Human Information Interaction

future studies of factors affecting the growth of scientific products in the field of nuclear science and technology

Hamzehali Nourmohammadi

purpose: Future research is about identifying, devising, presenting, testing and evaluating possible and probable futures in order to choose the preferred futures based on the values of the society and help to build the most desirable future. The production of science and technology is the most important factor in maintaining the survival, independence and progress of the country and a serious tool for competition in different world arenas. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to identify the factors affecting the growth of scientific products in the field of nuclear science and technology.
Methodology: The method of conducting this research is mixed and exploratory. In the first step, in order to extract the effective factors on the growth of scientific productions in the field of nuclear science and technology, research literature was studied in various sources such as domestic and foreign articles, internet sites, notes, newspapers, etc. And in the next step, interviews were conducted with subject experts to design the questionnaire. The mentioned questionnaire was given to three professors for the pre-examination and was edited based on their suggestions. Finally, after re-studying the theoretical foundations of related researches and applying the opinions of the professors, the questionnaire was edited and sent to the Delphi panel for answering. The statistical population of the present research in the Delphi panel is 13 subject experts in the field of nuclear sciences. To identify and select the statistical sample, the snowball sampling method was used.
Findings: Finally, the results showed that 32 main factors affect the growth of scientific productions in the field of nuclear science and technology. These factors were placed in 5 general categories. Among these 32 factors, 8 factors are related to experimental factors, 7 factors are related to managerial factors, 7 factors are related to cultural and social factors, 6 factors are related to political factors and finally 4 factors are related to financial factors. The Delphi process was completed in three rounds. Every factor that scored above 3 in the third round of Delphi was selected and ranked as an influential factor in its group. Finally, 23 factors managed to score above 3. Of the 23 factors that managed to get a score above 3, 8 factors are related to education, 6 factors are related to social and cultural factors, 4 factors are related to managerial factors, 3 factors are related to political factors, and 2 factors are related to financial factors. All factors related to education managed to get a score above 3, which shows the high impact of education on the growth of scientific productions in the field of nuclear science and technology in the future. The educational factors affecting the future growth of scientific productions in the field of nuclear science and technology are respectively: Increasing the training of laboratory skills (with 4.84 points), increasing the connection between education and research centers with the nuclear industry (with 4.1 points), paying attention to innovation and scientific discoveries in the country (with 3.85 points), strengthening the cycle of science and technology (with 3.75 points), designing specialized training courses (with 3.6 points), increasing scientific cooperation with prominent domestic and foreign scientists in this field (with 3.56 points), improving and improving the performance of the higher education system (with 3.31 points), more access to information sources of other countries in the field Nuclear Science (with 3.2 points)
Conclusion: The results of the future study of factors affecting the growth of nuclear science and technology products showed that education is the most influential factor in the upward growth process of products in this field. Therefore, it is necessary to make necessary policies in the country's education sector to achieve this goal. In general, since future studies provide a structured opportunity to look into the future and examine the role of effective factors in creating the future, it makes it possible to create a favorable perspective for decision makers and policy makers. By identifying and creating new capacities and capabilities, new horizons make it possible to take advantage of opportunities in the future. Moreover, with this approach, the problems and inadequacies caused by the future conditions can be counted and it will be possible to fix them.

Content analysis of human information interaction quarterly research

Sajjad Mohamadian

Introduction: In daily life, human beings are constantly in the position of making simple or important decisions, so in order to make the best decision, it is inevitable to interact with information. In the present era, when the era of change from industrial society to post-industrial society or information society has been dubbed, information is considered as the most basic assets for human beings and human societies, and the foundation of information society is based on information. In other words, in today's world, a society that has superiority over other societies in terms of information is considered advanced. The growth and development of different science fields can be evaluated according to the research activities carried out in that field. The strength of these activities is the publication of scientific-research publications. The scientific value and validity of publications is undeniable at the time of publication and also after the passage of time. Therefore, knowing the position of the country's scientific research publications with their different and important functions requires great attention. The amount of scientific productions in the form of articles along with the quality of magazines and the amount of use of these resources by people in the society is one of the indicators of the scientific growth of the society. In the meantime, the scientific quarterly of human-information interaction is published by the Department of Information Science and Knowledge of Kharazmi University in cooperation with the Scientific Association for the Promotion of Public Libraries of Iran in the form of an electronic quarterly. Human and Information Interaction Journal publishes original research articles and critical review works in the field of human and information interaction, human information behavior, and related topics.
Purpose: Almost a decade has passed since the publication of research articles in the Scientific Journal of Human and Information Interaction requires that its research record be studied in order to gather and analyze the researches that have been carried out, the existing gaps in the research topics, trends. and recognized the research priorities and found the subject bias of the research done over time. to review the content of the articles in the Human and Information Interaction Quarterly.
Method: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis type. And because this research tries to describe and evaluate the content of the articles of the Human and Information Interaction Quarterly, it is of the type of content analysis. Content analysis The researcher tries to provide the necessary answer to a specific question in a coordinated action while identifying all the conducted researches and evaluating them accurately. Therefore, in this study, by analyzing the content and using a descriptive approach, the frequency of the subject under investigation is determined and a conclusion is made based on it. The statistical population of the present study includes all the scientific and research articles published in the scientific-research quarterly "Human and Information Interaction" from the spring of 2014 to the winter of 2022, which were published in 9 periods. The number of articles was 242, all of which were subjected to content analysis. The tool used was made by the Checklist researcher.
The obtained data were analyzed using Excel software. Descriptive statistics methods, such as data classification according to distribution and frequency percentage, as well as graphs and tables, have been used in data analysis. By referring to each issue of the magazine and its articles, the content analysis information includes the number of articles published in the quarterly, the number of authors by gender, the scientific rank of the authors, the field/trend, and the topics and axes of the authors' attention, Participating universities/organizations, statistical community, approach, type, level of analysis, strategy and time period of the researches were investigated. Sampling was not used and all elements of the society were investigated by census.
Findings: 242 articles have been published in the Quarterly Journal of Human and Information Interaction during 9 periods of articles, Of these, the largest number of articles were published in 2014. Thematic areas: Examining the titles of the articles and the keywords used in the collection of articles published in the studied journal showed that, in general, the articles can be categorized into 11 main topics and 165 sub-topics. The main areas are: Information management) Data management Human and information interaction, ignoring, avoiding, avoiding information, rejecting information, information search process model, information technology model, information sharing behavior, information architecture, information technology application, information and communication technology, information search process model, information literacy, poverty/ Information poverty, scientific information environment, general information environment, information realism, employment information behavior, information literacy measurement, information access, information credibility assessment, information behavior modeling, web information credibility, information culture, electronic information, information management, personal information management , information sources, information location, information system, Data management Human and information interaction, ignoring, avoiding, avoiding information, rejecting information, information search process model, information technology model, information sharing behavior, information architecture, information technology application, information and communication technology, information search process model, information literacy, poverty/ Information poverty, scientific information environment, general information environment, information realism, employment information behavior, information literacy measurement, information access, information credibility assessment, information behavior modeling, web information credibility, information culture, electronic information, information management, personal information management , information sources, information location, information system، 38%), information seeking behavior(Information seeking behavior Knowledge sharing behavior, consumer behavior, information behavior, unplanned behavior, collaborative information seeking behavior, employment information behavior, relational information seeking behavior, information seeking behavior, information seeking interaction behavior, inquiry behavior, health information seeking behavior, information seeking behavior, human information behavior , reading behavior, 23%), social network (Research Gate, Instagram, Social Media, Social Media Fatigue, Social Network, Scientific Graph Network, Network, Internet Social Network, Facebook, Social Network Analysis, Continuous Social Networks, Scientific Social Network, Online Social Network, Virtual Social Network, Big Data In social network, specialized social network, artificial neural network, selfie, social media, mobile phone based social network, 18%), research method (Research Methodology Grand theory, Koolthau model, qualitative approach, thematic analysis, semantic analysis, Meta composition, metanalysis, qualitative study, self-efficacy in qualitative research, fuzzy Delphi, database method, Delphi method, quantitative method, methodology, exploratory method, clustering, interactive content, methodology Research, methodological diversity, scientometrics, synonyms, fact-based interview, mixed approach, trend analysis, altmetrics, research problems, Ellis model, citation analysis, cybernetic revelation model, hierarchical analysis process, fuzzy method, data-based theory18%), library (16%), user (8%), retrieval (8%), information need (6%) %), information base (2%), information science and Knowledge (2%) and organization (1%) are assigned, with the largest share related to information management with 38% and the lowest share related to organization with 1%. Gender of the authors: 53% of them were men and 47% of them were women. According to the findings of the research, the most participants in writing articles are assistant professors (158), Associate Professor 119, doctorate student (114), master's student (100), doctorate (47), professor (42), unreported (20), student Bachelor's degree (12), postdoctoral degree (1).
Researchers in the field of information science and Knowledge have contributed the most in writing articles with 75%. Researchers in the field of business management (12%), educational sciences (2%), and information technology (01%) contributed more than other fields in writing articles in the journal. The most participation was by the authors of Kharazmi University; Also, Isfahan University with 27 article titles, Azad University with 25 article titles, Tehran University with 21 article titles, Beheshti University with 18 article titles, and Chamran University with 15 article titles Unreported 14 article titles, Al-Zahra University 10 article titles, Allameh Tabatabai University 10 article titles, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 10 article titles, Tabriz University 9 article titles, Tarbiat Modares 8 article titles, Shiraz University 7 article titles, Shahid University 5 article titles, Mohaghegh Ardabili University 5 article titles respectively have contributed the most in writing articles. The population of quantitative researches was students, professors, and academics. In terms of the research approach, among the 242 published articles, 123 articles were conducted with a quantitative approach, which includes 51% of the research, and qualitative research accounted for 28%, and mixed research for 21%.
Strategy of research results: applied researches with 185 numbers have the highest percentage of 77% of the human and information interaction quarterly, and developmental and fundamental researches are in the next ranks with 32% and 25%, respectively. Also, the most applied researches, 10 titles, belong to the fourth issue of the five-year period of 2018, and the most basic researches, 5 titles, were published in the fourth issue of 2021. Research method strategy: According to the findings of the research, descriptive research with 167 titles is the highest percentage (69 percent), and correlation research 35% in the second rank and experimental research with 30 titles with 13% frequency in the rank are next. In the following, comparative and historical causal researches with 5 article titles are at the End. The level of research analysis: The findings of the research show that the level of
analysis of 78% of the articles published in the quarterly is the group level, and the individual, intersection, and organizational levels account for a total of 21% of the researches. The review of the articles shows that 64% of the researches conducted in the Scientific Quarterly of Human and Information Interaction have used primary data to conduct the research. Data collection method: Most researches have used questionnaires (74%) to collect data. The interview method is ranked next with (24%).
Conclusion: The analysis of the distribution of the gender frequency of the authors of the articles showed the difference in the role-creation of men compared to women in writing articles. In such a way that men have had a greater contribution and role in writing articles. The frequency distribution of the organizational affiliation of the authors of the articles showed that the most participation was by the authors of Kharazmi University. This indicates the fact that the researchers of Kharazmi University are more inclined to send their researches and achievements to their university journal, and naturally, this tendency increases the acceptance rate and the high percentage of participation of the researchers of this university in publishing articles. Considering that the field of organization has received less attention from researchers, besides the need to investigate the reasons for the low interest of researchers in this field in an independent research it is suggested that the editorial board and judges determine research priorities in the subject areas.
Due to the limitation of the research method used in 69% of the articles, it seems that the variety of research methods in the acceptance and publication of the journal articles should be given more attention by the reviewers, editor-in-chief, and other officials. In some informational articles, such as Society and statistical sample, the exact title of the university, organization, orientation, author's field, etc. are not mentioned, so it is suggested that the editorial board and the internal manager pay more attention. The data collection tool is a set of questionnaires and other tools are used less. Therefore, it is suggested that the editorial board and judges pay more attention to the acceptance of articles that use other tools to collect data. It is obvious that using various tools helps to increase the scientific richness of researches. Due to the unequal participation of researchers from different scientific fields in publishing articles in the quarterly journal, publishing articles in different fields with an almost equal ratio in each issue of the journal can solve this imbalance and equality. Also, the determination of research needs by the journal can lead researchers to other fields. About 77 percent of the reviewed researches were of applied type and exploratory researches had a smaller contribution; Therefore, it is suggested that the acceptance of exploratory researches should also be prioritized; Because this type of research helps to expand existing knowledge in line with research goals.

Evaluating the Interaction of Teachers of Farhangian University with Learning Management System

Ebrahim Khalil Abbasi

Objectives: Nowadays, the learning management system is one of the key tools of university education systems. This system increases the efficiency and learning power of students because it activates the students' mind and facilitates the understanding of knowledge. In addition, the use of learning management systems increases students' motivation for active learning and improves their self-confidence in academic exams. Also, these systems reduce the duration of teaching and the workload of teachers and are effective on students' visual literacy.
The design of learning management systems is the result of the collaboration of educational experts and software engineers, who identify the required capabilities and the expected service quality by considering various psychological, social, cultural, educational, and technical aspects. These capabilities and qualities are the basis of the software design of the system that is ultimately used by students and teachers, and the success and failure of the system largely depends on their satisfaction. Therefore, knowing the expectations of students, teachers, and other users using learning management systems and then implementing these expectations in the design and development of these systems is of key importance.
In Farhangian University, education is based on physical and online education, and some university courses have been always held online. Therefore, designing and implementing effective online education software is a high priority for Farhangian University. In addition, the use of information and communication technologies in education is one of the values highly highlighted in the document of Fundamental Evolution of Education.
We identified only a few research that has been conducted to study the expectations of Farhangian University teachers from learning management systems. To fill this gap, in this article we aim at understanding the expectations of teachers of Farhangian University from the learning management systems. Our main objectives are to find out to what extent the teachers feel satisfied with using these systems, what software features of these systems are highly requested by the teachers, what are the main defects the teachers have observed in these systems, and what are the main values of using these systems for education.
Methodology: The research method of this research is based on the qualitative research method of content analysis with comparative categorisation approach to identify and represent the experiences and expectations of Farhangian University teachers from the university's learning management system. For more interaction with the teachers, the interview method was used to gather their expectations, in which they answered the questions of a pre-designed interview. The interview questions were finalized after applying the opinions of some experts in software, educational sciences, and educational technology. The statistical population of the research was all teachers and lecturers of Farhangian University in the academic year 1402-1401. In this research, teachers who had practical and useful experiences in organizing online classes as well as who were experts in this field were invited for an interview, and 12 colleagues declared their presence for the interview. The authors conducted the interview process in parallel and then jointly completed the data forms. Qualitative interviews were conducted in accordance with its standards in a time between 30 to 60 minutes, physically on site or online on the platform of social networks. First, the aim of the interview and its topic were explained to each interviewee and then the interview was conducted. Considering the semi-structured nature of the interview, in addition to the pre-designed questions, other related questions were also asked to clarify the meaning of the answers during the interview. Also, the authors used some examples when there were ambiguities between the interviewer and the participated teachers.In this research, to analyze the data obtained from the interviews, three types of coding including open coding, axial coding, and selective coding were used. In the open coding, the main sentences related to the topic of the research were extracted from the data forms and recorded as primary codes. Then, the created codes were placed in a category based on the similarities. In the stage of axial coding, the primary codes and categories that were created in the open coding were compared with each other and similar items were merged and finally the axial categories were extracted. Then, for similar codes that were placed in the same category, by doing this process, several main topics were obtained that show the main basis of the interviews. If there is an equivalent standard or term for a subject in the field of education or software engineering, that equivalent and definition has been used in the article. Selective coding, based on the results of open coding and axial coding, defines the final framework of categories. The synthesised results then are reported in this article.
Findings: The results show that half of the teachers are satisfied with the learning management systems, three teachers are with relative satisfaction, and the remaining three are unsatisfied. Regarding the expected software features from these systems, we categorised the identified features into two main categories namely generic and user-interface-specific features. Because the participants in the interview do not have specialized knowledge of software engineering, in responding to their expectations from the systems, they expressed a combination of capabilities, quality attributes, and other requirements. Therefore, capability in this research means the general requirements of the participants, which can be a functional requirement, non-functional requirement (quality attributes), software capability restrictions, or a combination of them.Assisting teachers during the online class, learnability, usability, adaptability, error detection and prevention, facilitating the interaction between teachers and students are examples of the generic software features expected by the teachers. The participants also expect that the system provides them information of any events and tasks being progressed. In addition, they expect the system should be flexible and extendable enough so that they can add new tasks and generate new reports.In terms of the user-interface-specific features, the teachers expect the systems provide hedonic, simple, and customisable user interface. They also expect easy access to the system features. In addition, better content representation is another requirement the teacher expressed. The defects observed by the teachers are also categorised in generic and user-interface-specific defects. As for the generic defects, the teachers reported that it is not easy to learn the learning management systems. They also complained about the audio and video latency during the online classes. Another defect reported is that performing some tasks is time consuming which requires going through several steps. Poor and busy user interfaces are main defects reported by most of the teachers regarding the interface of the learning management systems. Inconsistent representation of the application in the mobile devices is another user interface defect. We have also understood that better time management, improved social interaction, and decreased stress of using information and communication technologies for education are the main values indicated by the teachers as the consequences of using the learning management systems. Being respectful and self-disciplined are other values reported by the teachers.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that despite the good features of learning management systems and the teachers’ relative satisfaction with them, there is a need for these systems to be flexible according to the needs of users and give the teachers more control on the education process. Also, interaction with students and features that improve people's participation in the education process are among the most important expectations of teachers from these systems. Moreover, the user interface of learning management systems is very important for teachers because it provides their interaction with students. Teachers expect to be able to adapt the system and especially their user interface according to their needs and add new features at the lowest cost.
We also synthesized several design guidelines for the system developers. The system should provide support for both expert and novice teachers. Expert teachers expect more customization capabilities and novice teachers expect more advice and automatic error handling. Moreover, the system should help the novice teacher to be experienced in using the system continuously. As each teacher has his/her own teaching strategy, another guideline is to design the system so that each teacher takes control on the education and teaching process individually.
Since an online learning system is an interactive application, its user interface design is very important. User-friendly and customisable user interface which nicely represented in different devices with different resolutions is a high priority guideline. This design guideline becomes even more important when we know that most of the students use their mobile phones for participating in online classes. We finally highlighted the importance of considering values in the design and development of learning management systems. In these systems, capabilities such as speaking in turn, the need to obtain permission to speak, remaining silent when others are speaking, and being neat during online presentation are aspects of respect. Their accomplishment, therefore, requires relevant software features. Moreover, the interaction between teachers and students necessitates establishment of ethical rules and standards to be respected by the users and the software. The privacy and security are two important subjects that requires more attention in learning management systems.

The role of body image University of Birjand students in using Instagram

Fatemeh salmani

Background and Purpose: Social media and psychological issues related to it, have attracted increasing attention nowadays and have been the subject of many studies in this field. Meanwhile, Instagram was studied in this research due to its many features and the special attention of young people to this platform. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of body image in using Instagram.
Materials and methods: This correlation study was conducted in a sample of 375 students. Data were collected using “body image” and “use of Instagram” questionnaires.
Findings: According to the results, students used Instagram more than average. They were relatively satisfied with their body image. Also, the results showed that the higher the apparent dissatisfaction and functional interference of the respondents (as components of body image), the higher their use of Instagram.
Conclusion: Due to the increasing popularity of social media, researchers have begun to investigate the possible consequences of this new media format on body image. There are some unique features of social media that distinguish them from traditional media and may help in understanding any effect they may have on body image: 1. Social media such as Instagram have their own users and are very popular among the younger generation. have; 2. People often present an idealized version of themselves on social media, uploading their most attractive images to their profile that can be edited and improved, and deleting any images they find unattractive; 3. Although social media contain images of a range of different types of people (eg, friends, family, strangers, celebrities), they are generally used to interact with peers.
Young people are influenced by three main sources: parents, peers, and media. As a major factor in socialization, parents have a strong influence on their children's body image, and this can be directly or indirectly related to body weight or appearance in general, for example through their comments. As children grow older and enter adolescence, peers play an increasingly important role in body image concerns, especially when intimacy is a necessary component of receiving approval from others. Adolescents learn from their peers what type of body image is associated with popularity and attractiveness. Finally, the media plays a determining role, as young people in the media are often portrayed as attractive and perfectly fit, which may lead to body image concerns among those exposed to them. Past research has shown that certain social media environments, such as Instagram, may be effective in creating feelings of inadequacy and comparing oneself to others in terms of body image.
Instagram contains a plethora of seemingly authentic images, many of which represent body ideals. Physical appearance actually plays an important role on Instagram, and studies have shown that teens and young adults experience distress, body dissatisfaction, and pressure to look perfect on social media. Since Instagram gives its users the opportunity to edit content before posting it on their profile, users tend to resort to behaviors such as image filtering.
Previous studies have emphasized the importance and extent of using social media, especially the Instagram social network, in the world and in Iran, and clearly confirmed the mutual effect of its use with psychological issues, including people's attitudes about their body image among the users of this network. It is important to note that most researches have focused on the role of using Instagram on psychological variables, but this research focused on the role of body image variable on the use of Instagram. Although two-way relationship is tested in correlation studies, the goal of the researchers in terms of predictor variables and criteria determines the direction of the analysis. Based on this, this research sought to determine the relationship between the body image of the studied community and the use of Instagram after examining the status of the variables of Instagram use and body image among the subjects under study ( University of Birjand students)?
Instagram is a visual program that has given its users the ability to send photos, videos, selfies, live broadcasts, and in addition has created the necessary interaction so that users can react to the stories and posts of their followers. The many features of this platform and its attractiveness for young people made the community under study of this research to show high statistics of using this media (based on the results of the first question). This issue can provide many opportunities for society's decision makers to use these capabilities in the service of raising the standards of today's social life. Therefore, domestic similar platforms should be strengthened so that they can replace it due to the filtering of this social media. However, due to the international nature of Instagram, it is unlikely that a suitable alternative will be found for it; Therefore, it is suggested to facilitate favorable conditions for students to use this media along with their awareness about its benefits and harms. Because filtering media that is very popular among young people will cause dissatisfaction and hidden and open social aggressions.
Data were collected using body image questionnaires (Littleton et al., 2005) and using Instagram (Lezbna, 2015). The body image questionnaire (Littleton et al., 2005) contains 19 items and uses a Likert scale (scored from 1 meaning never to 5 meaning always). The validity of this questionnaire using the correlation method with the self-report scale of body dysmorphic disorder was reported as 0.83 in the research of Littleton et al. (2005). Also, in a study conducted by Basak Nejad and Ghaffari (2006), the validity of this questionnaire was tested and confirmed using the correlation coefficient between this scale and the fear of negative evaluation of physical appearance (r=0.55). The reliability of the questionnaire in the research of Littleton et al. (2005) was evaluated by the internal consistency method and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained was equal to 0.93. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the first and second factors was 0.92 and 0.76, respectively, and the correlation coefficient between the two factors (1. apparent dissatisfaction and 2. functional interference) was 0.69. In the research of Rostagarinia and Ali Khademi (2022), the reliability of this questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha method was 0.86 for the entire questionnaire, 0.84 for the first subscale (apparent dissatisfaction) and 0.71 for the second subscale (functional interference). It is reported that it indicates acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha of the whole body image questionnaire was 0.88, the first component (appearance dissatisfaction) was 0.84, and the second component (functional interference) was 0.77.
The second questionnaire was the use of Instagram (Lezbna, 2015). This questionnaire contains 13 items and has been used in many personality and clinical research projects due to its high validity (Pouyanfar, 2019). In this research, the validity of this questionnaire was checked and confirmed using the content validity method (subject experts and professors). Lezbana (2015) reported the reliability of this questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81 and Pouyanfar (2019) 0.83. In the current study, the Cronbach's alpha of the Instagram usage questionnaire was 0.81.
The statistical data analysis of this research was done using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables and graphs) and inferential statistics (including regression tests, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-sample t-________________________________________________________________________
The Journal of Human Information Interaction is supported by Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
This work is published under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license
The statistical data analysis of this research was done using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables and graphs) and inferential statistics (including regression tests, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-sample t-test). The software used for statistical analysis was SPSS version 25. In addition, the normality of the data distribution was confirmed using the Kolomogrov-Smirnov test.
The results of the first question, which asked the students' use of the social network Instagram, were obtained in such a way that the sample T-Tech test showed that the students' use of Instagram, despite being filtered, with an average of 43.53 at the level of 0.01, is significantly higher than The average was 39. The findings showed that most of the respondents (138 people) have been using Instagram for more than 4 years, the respondents spend between 1 and 2 hours on Instagram, the number of posts they share on this platform is less than 10 posts, and according to the results, although They post pictures on Instagram once a month. The respondents checked Instagram sometimes and agreed that they devoted a part of their daily schedule to Instagram and that Instagram was a part of the respondents' daily activities; So that they used Instagram in their free time, at work or class, etc. In the end, the respondents believed that they should be present on Instagram all day and if they are not present, their communication is cut off.
McCormick (2018) believes that Instagram is a social network platform, and the adoption of this program by many users and the use of new technologies in different fields increase the value of this program day by day, and the reason that makes it more attractive to advertisers is the young audience of this program. . According to the latest statistics of the Statista website, users aged 25 to 34 are the largest age group of Instagram users worldwide, followed by people aged 18 to 24, and in the meantime, India is at the top of the list of Instagram users with 201 million Instagram users. . Bolton et al. (2013) concluded that young consumers are a technologically savvy and visually advanced generation, and their adaptability to using technology eases many issues because they are born with the introduction of technology. Starcevich and Konjikoshi (2018) also believe that the young generation has the most participation in social media when compared to previous generations. Other researches inside and outside the country such as Poyanfar (2019); Borbor and Tajik Ismaili (1401); Brati and Atrian (1400); Kapenter et al. (2020); Huang and Chu (2018) have obtained results consistent with the results of this research.
The results of the second question, how do the students perceive their body image? It showed that the students' opinion about the negative image of their own body was significantly lower than the average, in other words, they did not have a very unfavorable image of their appearance. Also, the respondents were rarely dissatisfied with some parts of their appearance, sometimes they spend considerable time in the mirror, they never feel that the people around them have a negative opinion about them, if they are dissatisfied with their appearance, they still participate in social activities, use cosmetics to improve their appearance. They rarely seek approval from others about their appearance, they are not afraid of others finding fault with their appearance, and they do not avoid looking in the mirror. The results of the T-Tech exam of the sample of students regarding their body image with two research components (appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference) are reported with an average level. The results show that the status of students regarding their body image with an average of 41.78 at the level of 0.01 is significantly lower than the average of 57. Also, the state of apparent dissatisfaction of students with an average of 20.93 and functional interference with an average of 20.85 is significant at the level of 0.01 and below the average; Therefore, the students had a relatively positive image of their body. Mohad et al. (2013) in their research, consistent with the current research, concluded that 85% of the respondents are more than average satisfied with their body. In the case of those who had an unfavorable body image, this dissatisfaction with appearance increased the desire to wear makeup. Also, interference in a person's social performance increases both the desire and the practice of makeup. Khodaparast et al. (2019) obtained the average of body image components and compared it with the average, and concluded that the sample people have a positive and favorable view of their body image. Contrary to the present study, Wood-Barkalow et al. (2010) concluded that 12 of the respondents were not satisfied with their body image. It seems that the type of subjects of this study did not have an effect on obtaining these results. Students in an active and rich environment usually receive positive feedback from their friends, and at a young age, due to physical health and vitality, a person's attitude towards his body is more positive than at an older age.
In the research hypothesis, students' body image predicts their use of Instagram. The results were such that in this hypothesis, the components of body image including appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference were considered as predictor variables and Instagram use as criterion variable. The results of the variable correlation test (as a regression assumption) showed that there is a significant relationship between body image and both of its components, i.e., appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference (as a predictor variable) and using Instagram (as a criterion variable) at the level of 0.05. Appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference were the variables entered in the regression equation at the same time, and both variables remained in the model. Chua and Chang's (2016) research showed that people's feedback from peers and society has a significant effect on the dissemination of photos published on Instagram, and functional interference is a predictor of Instagram use. Verastro et al. (2020) conducted a study, and the results showed that people who felt more anxious and uncomfortable about their body image and had more pressure to comply with social media standards were people who edited their pictures and then posted them online. upload, internalize the beauty stereotype suggested by Instagram and use Instagram more. Pedalino and Camrini (2022) obtained results consistent with this research, which was associated with lower levels of body satisfaction in the target population due to the social comparison process of ideal body images shared on the Instagram platform.
Fardouli et al. (2022) used the multiple regression method in their research and the result of their research was also consistent with the present research. Also, Cowles et al. (2023) concluded that participants who spent more time on Instagram had higher levels of body dissatisfaction and more comparisons of physical appearance. In their research, Sohrabzadeh et al. (2018) concluded that there is a significant and direct relationship between body image and the use of Instagram with a correlation coefficient (0.236) and a significance level (0.0001). In addition, Sadeghzadeh et al. (2018) reported in their study that dissatisfaction with body image has a significant and positive relationship with the amount of use of Instagram (r = 0.64, p<0.01).

Health information seeking behavior of Birjand University students in social media during the pandemic Covid-19

zahra Poorpir

Introduction and Objective: Covid-19 is an infectious respiratory disease that, like other infectious diseases, has affected people's health. As an important source for obtaining health information, social media have made a major contribution in meeting the need for information about Covid-19. The role of people's health information-seeking behavior is important in disease management and control, and it has an impact on the health of the society in the future.
Methodology: This research was practical and survey type. Statistical population, all students were studying at Birjand University at the time of the study. Sampling was done based on proportional classification random sampling (370 people). The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was measured by using the opinions of experts and experts in information science, epistemology and medical sciences, and its reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha (0.897).
Findings: The findings of the research showed that students used more search engines, foreign social networks and news media to get information about Covid-19 than reliable sources such as official specialized medical websites. Telegram and Instagram were the most used. They paid more attention to news related to covid-19 and preventive behaviors than getting information about treatment methods. The amount of negative and positive consequences of obtaining information about this disease on students was less than expected and among the components of information-seeking behavior, they paid the least attention to information sharing. In the field of aspects related to Covid-19, they paid the most attention to the educational aspect and the least attention to the political aspect.
Conclusion: Information and realizing its value and importance in human life today, leads to the concern of how to access the required information from among the multitude of available information. Information-seeking behavior follows the need for information, which includes activities such as information search, search tools, the type of information sought, search problems, and factors affecting it. Since the need for health information due to the spread of the Covid-19 disease creates concerns. Therefore, it leads to health information-seeking behavior, which includes actions related to searching and finding health-related problems, information about diseases, risk factors, and health promotion (Jalilian et al., 2021). In the course of searching for information, a person may use a manual information system or a computer-based system (Wilson, 2000).
Social media, as a platform that provides a lot of information, including health-related information, has been distinguished from other information systems due to components such as quick and easy access, interactive and comprehensible, and convenience. In the process of health information seeking behavior, the role of social media as a tool for searching for information and its effect on people's behavior is important (Liu, 2020). The types of information about which the search helps to meet the need for information and curiosities in the midst of this pandemic, information such as news related to Covid-19 (the number of patients and deaths), preventive behaviors (washing hands regularly, wearing masks) , vaccination, etc.) and various medical methods and related drugs.
Covid-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the corona virus and spread in late 2019. The Corona pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization as a public health emergency (Jalilian et al., 2021). This epidemic prompted scientists in different disciplines to investigate various issues arising from this phenomenon (Shehata, 2020). Access to health information is essential for any country and this is more important in developing countries where health challenges are more (Ankama et al., 2021). Progress in the prevention of Covid-19 is partially dependent on understanding the process of health information seeking behavior and its tools. To promote effective health knowledge, behavior change must be done at the individual level, and health messages must be accurate, transparent, and comprehensible. Also, be available and appropriate to the cultural environment of the society (Jalilian et al., 2021). Due to the epidemic nature of this disease and its unexpected consequences, the role of people and their information behaviors in fighting and controlling this disease is very important (Ostadi, 2019).
The main variables of the research included: the amount of use of each type of social media, the amount of use of each type of social network, the types of information obtained, the amount of negative and positive consequences of obtaining information about Covid-19, the amount of each From health information seeking behaviors and aspects related to covid 19.
To carry out the research, the researcher-made questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. This questionnaire was compiled in two parts based on the objectives and questions of the research. The first part includes questions related to the objectives of the research, and in the second part, three questions are asked about the personal characteristics of the respondents.
This questionnaire had 42 items and was measured in 7 variables, which are: social media (items 1-9), social networks (items 10-16), types of information obtained (item 17-21), negative consequences of information acquisition (items 22-26), positive consequences of information acquisition (items 27-33), types of health information-seeking behavior (items 34-37) and related dimensions with covid 19 (items 42-38). The mentioned questionnaire was distributed among the statistical population after checking and testing the validity and reliability. In this research, in order to measure the content validity of the questionnaire, the questions of the questionnaire were prepared by studying and reviewing related study sources, and then using the opinions of experts and experts in information science, philology, and medical sciences, they were reviewed and modified.
Out of a total of 224 respondents, that is, 58% of the people were women and 162 of them, equal to 42%, were men. Students in the study field of humanities with 167 people (43%) have the highest frequency among the respondents. After that, engineering science group with 112 people (29 percent), basic science group with 63 people (16 percent) and agricultural science group with 44 people (12 percent) respectively.
The number of respondents in the undergraduate level was the highest with 319 people (83 percent), as well as 47 people (12 percent) in the master's degree and 20 people (5 percent) in the doctoral level.
In the social media variable, the results showed that the average amount of social media use was generally lower than average. In the components of official medical websites, doctors' websites, unofficial websites, internal social networks, Wikipedia and encyclopedias, discussion groups and forums are also less than It was average. According to Zhang and Zhao (2017) and Haider et al. (2009), concern about the quality of information reduces the amount of social media use and consumer participation.
In the variable of social networks, the findings show that the average amount of use of the variable of social networks was generally lower than the average. Due to the filtering of YouTube, Twitter, and Clubhouse platforms, their use was quite logically lower than average. In the components of the Telegram and Instagram platforms, the average amount of use was more than average. The researchers' field observations of the users' use of these networks are consistent with the obtained results, as a result, the use of social networks due to their accessibility and the widely used role of mobile phone technology today is a source of information dissemination and information acquisition. Since the specialized information on websites and official sources is valuable, it is necessary to pay attention to the reason why they are not given much attention, and it should be carefully rooted and investigated.
The search rate of Birjand University students regarding each type of health information about Covid-19, the research indicates that, in general, the search rate in the variable of types of information about Covid-19 was equal to the average. But in the components of news related to Covid-19, preventive behaviors were more than average. Since the purpose of searching users during the Covid-19 pandemic was to deal with the said disease; Therefore, the results refer to the consumption of health information related to the news of Covid-19 and various preventive behaviors, because obtaining health information about each of the information related to Covid-19 is important in the process of managing and controlling this disease.
The rate of negative consequences of acquiring information about Covid-19 was below average. Also, in all components of worry, anxiety, lack of trust in information, confusion and confusion, and cognitive avoidance were also below the average level. What causes worry and anxiety in people is often lack of awareness and lack of ability to manage a crisis. In Nakheizadeh's new research (2019), the level of anxiety caused by covid-19 was high, as Nakheizadeh's study shows, his research is related to the early period of the corona epidemic. What is remarkable at the beginning of the matter, with the indiscriminate spread and the lack of sufficient and correct information about this disease, as well as the lack of a related vaccine, the influx of this amount of anxiety and worry among people can be considered normal. Moreover, the data of the current research was collected after about two years of the corona virus, when the students were in the approximate routine of life before the corona virus, right at the same time as face-to-face education in the university, and this change in the results can be completely logically explained. Justified. Also, the study of Bigdali et al. (2013) also expressed the positive view of users towards health information on the web. Montsi (2020) also stated that even receiving fake information does not affect people's physical or mental health, and its results are completely intangible, which can be roughly generalized to the results of this research and considered consistent.
In the variable of positive outcomes of acquiring information about Covid-19, it was below average. Also, in the components of the ability to recognize the need for information, search skills, the spirit of cooperation and information sharing, and the promotion of critical thinking, it was also below average. Also, in the components of knowledge of information sources and ability to evaluate information sources, it was equal to the average level. As a result, considering that in some components of the skill of recognizing the need for information and the ability to evaluate information sources, their average score was equal to the average level, which indicates that their health literacy is average; Because the results are consistent with the acquisition of their health information sources (social networks), so it is in line with the results of Apok and Ellis.
The average rate of performing various types of information-seeking behavior about Covid-19 was higher than average. Also, in the components of information search, identifying the need for information and changing health and treatment behavior, seeking more information was more than average. In the information sharing component, the average score of this component was equal to the average; Considering that the sources of obtaining health information about this disease are basically the media and social networks. What emerges from the evidence is that following a crisis or problem related to health and feeling the need for related information, people start searching for related sources and if it is noticeable, their health information seeking behavior is an increasing trend. has it. Therefore, the present study is consistent with all previous studies.
The results of the present study show that the average of information acquisition in the variable of information dimensions related to Covid-19 was higher than the average and also in all components, including dimensions related to health, economic, political, social and educational, the average score was higher. It was average. In other words, the findings show the students' concerns about each of the dimensions related to economy, health, politics, social justice, and especially about education and concerns about holding classes, not having the necessary infrastructure in an optimal way. In some people, lack of concentration and anxiety is caused by the situation.
The findings showed that the most sources of obtaining health information for students of Birjand University are search engines, foreign social networks and news media, and they paid less attention to reliable media such as official specialized medical websites. Also, the results point to the important and prominent role of Telegram and Instagram platforms. In addition, what the studied community sought to obtain information about covid-19 was mostly preventive behaviors and news related to covid-19 rather than its treatment methods. Also, the results showed that the health information-seeking behavior of Birjand University students has generally increased during this pandemic; But they have done the behavior of sharing information related to Covid less. Meanwhile, the role of dimensions related to Covid-19, including dimensions related to health, economic, political, social and educational, and obtaining information about each of these dimensions was of great importance for students, and the most important aspect for them was the educational dimension. .
The results showed that women used reliable sources such as official specialized medical websites and news media compared to men, and men used social networks (Telegram, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube) and search engines to get information about Covid. 19 have used. The influence of the role of gender showed that women are more interested in obtaining all kinds of information about this disease, and also paid more attention to the negative consequences of women; After creating negative consequences in women, they sought to obtain information about preventive behaviors. Because a significant relationship has been established between negative consequences and preventive behaviors in past studies. In addition, the role of gender had no effect on the positive outcomes and dimensions related to Covid-19, except for the economic dimension component. The field of study and level of study did not make a significant difference in the research variables. Based on this, it is suggested to hold training courses to improve the quality and awareness of health information literacy in social networks and news media for students of different levels. Also, policy makers and decision makers should pay more attention to providing authentic information on social media for the audience. Social networks and internal messengers should be adapted in the field of providing health information. Future researches can examine the subject of study in other societies and use different research methods to collect data or analyze findings.

The Anthropomorphic Role of Chatbots on Creation of Shared Value from Perspective Pleasurable and Uuseful Motivations of Tourists (Case Study: Tourism Industry)

Somayeh Ahmadzadeh

Purpose: The purpose of the current research is the participation of customers in the creation of value, an important issue in the tourism industry, which can be used to increase the quality of services. There are several factors in creating this shared value between the organization and the customer, among which we can mention factors related to the customer and factors related to information technology, both of which will be effective in creating this type of value. Factors related to information technology, tools and technology based on artificial intelligence of the chatbot and factors related to the customer can also be referred to the pleasure-seeking motivation and the customer's understanding of the chatbot technology and the usefulness based on the benefits of using the chatbot. They help to create value, especially the anthropomorphic role of chatbots, which will influence the customer's created values through chatbots. Today, the tourist needs to collect the information he needs based on personal pleasure and benefit more quickly, therefore conversation robots with human-like behavior that will create a sense of trust in the tourist will be the best option for preparing a travel package in a short time. was to create a common value between tourists and tourism. Paying attention to and identifying the factors influencing the creation of shared value in the tourism industry and the intensification of the competitive environment in this area after the Corona era in the form of non-personal and online shopping has been of great importance, hence the main purpose of the research is the anthropomorphic role of chatbots on the creation of shared value. It is from the point of view of pleasure-seeking and useful motives of tourists. Therefore, the sub-objectives of this research are to investigate the effect of customer's hedonistic motives on the creation of shared value in tourism, to investigate the effect of the utility motive on the creation of shared value in tourism, to investigate the use of chatbot technology in the relationship between hedonistic motives and value creation. common in tourism, investigating the use of chatbot technology in the relationship between the motive of usefulness and creating shared value in tourism and investigating the anthropomorphic role of using chatbot technology and creating shared value in tourism.
Method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. In this research, after theoretical studies and a review of previous researches, the theoretical concepts of the research were formulated, and then using the data obtained from the questionnaire, the relationships between the variables, and the extraction of the results of the hypotheses, the path diagrams will be drawn. After defining the equations, modeling will be done in Smartpls 3 software. Thematically, the scope of this research is related to the application of chatbots in tourism businesses. The geographical area of this research is Mehrgan Travel Services Company, Pardis Gesht, Isfahan. The time domain of this research was the summer of 1402. The statistical population in this research are tourists and corporate customers of Mehrgan Travel Services Company, Fardis Gesht, Isfahan City. In the studies related to structural equations, the relationship q < 15 q < n < 5 was usually used to calculate the sample size. Therefore, the sample size was determined based on the number of questions and 14 times the number of questions from the statistical sample and based on available sampling was considered. In this sampling of the statistical population, 300 people were distributed as the sample size of the questionnaire, and after receiving the answer letters, some were unanswered and some were defective, and 280 respondents answered completely and were subjected to statistical analysis. Data collection tools in this research are two library methods including library studies and questionnaire field method. In the required data section, a questionnaire will be used to check the research hypotheses. According to the research variables, the structure of the questionnaire will include questions to evaluate the research variables. In the general questions, it has been tried to collect general and demographic information about the respondents, which includes questions about gender, age, marriage, and history of using the company's services. Specialized questions from the 5-part questionnaire include examining the factors of creating shared value, hedonic motives, utility motives, the use of chatbots, and their humanistic role. In this research, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, combined reliability (CR), and factor loading coefficients were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis will be done in two descriptive and inferential parts. In the descriptive part, the demographic variables of the respondents to the questionnaire as well as the mean and standard deviation of the research variables will be presented. In the inferential part, the structural equation method will be used to check research hypotheses. Structural equation modeling is a member of the family of statistical models that seeks to describe the relationships between multiple variables. To do this, the SEM structure between the relationships that exist in the set of equations. These equations indicate all the relationships between the structures (dependent and independent variables) involved in the analysis. The data analysis tool will be Smartpls3 software. To examine the conceptual model in the current research, the SEM structural equation modeling method was used. To check the research hypotheses and model analysis, the quality of the model has been checked first. This stage includes measurement models, structural model fitting, and overall model fitting. In the PLS-SEM method, three criteria of reliability, convergent validity, and divergent validity are used to check the fit of measurement models. AVE or average variance criterion was used to check convergent validity. The method used to check divergent validity is the Fornell-Larker method.
In this research, three methods of Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and Rho_A reliability were used. To check the significance value of each path, the significance coefficient of T or Z has been used, considering that the confidence coefficient in this research is considered 95%, and the significance value of T for any path that is greater than 1.96 is that path or hypothesis. It is meaningful. In examining the fit of the structural model of this research, the criterion of R2 coefficients known as "determination coefficient" related to endogenous (dependent) hidden variables of the research model was used, and the value of the determination coefficient is that the endogenous variables of the model have a strong influence on their exogenous variables. are acceptable and it indicates the appropriateness of the fit of the structural model. The Q2 criterion shows the predictive power of the research model, and in this research, the Q2 values of the two endogenous variables of the model are around and above the value of 0.35, and they have a strong predictive power of the model.
Conclusion: After examining the hypotheses of the research, in the first hypothesis, hedonistic motivation has a positive and significant effect on the creation of shared value in tourism. In the second hypothesis, the motive of usefulness has a positive and meaningful effect on the creation of common value in tourism. The third hypothesis is the use of chatbots has a mediating role in the relationship between hedonistic motives and the creation of shared value in tourism. The fourth hypothesis is that the use of chatbot technology plays a mediating role in the relationship between motivation-utility and the creation of common value in tourism. The fifth hypothesis of anthropomorphism plays a moderating role in the relationship between the use of chatbots and the creation of shared value in tourism. According to the results obtained from the t-test of the fifth hypothesis, which shows proof of the moderating role of anthropomorphism in the relationship between the use of chatbots and the creation of shared value in tourism, and the lack of research similar to this hypothesis, the innovation of research on the role of anthropomorphism Chatbots were proven to create shared value from the point of view of tourists' hedonistic and useful motives. The use of chatbots in tourism services as a pre-trip consultant, the interaction interface between tourism companies and tourists and customers in this field in booking flights, hotels, visas and preparing travel packages and guiding travelers during the trip, collecting post-trip feedback through a variety of methods. The communication media related to the field of tourism accelerates the quick response to the tourist and reduces additional costs for the company and the tourist. The chatbot creates a pleasant and beneficial travel experience for the tourist and with the valuable information that it transmits to the experts in this field to improve the tourism business, it leads to the creation of common value in tourism and creates a competitive advantage in the tourism industry. The most important factor for the desire of customers to use services and to move towards brands. Considering the importance of motivations and providing conditions to make the services and purchase process look attractive, customers can be encouraged to cooperate and participate with the brand and create value for the company in this way. The motivation is sometimes influenced by the psychological stress caused by the unmet needs of consumers and only to enjoy the service or purchase the product, but sometimes it refers to economic factors such as earning profit or economic benefit. Most of the consumers and customers consider the criteria of price against quality when buying goods or services. In fact, customers give importance to economic benefits when purchasing, and one of the most important motivations for their purchase is the motivation to obtain benefits and profits. This type of motivation can encourage customers to interact with the company and create value. Therefore, it can be said that the motive of usefulness can lead to the increase in the creation of the common value of customers. Value can be created by the company and customers and all stakeholders. Meanwhile, information technology can help in creating this common value. Factors related to information technology are tools and technologies that help create value mainly based on artificial intelligence, such as GPT Chat. Service robots or conversational robots are designed to support and provide services to humans through physical and social interactions. Chatbots can increase the customer's enjoyment of shopping or interacting with the company. The possibilities of artificial intelligence and professional application in the chatbot can provide a pleasant environment and an entertaining process for customers when interacting or using the company's services, and this issue can increase the motivation of customers' pleasure. The use of artificial intelligence technology and chatbots can intelligently personalize the behavior and needs of customers and based on that provide appropriate material benefits and benefits such as discount packages or special offers for customers. These types of benefits can encourage customers to offer suggestions or buy and participate or even promote the brand and create value for the company