Human Information Interaction

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Background and Purpose: The IoT is recognized as one of the most efficient and pervasive technologies that is constantly evolving. In order to use it effectively, it is necessary to get acquainted with the capabilities of this technology and the importance of each of them. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and ranking the capabilities of the Internet of Things in the industrial sector using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. And quantitative-qualitative research in terms of data analysis.
Materials and methods: In this study, IoT capabilities were identified in three categories of capabilities, benefits and challenges using library resources and Delphi method through a survey of experts. Data collection was done through questionnaires. Expert Choice software was performed.
Findings: The results of data analysis in this study showed that among the three main criteria, obstacles and challenges, advantages and capabilities are the most important, respectively. Also, among the sub-criteria of obstacles and challenges, security and operating system were the most important and compatibility was the least important. Among the sub-criteria of capabilities, artificial intelligence and communication had the highest and sensors the lowest and weighted rank. Also, among the benefits, saving time and reducing costs were the most important, and process improvement was the least important.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in order to use technologies such as the Internet of Things in the manufacturing sector, including the industrial sector, in order to use them more effectively and efficiently, it is necessary to identify the capabilities, advantages and obstacles of this technology. By determining the degree of importance and effectiveness of each of these criteria, selecting and prioritizing that aspect of technology for implementation is determined. Therefore, the results of this study, in addition to identifying the capabilities, advantages and obstacles of using this technology, also identified the priority of each criterion in terms of their importance.
 

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Objective: Learning through mobile phone is a type of distance learning that takes place in many situations with social interaction and content through personal electronic devices. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors affecting the behavioral intention of learning graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz through mobile phones.
Method: The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and survey in terms of its execution 
Findings: The results showed that all the structures of the theory of planned behavior and the technology acceptance model have an effect on the behavioral intention of the graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz to learn through mobile phones.
Conclusion:  by considering the characteristics and needs of users and their applications in the virtual education system, buy or rent powerful servers for Providing virtual education services and taking into account the use of new educational technologies in evaluating the performance of faculty professors will improve the level of using educational systems while learning through mobile phones.
 

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The current research aims to qualitatively examine the lived experience of capable female heads of households in the economic field in order to extract a model or a native model from their lived process that other female heads of households can also benefit from. In terms of method, this research is an applied research and it was conducted in a qualitative way using the foundational data theory method. The statistical population of the research was made up of economically capable household heads living in Tehran. In order to conduct the interview, the snowball sampling method was used. Interviews were conducted by the researcher in person and until the saturation point was reached. Therefore, the researcher has conducted interviews with 25 female heads of households who are capable in the economic field until the stage of theoretical saturation. Findings: In general, 931 conceptual codes were extracted from the interviews. The results showed that in the structural conditions, the prevailing gender culture, the weakness of the legal and political system in supporting women heads of households, the lack of social justice and the disproportion of employment conditions with the needs of women heads of households had a significant effect on their progress or lack of progress. Background conditions, lack of a spouse, responsibility for children and providing for the family's livelihood needs, and in most cases the lack of basic facilities for empowerment have created complex conditions, and intervening factors include the lack of facilities, such as not having a babysitter or a person who is in the absence of a mother. take care of children In the meantime, the lack of sufficient literacy for proper employment had led to many problems, which economically capable women heads of households have overcome these crises and managed them well. The presence of support organizations can be considered as an effective element. Optimal use of services has played an effective role in improving their conditions. It has been very helpful to create and prepare the society for vulnerable women to enter the labor market, obtain financial and social credit, provide facilities, training and rehabilitation, and even create job skills that are provided in support organizations. This has caused effects and consequences such as livelihood provision and family management to be on the path of empowerment. Women heads of households who are capable in the field of economy did not have enough experience and economic skills from the beginning, and even did not have the necessary preparation to become heads. Economic empowerment will reduce deprivation and social exclusion and join them in society and social groups. In addition to this, economic capability will increase their capacity to improve their personal and social status. Therefore, the agency of women in the empowerment process as effective social forces should be considered by policymakers.

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Background and Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the opinion of blind and visually impaired of the possibility of employing gadgets in delivering resources and information services to them.

Method: The research method was descriptive - survey and questionnaires were used to collect data. The data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: The result showed that respondent approved the use of information resources and services through variety of gadgets and the fact that gadgets are generally more desirable.  Based on the agreement in regard to the gadgets used as resources and information services to blind and visually impaired it was found that mobile phone and pocket PC were in  the first place (56.7%), Google glasses in second place(55%) e-book readers in third place (54.4%), tablets in fourth place (54.2%) and RFID systems in fifth place (44.1%).

Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study it is concluded that blinds ability to use gadgets in optimal utilization of resources and information services is possible and more than desirable.  As a results we can make proper use of the new technology in order to present resources and information services to blinds and visually impaired

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Background and Aim: The main objective of this research was to investigate the use of full-text databases in the LIS theses of Tehran State Universities within the years 2005 and 2009.

Method: For this purpose, the total of 9952 citations related to 172 existing theses in the academic central libraries were studied. The data collected were analyzed by the bibliometrics and citation analysis methods.

Results: The results showed that only 499 (5.01%) out of the total of 9952 citations were of full-text databases. By the use of Bradford law, the Emerald, Iran Doc. Pro Quest and Science Direct were chosen as the core databases in LIS. There was no statistically significance difference in the use of full-text databases with regard to database, university and subject. Citing the linguistic distribution of full-text data showed that most citations were in English language. Finally, the amount of the use of full-text databases by the theses has not been increased between the years 2005 and 2009.

Conclusion: The results obtained in the present research showed that the use of databases was very low and no growing trend for citing databases did   show.  Also English language was Dominant language in citing databases

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Background and Aim: The present investigation intends to compare and review various user interfaces from user standpoint and to ascertain its linkage with user satisfaction.

Method: The research incorporated a descriptive survey of University of Tehran graduate student body. Using a targeted sampling, graduate students from the faculties of chemistry and Biology were selected. The instruments used were: A researcher-constructed questionnaire based on Nielsen’s 10 component model; and QUIS user satisfaction questionnaire.  Each database UI were evaluated based on five indicators of general features, search features, retrieval features, display features and user-friendliness.

Results: Findings indicated that with an average of 3.88 the Elsevier database had the highest score. Users surveyed believed that the quality of user interface was in better shape than other UI. One should note that this advantage is not indicative of overall database quality and the relatively better interaction on the part of users could be ascribed to their familiarity with the said database and its resource location process.

Conclusion:  The main purpose of designing and developing a database is to accruing user satisfaction in search and retrieval process. Hence User satisfaction directly connected to user interface

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Background and Aim: The present paper discusses results of a study which aimed to explore the knowledge and use of Online social networking by MLIS students in Iran and to explore their perceptions of using that technology for academic and professional purposes, and challenges they face for using them.

Method: The research method was explorative and empirical. Data was collected through a web-based survey questionnaire containing both open and close ended question. The link of questionnaire was emailed to MLIS students in Tehran. 113 students completed the questionnaire.

Results: The results show that 35 percent of respondents were not users of SNS. Internet filtering in Iran was identified as the major barrier on using SNS by MLIS students. Negative perceptions toward SNSs were identified as another big barrier for using SNSs by MLIS students. 22% of respondents felt that social networking would waste their time and some 14% saw on benefit on online social networking. 36% of respondents trusted very little to information released in SNSs. MLIS students were not sophisticated users of social networking sites. They have good level of skills on basic features of social networking sites. However, in more advanced features of SNSs such as privacy settings their skills seemed limited. Respondents to the questionnaire showed positive feedback on using SNS for academic and professional purposes.

Conclusion: There are several advantages for integrating SNS in LIS education. Preparing students for employing those technologies on their work places upon their graduation; increasing the employability of LIS students; reaping the educational benefits that SNSs offer and preparing students to teach social networking literacy competencies to others are some of the advantages of incorporating SNSs into LIS education. Authors suggest that skills to master online social networking must be taught in LIS education

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Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social capital and knowledge sharing at national information centers in Iran.

Method: This applied research was carried out using two questionnaires and a checklist. Data were collected from all the managers, but stratified random sample of staff members of three:  main national information centers (National library, Regional Information Center of Science and Technology [RICEST], and Iranian Institute for Information Science and Technology).

Results: research findings indicated that: A) from managers point of view, lowest relationship between social capital and knowledge sharing belonged to the national library. But results gained from staff members credited the lowest situation to the RICEST; B) all of three information centers coined low range of knowledge sharing, therein, National Library with mean 2.17 out of 5 was the tallest among others; C) National Library was the highest among other centers regarding three dimensions (Relations, Trust and Shared norms) of social capital; D) Relationship between knowledge sharing and trust in all three institutes was significant But in Iranian Institute for Information science and Technology the relationship was more outstanding than others; and E) there was significant relationship between shared norms and knowledge sharing in all institutes.

Conclusion: In order for the National Information centers to improve the knowledge sharing culture among their staff members they should   internalize mutual trust, provide them with shared norms and improve organizational communication

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Background and Aim: The present study aims to explore the coverage and reflection of Knowledge and Information Science news in the Iranian press. Iran Newspaper which is one of the main public newspapers in the country has been selected as the case for this study.

Method: This study used content analysis as its research methodology and adopted an inductive approach in data analysis. All the pages of this newspaper during a year (from March 2011 to March 2012), were downloaded from the newspaper website and their contents were inductively analyzed to identify Knowledge and Information Science related news.

Results: Iran Newspaper, as one of the most well-known and public press in the country, has covered the Knowledge and Information Science news with a reasonable coverage and comprehensiveness. However, the reports are mainly descriptive with less analytic perspective and there is a gap for more analytical news. The collected data were categorized into seven categories and all the concepts and subcategories were presented in the tables. The main identified categories in this study include: Tehran International Book events, other book exhibitions and cultural events, meetings and book awards, reflection of the news related to book and publication industry, scientometrics, reading and its promotion and hinders.

Conclusion: There is a gap of the news from ILISA (Iranian Library and Information Science Association) and also popular notes written by Knowledge and Information Science scholars, librarians and Knowledge and Information Science students. As a result it seems ILISA could be more active in publishing its news and use popular press to introduce this area to the public and promotes its activities in the public domains. 

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Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of observing the standards of indexing (ISO 999-1996, BS 3700) of Library and Information Sciences books.

Method: The study used descriptive-analytical methodology and the population consisted of all the Persian books, written and translated, in the field of Library and Information Sciences published from 2006 to 2012 with the back-of-book index. To collect the data, a checklist based on the indexing standards of ISO 1996-999 and B.S. 3700 was used.

Results: The findings indicated that among the 424 books studied, 26% had index, while 71% lacks it. Overall, the extent of observing the evaluation criteria in the book indices in the field of Library and Information Sciences was 56%.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the extent of providing the index for the books in the field of Library and Information Sciences has a relatively optimal condition compared with those in other fields. However, considering the purposes and applications of the field of Library and Information Sciences, the standards in the indices have been poorly observed. Time-consuming nature of indexing, lack of time and accelerating pace of publishing and offering books, economic issues, lack of expert human resources, and lack of enough knowledge about the significance of index are some of the obstacles for preparing the index for the books.

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Background and Aim: Interaction in a digital library help users locating and accessing information and also assist them in creating knowledge, better perception, problem solving and recognition of dimension of resources. This paper tries to identify and introduce the components and elements that are used in interaction between user and system in search and retrieval of information in digital library.
Method: This paper investigate the different studies in the field of interactive search of digital library by the library approach and also identifies capabilities that can be used in digital library by the use of heuristic methods.
Results: The components of identified, interactive search including: 1. Interaction before search including using directories, applying ontology, and filtering. 2. Interaction in the time of search including annotation, suggesting the interactive terms by the use of subjective thesaurus. Syndicate list, colon searching, filtering. Interaction after search: motion, fragment, copying, collecting, cutting, segmentation, probing, rearrangement, re illustration, searching, visualization based on graph, personalization and recommendation systems.
Conclusion: With perception of interaction and interactive search, the efficient design and evaluation of digital library can be done. The designers of digital libraries can use different interaction according their resources. Librarian also can familiar with different interaction and would be able to give their users necessary education until they can search and retrieval efficiently.

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Background and Aim: Collaborative information behavior (CIB) is strongly affected by contextual factors and in different contexts we can see various aspects of collaborative information behavior. In this study, we investigate the triggers and barriers of collaborative information behavior in an educational-medical context in Iran.
Method: This qualitative research uses grounded theory as research method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty physicians (in Fellowship and Residency stages) in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science.
Results: the findings indicated that five main factors trigger collaborative information behavior, including lack of domain expertise, lack of time, information scatter, complexity of information needs and lack of immediately accessible information. The barriers that hinder collaborative information behavior in this context fell under five categories, technological, individual, team, educational structure and cultural barriers. Some of these triggers and barriers have identified in previous researches in different contexts.
Conclusion: the results of this study showed that Lack of time was strongest trigger of CIB in physicians (in fellowship and residency stages). Then complexity of information needs, lack of domain expertise, information scatter and lack of immediately accessible information were the triggers that identified in this study. Also barriers that identified in this context are so important. In order to promoting CIB in this context the barriers should be analysed and resolved.

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Background and Aim: The present investigation was carried out in order to study the self-archiving behavior displayed by Knowledge and Information Sciences (KIS) faculty members in Iran. It intended to discover the incentives and barriers impacting on this behavior as well as arriving at a baseline for predicting the extent of self-archiving.
Method: A descriptive survey method was deployed. The population investigated, included all KIS faculty members affiliated with universities and research centers supervised by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in Iran.
Results: Based on self-reporting by the population studied, the extent of self-archiving is above average.  Self-archiving in personal and corporate websites were more prevalent than institutional and subject repositories. Recognition component was the most important incentive and copyright consideration was the most important barrier to self-archiving by KIS faculty members. Among the 10 factors studied, only the professional recognition component was capable of predicting self-archiving of scientific output in open access websites.
Conclusion: KIS faculty members in Iran welcome open access of their scientific works but there is some obstacles such as copyright that removing it could help to improve current conditions.

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Background and Aim: Collaborative information seeking is an interaction among members of a group who purposefully try to access and share joint information. Although collaboration is a key component of information seeking behavior, but most of the studies in this area are focused on individual information seeking behavior and collaborative aspects are considered much less. As a result, there is a need for understanding conceptual features as well as supportive technical methods of information behavior in collaborative activities. Method: The present review article has studied concepts and theories of collaborative information behavior using library method. Results: In this research, firstly, the concept of collaboration is explained and differences with other concepts like communication, coordination and cooperation are explained. Moreover, the concept of collaborative information behavior and collaborative information seeking behavior are discussed from different viewpoints and suggestions are offered for future research. Conclusion: collaborative information behavior is one of the most important concepts in human information interaction studies and it can be known as dynamic activities in a group including searching, combining, publishing and producing information.

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Background and Aim: People refer to virtual information resources for answering their medical questions. One of these resources includes question and answering (Q&A) sites in medicine. This study aims to analyze health  questions posted on the Yahoo Answers to identify health information needs, the motivations for asking questions, evaluation of information user satisfaction resulted from received answer, the reason of using answers, the using aspects of given information and the types of selection criteria people employ when they select best answers in Yahoo! Answers. Method: A survey was conducted using an online questionnaire. Email invitations were sent to 1015 users of Yahoo! Answers and 100 users filled the questionnaire. Moreover, 500 questions, 50 from each health subject category, were subject to content analysis using MAXQDA.  Having no cost, having fun and social connection in Yahoo! Answers constitute the most important motivations for using the health group of Yahoo! Answers. The findings show that “concise answers” is considered as users’ satisfaction factor. Results: The findings showed that the concern about themselves, family, people who they care about, the lack of information and the knowledge gap, validating information from other people, the lack of social support, particularly insurance and income are among  the main reasons for users to ask questions. Prevention and health promotion, turning the guesses to certainty, consultation before treatment, surgery, or taking certain medications constitute most of the cases users use from the received answers of the questions. The Socio- emotional value was particularly a prominent criteria from User-Perspective in this study for selecting the best answer. Conclusion: According to this research, it was found that natural cure and remedies, orthodontics, losing weight methods, loosing fats, skin diseases and how to treat them, foot pain and the related problems, male genitalia, the use of eye lenses, menstruation and the problems related to the sleeping constitutes the most categories of subjects in the health part of Yahoo! Answers. The results show that most of the questions are related to a particular disorder or disease like general information, the symptoms, causes, diagnoses, treatments, prognoses of the disease.

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Background and Aim: There seems to be a conceptual link between some theories of human information behavior. These links exist because some of these theories have been derived from same theories in similar fields or have a same approach in theorizing.
Method: In this paper 3 theories of information behavior (information poverty, information overload and social capital) have been discussed and compared.
Results: Chatman’s information poverty theory pays attention to the cultural/behavioural aspect of the phenomenon and clarifies that membership within a social group contributes to information poverty. Information overload describes the situation in which one feels anxious and stressed due to encountering to too much information. Social capital is rooted in social network analysis and explains how the social resources inside one’s network influence the success of achieving desired information. Both information poverty and information overload point out information avoidance, where there exists information but access to it is restricted. Social capital and information poverty both focus on the role of social structure in information seeking and the importance of trust in society.
Conclusion: Libraries can generate social capital by presenting some social programs to help users overcome their information overload and poverty.

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Background and Aim: Image, as a kind of information vehicle which can convey a large volume of information, is important especially in medicine field. Existence of different attributes of image features and various search algorithms in medical image retrieval systems and lack of an authority to evaluate the quality of retrieval systems, make a systematic review in medical image retrieval systems field necessary. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of papers on medical image retrieval systems appeared between 2000 and 2011.
Method: The major scientific databases (Medline, Scopus, Webof Knowledge (ISI), and Google Scholar) were searched, using standard keywords in English between 2000 and 2011. All papers reviewed using standard critical assessment and grading and papers with more than half of the quality scores were considered as qualified to enter to the next stage. Then, the data in selected studies were extracted and classified.
Results: Eighty sixreviewed papers were classified into 3 categories. The first category introduced new medical image retrieval systems (40%) and the second category presented a new framework for the major medical image retrieval systems (45%) and the last category was about medical image retrieval systems evaluation (15%). However, the growth rate was increasing during the period and the most papers published in 2009. The CBIR systems were used more (66%) and then hybrid systems (20%) respectively.  
Conclusion: Applying medical image retrieval systems with Decision Support Systems (DSS) and other information and computer technologies can help clinicians to present a better service and can help them in diagnosis as well. Meanwhile, these systems can be very useful in education and research, the medical image retrieval systems can be more successful if they are designed for a specific field and based on new and modern image features.

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Editorial

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Background and Aim: Human-information interaction, either in every day life or in research approaches, depends on pre-assumptions about “what information is”. Sometimes this pre-assumptions become axiomtic in a way that we must return to primary concerns about them to explore new social phenomenas. Information as an object is one of pre-assumptions. In this paper, the mentioned pre-assumptions are criticized by means of “Critical Theory” and new taxonomy of definitions on information is introduced.
Method: Documentary research method is used for gathering evidences and conceptual analysis approach is used for studing, investigating and reasoning across them.
Results: Reflections about definitions of information by means of “Critical Theory” lenz shows that those definitions that see information as an object, leads to commodification of information that is an introduction to preference of private vs. common and domination vs. participation. Thus all definitions that have such a pre-assumption are slavery definitions and all definition that see information as subjective and lingual entity are emancipatory ones.
Conclusion: Research approaches that arise from commodificatory definitions of inform