Institute of Educational

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In recent decades, unethical behaviors such as cheating and academic dishonesty have become so common among students; that it can be considered a social phenomenon. The main purpose of this research was to identify the mediating role of moral motivation in the relationship between moral identity and the academic dishonesty of students. The method of this research was a descriptive survey of correlation type and from the point of view of practical purpose. This research's statistical population included all Yasouj University students in the academic year 2021-2022. According to the purpose of the research, 400 students from this community were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. They answered the academic dishonesty questionnaires of McCabe & Trevino (1996), the moral identity of Aquino & Reed (2002), and moral motivation. Answered by Janoff Bulman & Carnes (2016). The analysis of research data has been done through the method of path analysis using IMOS software. The results of the research showed that the mediating role of moral motivation was significant in the relationship between moral identity and academic dishonesty. Also, moral identity has a significant negative relationship with academic dishonesty, moral motivation has a significant negative relationship with academic dishonesty, and moral identity has a significant positive relationship with moral motivation. The moral identity is related to students' academic dishonesty behaviors both directly and through moral motivation, therefore, to increase moral motivation and also reduce their academic dishonesty, paying attention to increasing students' moral identity can be useful and effective.
 

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This research was aimed at predicting the academic vitality based on goal orientation, academic optimism and resilience of the second high school students of Poldakhtar city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of descriptive method, which was carried out in a survey way. The statistical population of the research includes 1539 students of the second secondary school in Poldakhtar city, and the statistical sample size was 308 using Cochran's formula, which was done using the available sampling method. Martin and Marsh's academic vitality questionnaire, Schenen-Moran et al.'s academic optimism and Connor and Davidson's resilience were used as research tools. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between goal orientation, academic optimism and resilience with academic vitality in students. Also, according to the regression results, the variables of goal orientation (mastery, approach and avoidance), academic optimism (students' trust in teachers, academic emphasis and school unity) and resilience (perception of individual competence, tolerance of negative emotions, restraint and control) , secure relationships, spiritual influences) are predictors of students' academic vitality (p<5%). In the current research, it was found that goal orientation, academic optimism and resilience; They predict academic vitality in students, so it is suggested that school principals and other educational officials conduct meetings and workshops on goal orientation, academic optimism and resilience in order to improve the academic vitality of students.

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This research has been done with the aim of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of developing critical thinking from Enis' point of view in the learning management system (LMS). The main purpose of the research is to identify the aspects of LMS mediation and the decreasing and increasing changes that take place in the experiences or perceptions of learners in the field of critical thinking. Post-phenomenology, which is a philosophical approach in technological studies, allows us to examine how the experience and perception of learners change when using these technologies, so this method has been used in this research. The statistical population of the research was the students participating in virtual classes who were selected by convenience sampling and using the snowball sampling method and considering the principle of saturation, and their experiences by conducting a semi-structured interview about the use It has been investigated from the learning management system. The findings of the research show that through virtual education through LMS, easy access to various educational resources, creating opportunities for discussion and conversation in various ways, the possibility of learning in small groups, understanding diverse perspectives, environment Constructive training and the possibility of personalizing training, flexible time and place, and the possibility of strengthening problem-solving skills and developing self-efficacy are among the strengthened aspects of students in using LMS, which gives them more ability in critical thinking. . In contrast to the reduction of face-to-face interactions between learners and professors, the lack of possibility of direct and face-to-face questioning and answering, cognitive defects in the understanding and interpretation of materials, the impossibility of directly monitoring learners and the impossibility of creating a sense of participation and belonging. The differences between learners and the educational environment are obstacles for students' critical thinking.
 

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the emotion regulation strategies of teachers based on the James Grass model of emotion regulation in the face of students' misbehavior. This research was conducted using a qualitative method and a phenomenological strategy was used. The study population of the current research was all the male teachers of the first secondary school in Kermanshah city in 1403-1404. The sampling of the research was non-random and purposeful based on heterogeneity in teaching. To achieve the goal of the research, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was conducted with the teachers.
. The results of the research showed that emotion regulation strategies, cognitive remarketing and situation modification are successful strategies with high job satisfaction that reduce negative emotions, and suppression, situation selection, and expansion of attention are unsuccessful strategies that increase negative emotions and job burnout and decrease Job satisfaction of teachers.

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Introduction
In contemporary educational contexts, the pervasive decline in academic and research motivation among students stands out as a significant challenge within the education systems of many nations, Iran included (Azad et al., 2017). The issue of waning academic motivation among students transcends individual concerns to become a fundamental societal dilemma, with far-reaching implications for the broader community (Ghaffari, 2016). Moreover, the diminishing academic motivation in students can lead to substantial costs on both personal and societal levels (Davarinia et al., 2019). The erosion of educational motivation denotes a decline in student performance from a satisfactory standard to an unsatisfactory level (Ahmadi et al., 2023). Within the realm of agricultural education, particularly among postgraduate students, the decrease in academic motivation is exacerbated by a lack of understanding of the nature and objectives of agricultural discipline s, potentially compromising their future efficacy (Watankhah et al., 2013). Various factors contribute to the phenomenon of declining academic motivation among graduate students in agricultural studies, encompassing the quality of the learning environment, the chosen field of study, the economic circumstances of the students, and notably, their career prospects and employability (Farimani & Tashari, 2017). Consequently, this study endeavors to delve into the underlying reasons behind the diminishing academic and research motivation among postgraduate students.
Method
Aligned with the research objectives, this study adopts an exploratory research design within a qualitative paradigm, employing an inductive approach. To elucidate the underlying reasons behind the decline in academic motivation and research engagement among postgraduate students, the qualitative method of grounded theory was employed. The research population comprised the key stakeholders, namely graduate students specializing in agricultural studies. Data collection was facilitated through semi-structured interviews, conducted in person with a cohort of 35 graduate students in the field of agriculture, with each interview spanning approximately 45 minutes.
Results and Discussion
Following the completion of the open coding phase and the extraction of concepts from the raw data, the study progressed to the axial coding stage. Through focused discussions in target population focus groups and the synthesis of concepts derived from open coding, the central coding phase identified six key factors (infrastructural, educational, psychological, economic, social, managerial) contributing to the decline in academic and research motivation among graduate students in the agricultural domain.
Subsequently, a hypothetical model was constructed to delineate the intricate relationships among the identified factors and their impact on academic motivation among graduate students in agriculture. Causal conditions were categorized into two primary classes: infrastructural barriers (e.g., inadequate laboratory facilities) and educational hindrances (e.g., ineffective teacher-student interactions, unsupportive university policies, lack of motivational educational environments). Each of these classes further encompassed several subclasses.
The psychological factor emerged as a pivotal class, comprising six distinct subclasses including uncertainties about the future, dissatisfaction with current circumstances, lack of recognition and direction, unfavorable physical and mental conditions, and interpersonal conflicts. Positioned at the core of the model, the psychological factor influenced and was influenced by other identified classes.
The economic factor, another influential class, was subdivided into categories such as macroeconomic instability, insufficient financial support for students, and students' precarious financial situations. Social issues constituted an intervening condition, encompassing subcategories like societal unrest, diminishing societal value of science, discrimination, and health crises.
In light of the findings from a qualitative study investigating the underlying causes of declining academic and research motivation among graduate students in agriculture, and drawing upon existing theories of academic and research motivation, we propose a new theoretical framework termed the "Theory of Multiple Factors Interaction". This framework posits that the interplay between infrastructural, educational, psychological, economic, social, and managerial factors significantly influences students' motivation in both academic and research contexts.
Strategies to address these challenges were encapsulated in the management class, highlighting deficiencies in educational system management and the scarcity of entrepreneurial initiatives within universities. Neglecting these strategies could lead to adverse outcomes, including students' disillusionment with their career prospects, decreased research productivity, and waning interest in pursuing postgraduate studies.
To mitigate these challenges and bolster academic motivation, recommendations were put forth, including enhancing awareness of contributing factors, providing incentives to encourage students' educational pursuits, enhancing the efficacy of university counseling services, and organizing seminars and workshops focused on enhancing academic motivation.
 

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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between school attachment and academic hardiness, considering the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and motivational structure of second-year high school students in the academic year 1400-1401. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational in terms of purpose and applied in terms of nature, and survey in terms of method. The statistical population was 2000 second-year high school students in Tabriz, of which 300 were selected as samples based on the Morgan table using multi-stage cluster random sampling. To collect data, the Rezai Sharif School Attachment Questionnaire, Martin and Robbins' cognitive flexibility, Benishek et al.'s academic hardiness, and Cox and Klinger's motivational structure were used. The data were analyzed using Smart-Pls-3 and SPSS 23. The results showed that the path of school connection with academic hardiness (r=0.239, t=299.3), school connection with cognitive flexibility (r=0.309, t=684.5), school connection with motivational structure (r=0.279, t=5.009), cognitive flexibility with academic hardiness (r=0.229, t=965.2) and motivational structure with academic hardiness (r=0.282, t=133.5) was significant (P<0.05). Also, the results of the Sobel test showed that cognitive flexibility plays a mediating role in the relationship between school connection with academic hardiness (Z=2.608) and cognitive flexibility can mediate 22.9% of the relationship between school connection with academic hardiness. Also, motivational structure can play a mediating role in the relationship between school attachment and academic hardiness (Z=3.539) and motivational structure can mediate 24.8% of the relationship between school attachment and academic hardiness.
 

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The current research was started with the aim of " Investigation the elements of the new ecosystem curriculum of Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and its quiddity". The approach of this research was a qualitative phenomenological type. The environment and the informants of the research included all the groups of the Narcotics Anonymous Association of Razavi Khorasan province and 14 knowledgeable and experienced guides of the NA groups in different cities of the province. The selection of informants was done through the snowball method, and the research tool was semi-structured in-depth interviews. The findings of the research include 9 elements: 1- The goal includes: a) conveying the message and b) teaching lifestyle; 2- Content including: a) written content based on global experiences and b) oral content based on members' experiences; 3- Learning activities including the function of the twelve steps; 4- Teaching and learning strategies include three categories: a) based on the quiddity of the teaching-learning method, b) based on the method of implementation and c) based on the number of learners; 5- The place have the following quiddity: a) not harassing for others and neighbors, b) not personality of the place, c) lack of organizational and group affiliation in choosing the place, t) independent renting of the place based on the 7th tradition and 3) public and general benefit of the place; 6- The time have the following quiddity: a) Writing in the group charter and b) flexibility based on the conditions of the members; 7- Grouping of members based on: a) the person's position in the step meetings, b) the quiddity of the meeting and c) membership history; 8- Materials and resources include four categories: a) educational tools, b) multimedia, c) hospitality and welfare facilities and d) written resources; 9- Evaluation in two formats: a) personal balance sheet and b) group balance sheet, was in NA curriculum. The results of the research indicated an integrated interdisciplinary curriculum in the fields of curriculum and psychology in the ecosystem of the Narcotics Anonymous, and practical suggestions were presented based on the principles of curriculum design and development for its improvement and modification.
 

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Adlerian parenting program training (democratic parenting or positive discipline) on mothers' parenting styles and social interest of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test-follow up with a control group. The statistical population of this research was all the mothers and children aged 7 to 12 years with the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary schools of the third education district of Karaj in 2014-2015. The research sample includes 42 mothers who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned in to experimental and control groups. Questionnaire for diagnosis of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder according to the criteria of the Manual of Diagnosis and Statistics of Mental Disorders (2013), Social Interest Scale for Children (Alizadeh, Esmaili and Sohaili, 2015) and Parenting Styles Questionnaire (Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, & Hart, 2001) were utilized to measure hyperactivity, social interest and parenting style respectively. The mothers in experimental group was trained in the Adlerian parenting program for 11 session‌‌  90-minute and children for 1 session‌‌  75- minute. The results showed that this program has a significant effect on democratic parenting style (authoritative or positive) (F=5/454, P<0/01) and it has increased. But it has had no effect on the authoritarian and permissive style. Also, the findings show that this program has an effect on the component of Responsibility-task doing of social interest (F=3/946, P<0/05), but no significant change has been reported in the components of Relationship with people-empathy, Confidence-Assertive, feeling of Equality vs. Inferiority-superiority.

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The aim of the current research was to investigate the relationship between social/emotional competence and quality of life in school students with the mediation of academic participation in elementary school female students in Khorram Abad city. In terms of goal, the research is part of applied research, and in terms of method, it is a type of correlational studies. The statistical population of the present study includes all the female students of the elementary level of Khorram Abad city in the year 1402-403 in the number of 1900 people, of which 435 people were selected using cluster random sampling method. became Data were collected using Social/Emotional Competence Questionnaire (SECQ), Zhu and Ji (2012), Rio's academic participation (2013) and Anderson and Burke's (2000) quality of life at school. and were analyzed using the method of structural equations. The results of structural equation modeling analysis showed that social/emotional competence has a direct and significant role on students' quality of life in school (p<0.001). Also, social/emotional competence has a significant effect on students' quality of life in school indirectly through academic participation (p<0.001). Therefore, the results of the research show that academic participation can play a mediating role in the relationship between social/emotional competence and quality of life in school.
 

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 This study aimed to evaluate the structural model of the relationship between critical thinking and religious identity with the mediating role of spiritual intelligence. A descriptive-correlational design and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed. The statistical population consisted of all female high school students in District 4 of Mashhad during the 2023–2024 academic year. A sample of 327 students was selected using a non-random sampling method based on inclusion criteria and accessibility during the data collection period. Data were collected using Ricketts’ Critical Thinking Disposition Assessment (CTDA), Khoushabi’s Religious Identity Questionnaire, and King’s Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and SEM with SPSS and AMOS software. The results indicated that the proposed model fit the data well. A positive and significant relationship was observed between critical thinking and spiritual intelligence, as well as between spiritual intelligence and religious identity. Additionally, the mediating role of spiritual intelligence in the relationship between critical thinking and religious identity was confirmed. Based on these findings, focusing on enhancing critical thinking and spiritual intelligence can be effective in promoting religious identity.

 

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The aim of this study was to predict interpersonal problems based on defense mechanisms and psychological traumas with regard to the mediating role of emotion control. This study is a correlational research and structural equation modeling was used. The statistical population of the present study included all students of Tehran Azad University, Science and Research Branch, who were studying in the academic year 1402-1403. The sample size was 220 people who were selected through convenience sampling. To collect information, the Williams et al. emotion control questionnaire, the Anders et al. defense mechanisms questionnaire, the Barkham et al. interpersonal problems questionnaire, and the Najarian and Davoudi mental disorder symptoms questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling. The results showed that the indices of the proposed model have an acceptable fit and all paths except the path from the neurotic mechanism to interpersonal problems and emotion control and the developed mechanism to emotion control were accepted. Also, the mediating role of emotion control for the indirect effects of psychological trauma and the underdeveloped mechanism was confirmed. Given that human emotions and feelings play a very important role in human behavior and communication, the mediating role of emotion control can help in better understanding defense mechanisms and psychological trauma in interpersonal communication.
 

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The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the pattern of structural relationships of academic engagement in students based on resilience and implicit beliefs of intelligence with the mediating role of self- handicapping in students of high school in Yazd city in the academic year of 2022-2023. From the statistical population, 375 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data were collected using Schwinger and et al academic engagement, Abdul Fattah and Yates implicit theory of intelligence, and Connor and Davidson resilience questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with AMOS 24 software. The results of structural equation modeling showed that resilience, inherent intelligence beliefs and intelligence enhancement beliefs, had a direct, positive and significant effect on academic involvement. Also, the results showed that self-handicapping played a mediating role in the relationship between resilience and academic engagement, as well as in the relationship between the beliefs inherent in intelligence and academic engagement. According to the results, in general, psychologists and counselors can take a step towards increasing students' academic engagement by teaching resilience to students and changing their implicit beliefs about intelligence.

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The aim of this study is to investigate organizational support in educational institutions. The study population is elementary, junior high and senior high schools for girls and boys in District 15 of Tehran. The study sample includes 17 educational and administrative staff of schools (11 teachers, 3 assistants and 3 principals) and 3 experts in the field of human resources (an expert in charge of welfare and cooperation of the Education Department of District 15, an expert in women and youth affairs of one of the Education Departments and a manager of the Human Resources Development Department in a private company). This research was conducted using a qualitative and phenomenological method, in the form of semi-structured interviews, then the data were classified using open, axial and selective coding. The results of coding and data analysis indicate a major difference in the level of organizational support in the Education Department and other government institutions. Also, the analysis of the results indicates that many teachers do not have a precise definition of the concept of organizational support and mainly consider this category to include financial support and consider financial and welfare factors (male teachers) and emotional and financial factors (female teachers) to be the most influential factors on organizational support and its perception. Also, the data analysis indicates that the status and status of teachers in society in the past was much higher than it is now, and teachers enjoyed more support from students' parents and society, and all the people present in the study unanimously called for increased financial and judicial support. In this regard, fundamental changes in upstream documents and laws and training in organizational support and its components in in-service courses for teachers can greatly affect the creation of a supportive organization and culture in the education and training organization; such conditions can be effective in improving the morale and motivation of teachers in schools and return the lost status and dignity of teachers to them.
 

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The present study aims to investigate the prediction of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on perfectionism and extreme responsibility in students with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The statistical population of this research includes undergraduate students in the field of psychology at Islamic Azad University, Tehran branch. They were in the West who are studying in 2023-2024. Sampling method was available of which 150 people were selected as a sample. Questionnaires were extracted and analyzed using Kalmograf-Smirnov tests and multiple regression in SPSS software to measure the distribution of data and the desirability of variables. The results confirmed the hypotheses of the research and showed obsessive-compulsive disorder based on perfectionism and Extreme responsibility is predicted in students with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

 

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of Khatam Non-Governmental-Non-Profit University based on the EFQM Organizational Excellence Model. The present research method was applied in terms of its purpose and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the quantitative part of this study consists of all managers, faculty members, employees, students, and the local community around Khatam University, who were selected based on stratified random sampling and Morgan table estimation. In the qualitative part, 9 experts and experienced individuals were selected to conduct interviews. The measurement tool in the quantitative part included three researcher-made questionnaires and the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview. Descriptive statistics indicators (mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution, and frequency distribution percentage) and one-sample t-test inferential statistics, and EFQM scoring logic were used to analyze the quantitative data. Content analysis method was used to analyze the qualitative data obtained from the interview. The findings showed that based on the results obtained, the priority and importance of the dimensions examined in the EFQM organizational excellence model criteria at Khatam University are as follows: 1. Leadership 2. Policy and strategy 3. Partnerships and resources 4. Employee results 5. Key performance results 6. Processes 7. Employees 8. Customer results and 9. Community results. The information obtained shows that out of the total EFQM model score of 1000 points, 693 points were obtained for Khatam University in this study, which is a significant score. In total, among the criteria examined, the "leadership" criterion has the highest score with an average of 3.80, and the "community results" criterion has the lowest average with an average of 2.46 among the criteria examined.

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Introduction: Interaction is not limited to face-to-face relationships between the teacher and students in the classroom, but also occurs between the teacher and students through technology in an online environment. And it is one of the most important components of any learning experience. The idea of learning without interaction is meaningless, and this element plays a fundamental role in the effectiveness and success of today's blended learning systems. In past studies, the effect of interaction on online learning has been less discussed, and there is scattered empirical research that shows how online interactions should be used to improve meaningful and effective learning. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to identify the types of interaction in the online learning environment and what effects the interaction will have and how it can be effective in the online curriculum. The questions of the current research include the following:
What are the indicators of online interaction? What are the effects of interaction in the online learning environment? And what factors contribute to the effectiveness of interaction in the online curriculum?
Method: The paradigm of the current research is qualitative, and among the different qualitative research approaches, research synthesis was used to present the types of interaction, effects and effectiveness factors of interaction in the online curriculum, which is a special form of review research. Research synthesis is used to describe the approaches of combining, aggregating, integrating and synthesizing primary research. The inclusion criteria for experimental research include valid Persian and English articles from 2005 to 2021, and the exclusion criteria include invalid articles before 2005. The target population of this research is literature in the field of learning, online curriculum and texts related to e-learning, and the sample size for related literature is to the extent that the researcher can reach the answers to the research questions based on the input and output criteria in the research synthesis method. 41 studies were selected for the final synthesis.
Discussion and conclusion: The data analysis shows that there are multiple interactions between the learner, the instructor, the content, the technology, and the support. All of these interactions are connected by a web of relationships and are all part of a larger system and are considered central to a successful learning experience by actively engaging students in online learning. Changes in each of these elements affect other elements and levels of interaction. The effects of interaction include processing ideas and consciously answering questions and problems, creating deep and well-reasoned discussions, scientific focus, creating a sense of belonging, providing an impersonal experience, creating goals, shared values and a sense of trust, less time pressure, reducing isolation and fear. , broad participation of learners, closing the communication gap, the possibility of creating new knowledge, providing a continuous learning experience and motivation for continuous improvement, strengthening critical thinking, better academic performance, participation in active learning and the effectiveness of interaction is achieved by factors such as immediate feedback, simultaneity or frequency of interaction, non-personal interaction, the nature of discussion questions, reducing factors for the response level of learners, learning community, characteristics of learners, teachers' facilitation.
After analyzing the data for validation by using the fuzzy Delphi method, questions with the number of indicators were prepared and given to 32 experts in two rounds. To express the importance of each index, linguistic variables were used based on the Likert scale and converted into triangular fuzzy numbers. Then, the fuzzy average of the scores was obtained and converted into a definite number. Based on this, the difference between the average of the first and second rounds of fuzzy Delphi is less than 0.1, which shows the consensus of experts about the criteria and indicators of interaction. The framework of this study can help policy makers, planners and practitioners in the field of education to use the types of interaction presented in this review in the online curriculum. Also, use interaction effectiveness factors to improve and enhance learning and the potential abilities of diverse learners. It is recommended that for an effective learning, the context for multiple interactions is provided and the learning results obtained from the interaction, the relationship between the learners' understanding of interactive performance and the frequency of their use of multiple interactions are examined.

 

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Background: Storytelling has a special role in curriculum and provides real and practical experiences for the pupils. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of storytelling based of skill training on anger control and reduction of behavioral problems in preschool children. Method: The purpose of this study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control group. Statistical population is all preschool children. From the target population, 20 children with behavioral problems were selected using available questionnaire results and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received twelve sessions of treatment program and the control group followed its normal schedule. Data were analyzed by repeated measures.Results: The results showed that storytelling based on skill training had a positive effect on the aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior of preschool children. It also reduced behavioral problems in preschool children. The results of this study also showed that the positive effect of intervention on reducing behavioral problems and anger control was stable over time.
Conclusion: These findings show that storytelling is a simple, hassle-free and inexpensive way of teaching skills and intervention for preschool children.
 

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The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of intentional organizational forgetting in the relationship between distributed leadership and organizational flourishing among elementary school teachers in Aslandooz city. The research employed a descriptive-correlational design of the structural equation modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population consisted of 254 elementary school teachers in Aslandooz, from which, based on Morgan’s table, 153 individuals were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Distributed Leadership Questionnaire, the Organizational Flourishing Questionnaire, and the Intentional Organizational Forgetting Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis. The results indicated that the direct effect of distributed leadership on organizational flourishing was statistically significant. Moreover, the indirect effect of distributed leadership on organizational flourishing through the mediating variable of intentional organizational forgetting was also significant, indicating a positive impact of distributed leadership on organizational flourishing. Additionally, the path coefficient between distributed leadership and intentional organizational forgetting revealed a positive influence of distributed leadership on intentional organizational forgetting.