Human Information Interaction

The Symbiosis of Human and Semantic Technology Through the Lens of Actor-Network Theory

Shaban Elahi

Background: Semantic technologies (STs) have made machine reasoning possible by providing intelligent data management methods. This capability has created new forms of interaction between humans and STs, which is called "semantic interaction." The increasing spread of this form of interaction in daily life reveals the need to identify the factors affecting it and introduce the requirements of a synergistic interaction, which in this study is interpreted as a model of symbiosis.
Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate what, why, and how human-ST symbiosis occurs in the form of a symbiosis model. Providing such a model could be valuable in developing active strategies in the face of intelligent technologies.
Methodology: The study introduces actor-networks of human symbiosis based on the actor-network methodology. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with eight managers, experts, and users in the Computer Research Centers of Islamic Sciences (CRCIS) and examined using the actor network method. All phases of data collection, implementations, coding and analysis were done under NVivo software.
Findings: In the human-ST symbiosis, beside human eleven other actors: Semantic products, context, infrastructure, data, knowledge, social media, Web, scientific centers, organization, AI and ontology are identified. Their interaction establishes seven dynamic actors-networks of symbiosis: Product design and development, use, leadership and management, data, knowledge management, training and contextual conditions.
Conclusion: Semantic products alongside human beings are independent, autonomous, and self-aware actors who are able to go beyond mere mediation of change and govern social change in the Human-ST symbiosis. In such circumstances, man, as the creator and maintainer of the semantic product, in addition to strengthening the technical capabilities in the creation of the product, must entrust to the product the things that the product is able to do.

Machine Learning and Citizen Science: Opportunities and Challenges of Human-Computer Interaction

Maryam Abolghasemi

Background and Aim: In processing large data, scientists have to perform the tedious task of analyzing hefty bulk of data. Machine learning techniques are a potential solution to this problem. In citizen science, human and artificial intelligence may be unified to facilitate this effort. Considering the ambiguities in machine performance and management of user-generated data, this paper aims to explain how machine learning can be combined with the active citizenship concept. In addition, it discusses the necessary conditions for advancing the citizen science and beyond.
Method: The review method and comprehensive systematic study was applied to assess the concept of machine learning, citizen science and human-computer interaction.
Results: Many research problems seem to be computationally insolvable and may demand human cognitive skills. Therefore, due to classification activities which are performed in the majority of large-scale citizenship science projects, in addition to participants who may learn lessons about the science, machines also learn lessons about human and imitate him and slowly its learning capacity enhances over time. Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning is a debatable topic with related ambiguities and biases which should strongly take into consideration.
Conclusion: The application of machine learning techniques carries many advantages including classification time cut and masterful evaluations in the process of making decisions on big data sets. However, algorithms usually act as a black box where data biases are not observable at first glance. Taking this problem into consideration may mitigate serious risks arising from the application of such techniques.

Studying the Nature of Information Interaction System Based on Systematic Retrieval of Ingwersen and Jarvelin

soraya ziaei

Background and Aim: The aim was to identify the targeted search, work duty, cultural and social-Organizational dimensions of information retrieval contexts using the Ingwersen and Jarvelin framework.
Method: Content analysis and systematic review of articles between 1991 and 2021(1371 – 1400) in domestic and foreign databases steered via: Scopus, Science Direct, Emerald, ProQuest, Eric, Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Noormags, Magiran, SED, and Civilica. Six steps including: Identifying keywords; retrieving Ingwersen and Jarvelin; Selection of the article by subject matter and validity of the sources; Search the background and extract a list of related articles; Prepare final articles and; Open coding were completed. Data collection was based on keywords extraction and texts information. Population, information sources, and validity of the results were guaranteed by the systematic classification process, based on past researches.
Findings: Keywords related to the dimensions of information system substances and retrieval of Ingwersen and Jarvelin was identified among 53 out of 3048 articles. Dimensions, criteria and open codes of identified matters, information retrieval context including: Comprehensiveness; Obstacle; Effectiveness; Information and process quality; Targeted search context includes; usability; Information and process quality. Task context includes: Information quality and work process / results. Cultural and social-organizational context including: socio-cognitive relations; The quality of the task result.
Conclusion: Real information is the result of human understanding of data sources during the process of interaction, communication and information. Interactive approach helps to understand human information behavior. Equally, interactive information retrieval provides theoretical framework for understanding its nature and analysis by considering the dimensions of the contexts.

A Comprehensive Method of Evaluating Open Government Data with the Aim of Improving Data Quality and Increasing Citizens' Willingness

Mojtaba Mazoochi

Purpose: The purpose is to present an open government data evaluation method by considering comprehensive and complete dimensions and criteria - calculating the weight and importance of each criterion, examining the country in this area, clustering organizations and presenting a classification model to predict the situation.
Methodology: Library studies was used to extract the dimensions and criteria of evaluation. Population includes articles related to open government data evaluation criteria. Ten articles were reviewed by simple random sampling method. Multiple attribute decision making techniques was used to calculate the weight and importance of each criterion. Data mining techniques was incorporated to cluster and create a classification model.
Findings: By reviewing the articles 15 criteria of open government data evaluation including: Data originality, license openness, up-to-datedness, data access rate, metadata completeness, number of data sets, format openness, non-discriminatory, comprehensible, number of data fields, free, no missing data, data request ability, visual and feedback, were extracted. Using AHP technique, the weights of the criteria were calculated, which after normalization, the total weight of the 15 extracted criteria was equal to one. "Data originality" with a weight of 0.165, " license openness " with a weight of 0.124 and " up-to-datedness" with a weight of 0.109 were ranked first to third among 15 evaluation criteria, respectively. Weight of evaluation criteria obtained and data extraction of 358 organizations in harmony with 15 evaluation criteria, the weight of organizations was calculated. The sum of the weights was equal to one. "East Azerbaijan Agricultural Jihad Organization" with a weight of 0.088, "Statistics Center of Iran" with a weight of 0.062 and "Geological Survey" with a weight of 0.058 were the first to third ranks among 358 organizations and government institutions, respectively, based on the combination of criteria and the weight of criteria.
Conclusion: Evaluation criteria obtained, calculating the weight and importance of each criterion, examining the current situation of government organizations and institutions in the country and the classification model created can help managers to understand the current situation and improve it and thus increase citizens' interaction with open government data as a kind of human information interaction.

Clarifying the Effect of Porter Greening the Competitive Advantage in the Marketing Process by Emphasizing the Marketing Information System and Information Behavior (Case Study: Oil Industry)

Mohammad Reza Kashefi Neyshabouri

Objective: Study clarifies the effect of greening Porter's competitive advantage in the marketing process by emphasizing the marketing information system.
Method: Study used applied developmental and qualitative method. Population included experts and marketing and environmental experts of oil companies, from which 13 samples were selected by targeted snowball method for semi-structured interviews. A content analysis method based on data foundation theory was used to analyze the data. Appropriate codes were assigned to different parts of the data and concepts were determined. Selective coding allowed to refine categories and the main dimensions of the research emerged in the form of causal, pivotal, contextual, intervening, strategies, and accordingly to determine emergence of Porter's competitive advantage in the marketing process.
Findings: Findings showed that entrepreneurial behaviors and managerial factors provide the basis for sustainable green marketing and then green social responsibility for oil companies. Meanwhile, organizational agility paves the way for sustainable green marketing and social responsibility. Green marketing also affects the positioning of green and ultimately green competitive advantage for the company and customers by influencing the capabilities of the company, production factors and environmental factors.
Conclusion: Results showed that the green marketing process is a complex process that affects the agility of the organization, entrepreneurial behavior and managerial factors leads to green positioning and ultimately, a green competitive advantage for the company and customers

Relationship of Information Literacy and Environmental Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Primary School Teachers

Fereeidoon Yazdani

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of information literacy and environmental knowledge, attitude and practice of primary school teachers.
Method: This was a correlational study. Population included all teachers (male and female) in the first to sixth grades of primary school in District 1 of Hamadan, numbering 875 students. A stratified random sampling method was used and 267 teachers (208 females and 59 males) were selected and participated in the study. Instruments were: 1. Information Literacy Questionnaire (Yazdani, 2012) and; 2. Environmental Awareness, Attitude and Practice Scale (Farokhi, 2014), with the required reliability and validity.
Results: Results showed the level of information literacy of teachers to be moderate. However, in the dimensions of "need definition, location , and information evaluation," this was above the average. In the dimensions of “organizing information and information exchange,” it was lower than the median of the society. Also, findings showed that the level of “environmental knowledge” and “environmental attitude” of teachers was appropriate; but the “environmental practice” of teachers was in poor condition. Lastly, the results showed a positive significant relationship between all dimensions of information literacy with teachers' knowledge, attitude and environmental practice (P <0.01).
Conclusion: Teachers with higher information literacy will have access to better environmental knowledge and as a result will have better environmental attitudes and practices. Therefore, we can increase their information literacy to improve their environmental knowledge, attitude and practice.