Iran. Methods of data collecting were determined according to research variables and four study groups. The findings indicate that all components of the curriculum (including objectives, content and topics, teaching and evaluation methods, and retraining courses) need to be reviewed and be changed fundamentally.

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The aim of this research is to search for a model for the curriculum planning of the parents' cultural capital growth and to facilitate the children's Progress in school. The correlation of the parent's cultural capital dimensions with the educational achivement of the students was studied, and an efficient plan for the growth of the family's cultural capital was designed, implemented and evaluated. The theoretical framework of this research is derived from Bourdieu theories. Basis on the Pierre Bourdieu's viewpoint, cultural capital has three subtypes: institutionalized, objectified, embodied. The research method is quasi-experimental and it has two evidence and test groups. The tool for gathering information in this research is the questionnaire for ascertaining the cultural capital elements and also the Baum rind questionnaire. Its validity was obtained 83% by the experts and specialists through conducting experiments on 30 persons. The statistical population consists of 54 families that are selected randomly from north and south of Tehran who their children were in grade 4 in high school. They were interviewed by professional interviewers and the experimental group participated in a training workshop for introducing families with cultural capital elements. Assumptions of the research were: 1) Training of parents influences their cultural capital (interest in the art works, music, painting and calligraphy and foreign language). 2) Training of parents influences their cultural capital (improvement of relationship with book, drawings, computer, media, camera, and library membership). 3)  Training of parents influences their cultural capital (participation in the courses that results in getting skill certificate). 4) Training of parents influences their way of child rearing. 5) Teaching the cultural capital elements to the parents influences their children's school achievement. For doing descriptive analysis of data, the statistics of frequency, mean and standard deviation, and for inferential analysis of data, the analysis method of one-way and co-variance (ANCOVA) were used. The findings showed that regular training of parents in the level of P environment for the children's educational success.

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Abstract: In this paper, effort has been made to investigate the capabilities of curriculum as an academic discipline (CAD) and the question to be answered was whether curriculum could be seen as an academic discipline? This question has been answered in two parts. In the first part, the criteria of scientific disciplines were presented from the perspective of experts and after extracting the agreed criteria, they have been explored in CAD. In the second part, various classification of academic disciplines were presented, then disciplines that are congruent with CAD have been identified and linked with it. Discussions of part two have led to this result that curriculum is a soft, alive and functional discipline. This discipline has philosophical, social and organizational perspectives. In summary, three views were discussed. Two of these three points of view imply that education and curriculum are not considered as an academic discipline. At the end, the definition of curriculum as an academic discipline has been presented.

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This study aims to identify and explain the experience of teaching art in the elementary school teachers was conducted. In this context, an essential question is examined: primary school teachers, learning how to experience the arts curriculum? Using qualitative research methods, semi-structured in-depth interviews and purposive sampling, 10 cases of primary school teachers Mehdishahr city were interviewed in depth. Theoretical saturation was confirmed at the end of my interview. Data were analyzed using coding techniques and the three criteria of validity and acceptability, reliability and scalability approval was obtained. The findings of the research, experience in teaching art in the elementary school teachers in the three main axes showed weakness honor the art, the lack of education, lack of parental interest. Based on these findings, teachers have not been successful in teaching the art curriculum and have failed to benefit from the potential for teaching art lessons. Despite the interest in the issue of teachers' verbal art unimportance among other courses in the teaching of practical arts curriculum for teachers is obvious. This is because art teachers from time to compensate for falling behind their modules to use. Facilities generally will address the curriculum of art as much as it abstained. Based on theory and research findings, strategies to overcome the challenges of art education in primary schools is recommended, including art lesson plans independently, providing specialized service training courses, particularly arts teachers, creating suitable for exchange of experiences among teachers, funding and facilities in accordance with the requirements of art lessons, parents and families to raise awareness of the importance of arts education.
 

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Abstract: Two annual migrations of nomadic tribes have a large impact on school work and learning of students. This study is a qualitative case study and intends to examine the impact of a reduction in teaching time in nomadic schools. In order to assess the students’ absence from school each year due to two migrations and its negative effects, the researcher used mixed method research(Quantitative-Qualitative) to thoroughly study the phenomenon and to collect data during the two academic years (2011/2010 and 2012/2011). The study sample consists of students of a nomadic school where the researcher has worked as a teacher. The results indicate that the annual migration of nomadic tribes is the cause of decrease in training time by 34% (55 days from 160 days) and subsequently leads to disruption of school planning, hastily teaching of the contents, and not completion of textbook by the end of the school year.

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Abstract The goal of current study was to investigate the consistency of intended curriculum with implemented curriculum at the preprimary level. The research method was survey study. The population included 258 preschool teachers of west of Mazandaran in 2009 that 122 samples randomly selected from Abas Abad, Chaloose, Tonekabon and Ramsar cities. Measuring tool was researcher-made questionnaire consists of 29 statements with Likert five points Scale. This questionnaire measured the implemented curriculum from the aspects of goals, activities and methods in evaluation. Face validity of the questionnaire has been investigated through the current issues in curriculum plan and educational activities of preschool and 2 professors been confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaire was found 0/91. Analyzing the data has been done by using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and column diagram drawing) and inferential statistics (paired T test). Results showed that from the point of view of preschool centers’ teachers, there was a somehow conformity among goals, activities and evaluating methods in intended curriculum with implemented curriculum. Comparative investigation among respondents’ideas in getting the goals showed that most amount of reching goals was related to cognitive aspect with average point of 21/39 and the least amount of getting the goals was related to emotional aspect with average point of 8/22. Also in implemented activities, poems and signing, drawing, storytelling, group discussion and playing respectively are the most done activities by teachers. About how to evaluate by teachers in implemented curriculum, observation (%46), oral evaluation (%45) and continuous evaluation (%36) were the most applied methods.
 

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The research goal was to investigate the outcomes of implicit curriculum from university students’ point of view.A purposeful sample of 15 professors and 20 students from shiraz university participated in the study. Data were collected through the research literature and by doing interviews with key experts and then the collected data analyzed by using the thematic network model. The set of 154 coded-common experiences were identified. Findings were classified into three major categories including: 1) basic concepts; 2) organizing themes; 3) inclusive themes. Results generally indicate that the main outcomes that students learned through the implicit curriculum are as follows: 1) authority; 2) discipline behaviors; 3) sense of comfort; 4) self- worth; 5) self-control; 6) social solidarity;  7) value-oriented approach; 8) responsibility;  9) passing exams with the minimum of effort; 10) cheating ; 11) stereotyping; 12) gaining scientific spirit; 13) deep study, and 14) undeep study.

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The purpose of this study was to define the curriculum principles of Teaching Experience based on the lived experiences of the successful teachers. In this study, a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was used. The participants were 9 teachers and professors who were selected purposefully. Data were collected by using in-depth interview and analyzed by thematic coding. Among the findings, 358 conceptual codes were extracted. They were classified as eight main categories including: caring and sympathy, dynamism, tact of teaching, introspection, mutual interaction, creating reflective situations, cultural-artistic understanding, practical insight and 35 subcomponents. Findings indicated that following these principles results in the improvement of moral behavior and behavior stability in learners and can guarantee the influence of the learning-teaching process.

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: This study، with the idea of entrepreneurship in mind، was conducted with the goal of evaluating the views of the curriculum experts in the high school vocational branch. The method was survey and statistical community included194curriculum experts and specialists of vocational high schools. Research sample volume(123subjects) was selected randomly based on the Morgan Table and، in the end، only 87questionnaires were returned. In order to gather required data from questionnaires Alan Gibb’s evaluation tools of entrepreneurship plan were used. The acquired collective single  t for experts is according to these components: behavior development4.297101،developing comm::union:: 4.668755، values of entrepreneurship 4.961556، motivate careers4.284784، understand the process of entering into business 4.078871،Capacity building 5.075505،the key business essentials 5.275455، relations management 4.178311،which every amount is higher than the single t critical amount ±1.98.differences exist between the test amounts and the average variable in the community،But very little.In other words، in the experts’ views، with the idea of entrepreneurship in mind، the vocational curriculum is in the Lower than average.

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: Formal education curriculum, in every society, has to foster the physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, moral, and social development of the students. However, the curriculum of secondary education in Iran, suggests the null nutritional education. The aim of this study was to analyze the null nutritional literacy curriculum in secondary education. The research method was survey. The population was all male and female high school students in Yazd (2140 students). Through Cochran formula and random sampling method, 325 students were selected as the sample. The instrument was a standard questionnaire that assessed nutritional literacy (in terms of attitude, skills, knowledge and resources). Its validity and reliability were confirmed. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and independent t-test were used. The results showed that the dimensions of nutrition literacy for both boys and girls were weak. The girls had simpler approach to breakfast comparing with the boys. In the area of nutritional practice, the boys compared to the girls, had more bad habits about salt consumption, but consumption of dairy products was better in them. In addition, the desirability of height and weight in both groups was not satisfactory. In the area of nutritional awareness, girls and boys were aware. Using the chi-square test, the results showed very limited sources for girls, where as the boys had gotten their nutritional information from a variety of sources such as textbooks, network relatives, and friends. The findings illustrate the need to review school curricula in order to promote nutritional literacy and behaviors in adolescent students.