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Abstract: This paper, first it has reviewed the literature on the characteristics of mathematical word problems and their solution process. The review revealed that among the root causes for students’ difficulties with mathematical word problems, two factors are salient, namely the text complexity and the unfamiliar context. To shed more light on these findings, a factorial experimental study was designed with 80 grade 7 students from a school in middle class residents. These students were randomly put into the four groups of 20 each two as experimental and two as control group. Four tests were administered as pre-tests and post- tests to compare the students regarding their problem solving skills with the intervention of two kinds of rewording familiarization and personalization. The major finding of this study is that the rewording per se has meaningful effect on students’ understanding and solving of word problem.    

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Since the establishment of formal education in Iran, there has always been an emphasis on the application of mathematics in real life situation. To measure students’s competencies in applying mathematics in real life situations, there is a need to design a test with this purpose. During the current decade, PISA has been conducted in various countries to measure sudents’ competencies needed for solving real life problems in 15 years old. Because of the reliable systematic framework of PISA regarding mathematics literacy (ML) as a construct, agreed by mathematics experts, PISA framework has been chosen as a suitable framework to design a test to assess students’ competencies for ML. In this paper, we explain the stages of designing a similar test for the Iranian students of the same age. The approach to design the test is cognitive-diagnostic according to the framework of PISA and required modifications were made based on mathematics teachers’ viewpoints in Tehran. The final test items are based on three processes of mathematics literacy which consist of formulation employment and interpretation/ evaluation, and six cognitive competencies including communication, mathematising, representation, reasoning and argument, devising strategies for solving problems and using symbolic, formal and technical language and operations, in addition, four real context of personal societal occupational and scientific and finally four content area of quantity uncertainty and data change and relationships and space and shape.

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The aim of this research is to study the components of creativity in elementary school curricula. The research method used in this research is content analysis. The information source of this research is the 6th Grade Mathematics textbook in the academic year 1391-92. To achieve face validity, the viewpoints of the educationalists and experts were used in this research, and to achieve reliability, according to Pearson’s formula of correlation, the agreement coefficient of 0/89 was derived from the codification board. The tool of this research is the content analysis form with regard to Plsek’s teaching creativity model. A coded form was used to analyze the content of 6th Grade Mathematics textbook this task was accomplished in four stages: at the first stage, active and inactive units of the textbook were specified. At the second stage, the inactive units were deleted. At the third stage, the active Units were coded based on the parameters of Plsek’s guided cycle of creativity, and at the fourth stage, data resulted from the research were analyzed by using Shannon Entropy analysis method and the descriptive statistics methods. The findings indicate that the degree of attention and involvement parameters of Plsek’s creativity model and the coefficient degree of importance for each parameters are very low, and so the contents of 6^th grade mathematics textbook are nor adapted to the Plsek’s creativity principles and it hardly can be effective in generating and fostering creativity in learners.

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This paper wants to discover the role of teaching culture in type of teachers encounter to ‎modifications of math schedule of first grade of high school in Qaemshahr. Findings of ‎qualitative research by methodology of ethnography showed that teachers belief have been ‎evaluated to two positive perspective and critical perspective toward changes of math book ‎of ‎‏7‏th grade. Also they have presented two spectra of behavior in encountering changes in ‎math school books of the ‎‏7‏th grade: Full admission‏ ‏‎,‎‏ ‏Resistance and rejection. The research ‎results showed that understanding the culture of teachers is an essential factor to initiate ‎any reform that with improvement in attitude to change, teachers’ tendencies will be more ‎positive towards advancing ne schedules; it means that if teachers know the change useful ‎and necessary, they will perform them with more commitment and fidelity

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This study aimed to investigate the impact of Parallel teaching on the academic performance of students in the sixth grade in math and their attitude toward school was conducted. The research method was experimental and pretest-posttest with control and experimental groups. Statistical population consisted sixth female students in Tabriz in the academic year 94-95 and the sample size is 70 persons that 35 of them in the control group and 35 patients in the experimental group were exposed. So in the experimental group Parallel teaching was conducted for 2 months and in the control group one teacher was used for teaching. The Analysis of ANCOVA was performed on the math achievement of students in the experimental and control group's shows that the students' mathematics achievement between the experimental and control groups was a significant difference observed

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The main purpose of this study was to compare the performance of grade-skipped students with their peers in mathematical reasoning and applying. In this study, gender and mathematical self-concept were considered as effective variables. This study was a part of a longitudinal study.  The data analysis was performed through repeated measurements and the results showed that in applying math concepts, grade-skipped students outperformed their peers. However, there was no significant difference between grade-skipped students and their peers regarding the reasoning; although the 4th-grade students are better than the 3th-grade. The girls and boys showed the same function on applying, reasoning and between grade-skipped students and non- grade-skipped. Mathematical self-concept was also similar in three groups. It seems that grade-skipping does not have negative effects on math performance. Of course considering other academic contexts, emotional and social aspects and pursuing the effects of acceleration in long-term is necessary for informed decision-making in the field of grade-skipping.

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Abstract
The current study aims to evaluate teaching puberty components to girls in the seventh grade of  first stage high school textbooks. These components includes sexual, physical, emotional, psychological, mental (cognitive), social, religious, and civil puberty. Research method was qualitative content analysis, and the target population included all the seventh grade of  first stage high school textbooks in the school year 1394 - 1395, and among them Thinking and Lifestyle (Mutual book for boys and girls, Thinking and Lifestyle Mutual book for boys and girls), Divine Messages, Social Studies and Experimental Science were chosen. As a result, 337 puberty components were found in the chosen books. In case of evaluation of puberty with 115 (34/ 2%) components was in the first place and Religious puberty with 115(12/32%) categories had the highest amount and putative puberty with 22 categories (52/6%) had the lowest amount.
 

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Recently, the National curriculum of Islamic Republic of Iran has been developed by the Ministry of Education to provide educational policies. In this document, an implicit emphasis on so called context base aspect of the program can be seen in the mathematics curriculum framework section. In this paper, I first, introduce the different aspects of context base Mathematics Education, and then this educational approach has been traced in the newly written mathematics textbooks in Iran

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  The purpose of this research was to employ a mixed method of convergent triangulation design to evaluate the seventh-grade math curriculum. qualitative phase of  study was a case study, whereas quantitative stage was an evaluation study with the CIPP model. research population consisted of  seventh-grade female mathematics teachers and students of Islamshahr. purposeful sampling method was a strategy to collect qualitative data through a semi-structured interview in the qualitative inquiry, while multistage random cluster sampling was running to fill questionnaires and analyzing final exams in the quantitative study. results showed that quality of the context is high and desirable, where the condition of input is low and unsuitable. Moreover, the quality of the process and product was acceptable from the teachers and students' points of view. In addition, analyzing mathematics examinations indicated that the knowledge of students is insufficient, while they did not also have a positive attitude towards mathematics.
 

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The study aim wasto designingand validationthe patternof self-learning packagefor multi-grade classesin secondprimary school&to investigateits internal validity.The method wasa mixed method withsequential exploratory design.In the qualitative part,the qualitativecontent analysis methodwas used,and in the quantitative part,the survey method was used for internal validity.In the qualitative part community wereall multigrade teachers,educational leaders,specialistsand experts and alldocuments and theoreticaland research resourcesof multigrade classes that15persons andrelated resources as samples were choosenusing targeted sampling method.Sample size was determined basedonthe principleof theoretical saturation.Data collection tools were reviewof theoreticaland research foundations and semi-structured interviews.In the quantitative part,for internal validity,the research population includedall multi-grade teachers and instructional design specialists,whom30peoples were selected by available sampling method that the commented about pattern in the first and final stagesof designing.The datacollection toolwas a researcher-made questionnaire.The findingsof the qualitative section showed8main components.Internal validity findings using one-samplet-test showed that the meanof all itemswas higherthan the hypothetical mean of3andthis differencewas significant.Accordingly,the self-learning package patternhas internal validity.

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Multi-grade classes are used for small groups of students in which one teacher for each gread is impractical. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation of education and learning in multigrade classrooms from the perspective of teachers in North Khorasan province. To achieve this goal, phenomenological research method was used as a qualitative method. Participants in the interview were selected using purposive sampling method according to the distance from urban areas. Saturation was obtained in interview number ten, but continued until the eighteenth person. The findings of the interview were analyzed by Colaizzi method. Finally, the current situation in the three areas of infrastructure, education and learning was identified. The present study shows some of the strengths and weaknesses of multigrade classrooms from the perspective of teachers and shows policy makers the current situation in order to improve quality. 

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The main purpose of the present study is to develop a practical guide to the integrated curriculum of the third grade of elementary school. The research approach was qualitative (qualitative content analysis method) and the research community was all third grade elementary textbooks and teacher teaching guides of each book. The theme-based integrated curriculum approach (concept-based and skill-based) was chosen. Concepts and skills were extracted from the textbooks and the objectives of each lesson were extracted from the teacher's teaching guides and coded at the same time. Codes that had a common theme were placed in one category and formed the combined themes of the curriculum. 192 initial codes were obtained. After classification, 106categories were obtained and finally, 14 combined themes were formed.

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The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the content of the workbook and technology of the sixth grade based on the components of entrepreneurship in the three dimensions of knowledge, attitude and skill. which was done using a descriptive method of quantitative content analysis. The research community is the content of the 6th grade technology book  in 2019.  Its reliability and validity was obtained with the help of experts and triangulation method. The most attention was paid to the skills component (442) and the least attention was paid to the attitude component (51)..Also, under the sub-components of rules and regulations, risk-taking and effective communication, the highest percentage and the components of financial literacy, internal control and critical thinking have the lowest percentage, respectively, in the dimensions of knowledge, attitude and entrepreneurial skills.

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The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the experiences of teachers of multi-grade classes in teaching composition using the phenomenological method and using semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling method and criterion method, all the teachers of multi-grade classes in Boyar Ahmad city in 1400 who had more than three years of teaching experience in multi-grade classes were selected and finally 25 people were interviewed based on theoretical saturation. The analysis of the interviews was done using the Claysey model and thematic analysis method. The findings were classified into four main themes: consequences related to teachers, students, parents and the educational system. The validity of the data was confirmed by using the techniques of reliability, transferability and alignment of data, and the reliability of the data was also confirmed by the accurate guidance of the flow of information collection and alignment of the researchers.