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Saeed Ghaffari, Masoud Bakhtiari,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to propose evaluation criteria for assessing the user interface of national digital libraries for Payam Noor University. Payam Noor University's libraries have long preserved human culture and civilization, playing a significant role in the transmission of this culture through generations. As the main organization for a country's libraries, they must adapt to modern responsibilities to impact the development of libraries and information in the nation. Given the significance of designing a suitable user interface and the role of digital libraries at Payam Noor University, there is a need for research in this area. The study compares the user interface of digital libraries at Payam Noor University or selected digital collections with established criteria, identifying the richest library in terms of user interface within the studied community. The research questions include:
1. What is the status of each studied digital library regarding the 10 user interface criteria?
2. How well do the studied libraries adhere to the 10 user interface standards?
3. What is the best user interface recommendation for the digital library web pages of Payam Noor University libraries?
Methods and Materoal
The research uses a survey and descriptive method. The Norozi checklist (2018), which comprises 10 main criteria and 114 sub-components, serves as the research tool. A Delphi panel and descriptive survey method evaluate the libraries. Data collection is achieved through direct observation and scoring each component on the desired web page. The statistical population comprises 10 digital libraries affiliated with Payam Noor University in various countries. The final list of libraries was selected from those with English web pages, found through searches in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and the Pacific. The study's statistical population includes 10 digital libraries in America, Australia, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Netherlands, Poland, Japan, India, and Italy. The research used the Delphi method and involved interviews with 10 experts. Some digital libraries with only the home page in English or in a non-English language were excluded. Similarly, certain cases, such as databases masquerading as digital libraries, were excluded as they did not meet the study's definition of a digital library.
Table 1. Selected digital libraries
The purpose of this study is to propose evaluation criteria for assessing the user interface of national digital libraries for Payam Noor University. Payam Noor University's libraries have long preserved human culture and civilization, playing a significant role in the transmission of this culture through generations. As the main organization for a country's libraries, they must adapt to modern responsibilities to impact the development of libraries and information in the nation. Given the significance of designing a suitable user interface and the role of digital libraries at Payam Noor University, there is a need for research in this area. The study compares the user interface of digital libraries at Payam Noor University or selected digital collections with established criteria, identifying the richest library in terms of user interface within the studied community. The research questions include:
1. What is the status of each studied digital library regarding the 10 user interface criteria?
2. How well do the studied libraries adhere to the 10 user interface standards?
3. What is the best user interface recommendation for the digital library web pages of Payam Noor University libraries?
Methods and Materoal
The research uses a survey and descriptive method. The Norozi checklist (2018), which comprises 10 main criteria and 114 sub-components, serves as the research tool. A Delphi panel and descriptive survey method evaluate the libraries. Data collection is achieved through direct observation and scoring each component on the desired web page. The statistical population comprises 10 digital libraries affiliated with Payam Noor University in various countries. The final list of libraries was selected from those with English web pages, found through searches in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and the Pacific. The study's statistical population includes 10 digital libraries in America, Australia, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Netherlands, Poland, Japan, India, and Italy. The research used the Delphi method and involved interviews with 10 experts. Some digital libraries with only the home page in English or in a non-English language were excluded. Similarly, certain cases, such as databases masquerading as digital libraries, were excluded as they did not meet the study's definition of a digital library.
Table 1. Selected digital libraries
| Internet address | Name of the library |
| http://www.nla.gov.au/digicoll/ | National library of Australia (Digital collection) |
| http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html | Ntional library of America |
| http://gallica.bnf.fr/?&lang=EN | National library of France(Digital library) |
| https://www.ehelvetica.nb.admin.ch/pages/main.jsf | National library of swiss(Digital collection) |
| http://ndha-iki.natlib.govt.nz/ndha/pages/Bugs | Newzeland national digital herittage archive |
| http://www.polona.pl/dlibra?action=ChangeLanguageAction&language=en | National digital library of Poland |
| http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/en/homepage | Naional library of netherland |
| http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/ | National Diet Library (digital library of japan) |
| http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/indest/ | Indian national digital library in engineering science and technology |
| http://www.iccu.sbn.it/opencms/opencms/en/main/bdi/index.html | Italian Digital ibrary |
Descriptive statistical methods have been used to analyze the data of this research. The basis of data analysis was the check list, whose scores are based on yes (1) and no (0). Also, due to the quality of some of the sub-components, it was possible that the studied libraries did not comply with them equally, or in other words, absolute presence or absence could not be applied to them. Regarding these components, in addition to two levels of zero and one, 50% of the average score has also been used. The score obtained by each of the studied libraries in relation to each of the components is multiplied by the average of the coefficients obtained (weighted average) by the components from the Delphi panel. It should be noted that the weighted average of each of the components is given in the relevant tables in front of the sub-components related to each of the ten criteria. In the selection of tools, after reviewing the researches, the research of Norozi (2008) was chosen as the basis and it was adapted for the current research by using other researches. In preparing the desired list, he first extracted the most frequent criteria and components after studying the available texts and sources in this field, and then using the opinions of experts and using the method of list verification. This list was used for the present study because it was more complete and comprehensive in terms of the number of criteria to be evaluated and the components mentioned in the field of user interface of digital libraries.
Resultss and Discussion
In the first question, the issue was addressed to what extent is the status of each of the studied digital libraries in terms of the 10 user interface criteria. Out of 10 libraries under review, 8 libraries have managed to get more than 50% points. Digital Library of America with 598/68 points (70.42%), France with 573.56 points (62.09%) and Switzerland with 569.07 points (61.59%) are in the first three positions respectively. have The digital library of Italy is in the last place with 50.366 points (40.14%).
In the second question, it was addressed to what extent each of the 10 criteria of the user interface is observed in the studied libraries. From the obtained information, it has been determined that among the 10 investigated standards, the standard of the user interface language has the highest level of compliance among the standards by obtaining 98.35% of the points of the standard. Another criterion that is in the next position is the criterion of simplicity. Compliance with the components of this standard also seems necessary in terms of facilitating the user's communication with the library in question. The criterion that has received the lowest possible score is the user control criterion, which has received only 6.70% of the score of this criterion. Due to the characteristic of digital libraries in eliminating human factors, there is a need for more consideration in this field. To answer this question, the average of all countries in compliance with each criterion is used.
In the third question, it was discussed that what is the optimal user interface proposal for the digital library web pages for Payamnoor University libraries. However, by looking at the observed components, it is clear that most of the libraries have been successful in complying with the general criteria and most of the points obtained are related to the compliance with the general criteria that are of interest on the website pages and special attention is paid to the criteria that are in the scope of the duties of digital libraries. is not included due to the definitions. As seen in the previous questions, the standard of interface language has had the highest level of compliance. One of the reasons for observing the components of this standard in all libraries could be the fact that the language of these countries is not English, and for this reason, for the convenience and interaction of the user, we have tried to observe the writing notes related to the pages. Also, observing the writing points and brevity of the sentences is one of the important and main categories in the design of web pages. A successful digital library is a library that, despite the complexity of its system, can provide information to users simply and with the least amount of time. Also, by providing different options and facilities, it makes the user unnecessary to go to the library and provides the maximum amount of information for his community. More than half of the studied digital libraries, in the design of their user interface, have observed the evaluated criteria at a level of more than 50%, which should be taken into consideration by the digital libraries of Payam Noor University.
Conclusion:
Digital libraries should be able to improve and accelerate information access methods. The existence of various components of search functionality facilitates this possibility. The existence of different search capabilities is effective in more user interaction. The interaction steps should be in such a way that the loading of the memory is low and short. Due to the fact that the information society is developing rapidly, the time validity of the information may also change rapidly, so one of the important things is to mention the date of updating on the pages of digital libraries. The non-activation of library links is another reason for the library not being up-to-date. Therefore, it is recommended to include the update date on all pages. One of the characteristics of digital libraries is self-service expansion, so appropriate library guidance helps in this goal. Another feature of digital libraries is the elimination of human factors. As a result, it is necessary to have options to ask the librarian. The digital library should be able to provide appropriate guidance to users to enable them to obtain the information they need in the desired formats. The use of a suitable combination of color, font, shading options to distinguish them from nearby options, the use of clear images and symbols, etc., all affect the user's understanding of the system, which has been observed relatively well in the studied libraries. But some options require more attention. Determining mandatory information entry fields allows the user to easily get the desired results, which, based on the findings of this research, has not been observed by any of the libraries. The use of graphics, sound and images is effective on the user's understanding and makes the environment more enjoyable. Personalization, because it identifies the user's needs and successfully solves them, establishes a satisfactory relationship between the user and the system, so in the design of digital libraries, one should be taken into account Users of a computer information system may be different in terms of physical and cognitive abilities, personality characteristics and cultural factors, and these differences should be considered in the design of user interface elements and features so that different groups of users can be satisfied with the computer system. None of the mentioned cases have been taken into consideration in the interface design of the studied libraries, which requires more consideration. Error correction criteria, although they are important for the user's interaction with the system and reducing the user's error during work, are very few in the interface design of the libraries. study, have been considered. The method of writing, announcing and designing error messages to attract the user's attention should be taken into account, considering the elimination of human factors.Users turning to the Internet due to the lack of enough time to visit libraries was one of the reasons for creating digital libraries. Digital libraries have facilitated and accelerated users' access to the required information in order to provide various facilities. But what realizes this goal is a suitable architecture and design in creating a digital library. If the needs of users, the type of society and other factors are taken into consideration in the design of digital libraries, it can be said that the library will reach the desired goals. Due to the fact that in the design of digital libraries, the discussion of user interface is very important in order to eliminate human factors, digital libraries should consider the features related to the user interface in their design. Due to the importance of this discussion, the user interface of different digital libraries need to be continuously evaluated. The present research also aimed to investigate this issue by: "Evaluating the user interface on the English web pages of selected national digital libraries based on the criteria found in the texts and sources". Conducting the research needed criteria so that the evaluation could be done through it. After examining the history related to the research in the field of digital library and user interface, it was observed that despite the studies conducted in the field of user interface, these studies were not conducted in a complete and comprehensive manner and different researchers each have only one or a limited number of criteria. had investigated in the field of different information systems. The only comprehensive work done was Norozi's doctoral thesis (2008) and the researcher finally decided to use his model in the current research. Then, all 114 desired components were evaluated by direct observation on the web pages of the libraries under review. By looking at the observed components, it is clear that most of the libraries have been successful in complying with the general criteria and most of the points obtained are related to the compliance with the general criteria and more than half of the national digital libraries under study, in the design of their user interface, have evaluated the criteria. At a level of more than 50%, it is suggested that the digital libraries of Payam Noor University also use these criteria for more success. Based on the findings of the research, in order to improve the user interface of digital libraries, suggestions are provided for Payam Noor libraries:
1. In addition to observing the general components of the search, it seems necessary to observe the specific components such as proximity search, related keyword suggestion, marking of the search results, in order to save the user's time. And this should be seen in the libraries of Payam Noor University.
2. The existence of the site map facilitates the use of the library for the user.
3. Information display criteria should be given more attention in order to make system information accessible.
4. Reducing the time spent by the user and attracting and maintaining the user need attention. Users expect the elements on the first page to be important, so the existence of a site map, and access to pages with many visitors, are among the necessities.
5. In the design of the user interface of digital libraries, in addition to the criteria that are considered in the design of public websites, special criteria should be given special attention.
Resultss and Discussion
In the first question, the issue was addressed to what extent is the status of each of the studied digital libraries in terms of the 10 user interface criteria. Out of 10 libraries under review, 8 libraries have managed to get more than 50% points. Digital Library of America with 598/68 points (70.42%), France with 573.56 points (62.09%) and Switzerland with 569.07 points (61.59%) are in the first three positions respectively. have The digital library of Italy is in the last place with 50.366 points (40.14%).
In the second question, it was addressed to what extent each of the 10 criteria of the user interface is observed in the studied libraries. From the obtained information, it has been determined that among the 10 investigated standards, the standard of the user interface language has the highest level of compliance among the standards by obtaining 98.35% of the points of the standard. Another criterion that is in the next position is the criterion of simplicity. Compliance with the components of this standard also seems necessary in terms of facilitating the user's communication with the library in question. The criterion that has received the lowest possible score is the user control criterion, which has received only 6.70% of the score of this criterion. Due to the characteristic of digital libraries in eliminating human factors, there is a need for more consideration in this field. To answer this question, the average of all countries in compliance with each criterion is used.
In the third question, it was discussed that what is the optimal user interface proposal for the digital library web pages for Payamnoor University libraries. However, by looking at the observed components, it is clear that most of the libraries have been successful in complying with the general criteria and most of the points obtained are related to the compliance with the general criteria that are of interest on the website pages and special attention is paid to the criteria that are in the scope of the duties of digital libraries. is not included due to the definitions. As seen in the previous questions, the standard of interface language has had the highest level of compliance. One of the reasons for observing the components of this standard in all libraries could be the fact that the language of these countries is not English, and for this reason, for the convenience and interaction of the user, we have tried to observe the writing notes related to the pages. Also, observing the writing points and brevity of the sentences is one of the important and main categories in the design of web pages. A successful digital library is a library that, despite the complexity of its system, can provide information to users simply and with the least amount of time. Also, by providing different options and facilities, it makes the user unnecessary to go to the library and provides the maximum amount of information for his community. More than half of the studied digital libraries, in the design of their user interface, have observed the evaluated criteria at a level of more than 50%, which should be taken into consideration by the digital libraries of Payam Noor University.
Conclusion:
Digital libraries should be able to improve and accelerate information access methods. The existence of various components of search functionality facilitates this possibility. The existence of different search capabilities is effective in more user interaction. The interaction steps should be in such a way that the loading of the memory is low and short. Due to the fact that the information society is developing rapidly, the time validity of the information may also change rapidly, so one of the important things is to mention the date of updating on the pages of digital libraries. The non-activation of library links is another reason for the library not being up-to-date. Therefore, it is recommended to include the update date on all pages. One of the characteristics of digital libraries is self-service expansion, so appropriate library guidance helps in this goal. Another feature of digital libraries is the elimination of human factors. As a result, it is necessary to have options to ask the librarian. The digital library should be able to provide appropriate guidance to users to enable them to obtain the information they need in the desired formats. The use of a suitable combination of color, font, shading options to distinguish them from nearby options, the use of clear images and symbols, etc., all affect the user's understanding of the system, which has been observed relatively well in the studied libraries. But some options require more attention. Determining mandatory information entry fields allows the user to easily get the desired results, which, based on the findings of this research, has not been observed by any of the libraries. The use of graphics, sound and images is effective on the user's understanding and makes the environment more enjoyable. Personalization, because it identifies the user's needs and successfully solves them, establishes a satisfactory relationship between the user and the system, so in the design of digital libraries, one should be taken into account Users of a computer information system may be different in terms of physical and cognitive abilities, personality characteristics and cultural factors, and these differences should be considered in the design of user interface elements and features so that different groups of users can be satisfied with the computer system. None of the mentioned cases have been taken into consideration in the interface design of the studied libraries, which requires more consideration. Error correction criteria, although they are important for the user's interaction with the system and reducing the user's error during work, are very few in the interface design of the libraries. study, have been considered. The method of writing, announcing and designing error messages to attract the user's attention should be taken into account, considering the elimination of human factors.Users turning to the Internet due to the lack of enough time to visit libraries was one of the reasons for creating digital libraries. Digital libraries have facilitated and accelerated users' access to the required information in order to provide various facilities. But what realizes this goal is a suitable architecture and design in creating a digital library. If the needs of users, the type of society and other factors are taken into consideration in the design of digital libraries, it can be said that the library will reach the desired goals. Due to the fact that in the design of digital libraries, the discussion of user interface is very important in order to eliminate human factors, digital libraries should consider the features related to the user interface in their design. Due to the importance of this discussion, the user interface of different digital libraries need to be continuously evaluated. The present research also aimed to investigate this issue by: "Evaluating the user interface on the English web pages of selected national digital libraries based on the criteria found in the texts and sources". Conducting the research needed criteria so that the evaluation could be done through it. After examining the history related to the research in the field of digital library and user interface, it was observed that despite the studies conducted in the field of user interface, these studies were not conducted in a complete and comprehensive manner and different researchers each have only one or a limited number of criteria. had investigated in the field of different information systems. The only comprehensive work done was Norozi's doctoral thesis (2008) and the researcher finally decided to use his model in the current research. Then, all 114 desired components were evaluated by direct observation on the web pages of the libraries under review. By looking at the observed components, it is clear that most of the libraries have been successful in complying with the general criteria and most of the points obtained are related to the compliance with the general criteria and more than half of the national digital libraries under study, in the design of their user interface, have evaluated the criteria. At a level of more than 50%, it is suggested that the digital libraries of Payam Noor University also use these criteria for more success. Based on the findings of the research, in order to improve the user interface of digital libraries, suggestions are provided for Payam Noor libraries:
1. In addition to observing the general components of the search, it seems necessary to observe the specific components such as proximity search, related keyword suggestion, marking of the search results, in order to save the user's time. And this should be seen in the libraries of Payam Noor University.
2. The existence of the site map facilitates the use of the library for the user.
3. Information display criteria should be given more attention in order to make system information accessible.
4. Reducing the time spent by the user and attracting and maintaining the user need attention. Users expect the elements on the first page to be important, so the existence of a site map, and access to pages with many visitors, are among the necessities.
5. In the design of the user interface of digital libraries, in addition to the criteria that are considered in the design of public websites, special criteria should be given special attention.
Masoud Bakhtiari, Saeed Ghaffari,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (1-2025)
Volume 11, Issue 4 (1-2025)
Abstract
Advances in information technology and media evolution have impacted many different areas under the influence of related technologies. Social media and information centers have transformed the face of libraries and information providers, especially creating new opportunities for librarians and university libraries (Kamani, 2015). Given the development of social media in the necessity of librarians in information centers and libraries, awareness of librarians' views on media literacy in the category of social media literacy seems to be an interesting topic that can be effective in providing the desired solutions for the promotion and goal of social media literacy. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between media literacy and the use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news among librarians. The use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news are issues that are of greater importance among librarians today; therefore, the present study attempts to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between media literacy and the use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news among librarians in public libraries in Qom province?
Accordingly, the research hypotheses are stated as follows:
Main hypotheses:
1- There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic, and moral) and the use of cyberspace among librarians in public libraries in Qom province.
2- There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic and ethical) and media news acceptance among librarians of public libraries in Qom province.
Sub-hypotheses:
1- Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the age of librarians.
2- Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the field of study of librarians.
3- Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the type of social media of librarians.
The second section discusses the background of the research. The third section explains the research method. The fourth section presents and discusses the research findings. Finally, the fifth section discusses conclusions and suggestions.
Methods and Materoal
The type of research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method, it is a survey type that was implemented by field method. The statistical population of the study is all librarians of public libraries in Qom province, whose number is 112 people, and the sample size is 80 people selected by available sampling method. This study used the library method to develop the theoretical foundations of the research and the following tools were used to collect field information. Demographic information: This information includes age, field of study, and type of media, which was measured through a questionnaire.
Questionnaire on the use of cyberspace: A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the use of cyberspace. This questionnaire has 20 questions and its aim is to assess the extent to which individuals use cyberspace (social networks and the Internet). The response range is a five-point Likert scale (1=very little to 5=very much). To obtain the overall score of the questionnaire, the scores for each question were added together. This score will range from 20 to 100. To interpret the overall score obtained, it is done as follows. 20 to 40 is low use of cyberspace 41 to 60 is moderate use of cyberspace 61 to 80 is high use of cyberspace 81 to 100 is very high use of cyberspace.
Media News Acceptance Questionnaire: The questionnaire by Lee and Suh (2015) was used to measure media news acceptance. This questionnaire was translated, validated, and used for the first time by the researcher. This questionnaire has 5 items and is designed based on a five-point Likert scale (from completely disagree to completely agree). The response range is from 1 to 5, with a score of 1 indicating low credibility and a score of 5 indicating high credibility. Also, all items have direct (positive) scoring.
Resultss and Discussion
First main hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic and ethical) and the level of use of cyberspace among librarians in public libraries in Qom province.
The results of the first main hypothesis show that there is no significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions and the level of use of cyberspace, therefore the first hypothesis of the research is rejected. The results of this hypothesis are consistent with the results of the research of Ghanetati et al. (2018) and inconsistent with the results of the research of Bolboli and Tarbiati (2014), Miri and Bani Hashem (2019) and Asadi (2020).
Second main hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic, and ethical) and the acceptance of media news among librarians in public libraries in Qom province.
The results of the second main hypothesis show that there is a negative and significant relationship between media literacy and media news acceptance (r= -0.300, p= 0.000). There is also a negative and significant relationship between all components of media literacy and media news acceptance. For example, the negative relationship between cognitive literacy and media news acceptance (r= -0.335, p= 0.000). While confirming the second main hypothesis of the study, it can be concluded that media news acceptance among librarians is related to their level of media literacy, which is completely consistent with the results of the research of Taghipour et al. (1400), Anthony (2009). Sub-hypothesis 1: Media literacy, the level of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the age of librarians
To examine this hypothesis, one-way ANOVA analysis of variance test was used, the results of which are reported in the tables below.
According to the ANOVA test, given that the significance level of the test error for all three variables is greater than 0.05, therefore, the lack of difference in the means is confirmed and the difference in the means of the research variables among the three groups is not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Therefore, while rejecting the hypothesis, it can be said that media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news do not differ based on the age of librarians. The findings of the present study regarding the lack of relationship between age and media literacy are consistent with the results of the study by Salemi et al. (1400). Esmaili et al. (1398) also showed that among the demographic variables, only age is related to the variable of
ability to detect fake news, which results of the present study are somewhat inconsistent with this study.
Second Sub-Hypothesis: Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news differ based on the field of study of librarians.
One-way analysis of variance test was used to examine this hypothesis.
According to the results of the second sub-hypothesis, given that the significance level of the test error for the amount of use of cyberspace is greater than 0.05, therefore, the lack of difference in the mean is confirmed and the difference in the mean of the use of cyberspace between the three groups is not statistically significant (P<0.05). On the other hand, the significance level of the test error for media literacy and acceptance of media news is less than 0.05, therefore, the difference in the mean in these two variables is confirmed and the difference in the mean of media literacy and acceptance of media news between the two groups of subjects is statistically significant (P<0.05). The results of this hypothesis are in agreement with the results of the study by Esmaili et al. (2019) on the relationship between the field of study and the variable of information literacy in a way. is not linear.
Third Sub-Hypothesis: Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the type of social media of librarians.
To examine this hypothesis, a one-way analysis of variance test was used.
According to the results of the third sub-hypothesis, given that the significance level of the test error for media literacy is greater than 0.05, therefore, the lack of difference in the mean is confirmed and the difference in the mean of media literacy based on the type of social media of the subjects is not statistically significant (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the significance level of the test error for the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news is less than 0.05, therefore, the difference in the mean in these two variables is confirmed and the difference The average amount of use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news by the type of social media used by the subjects is statistically significant (P<0.05). A pairwise comparison of the types of social media used by the subjects in terms of the amount of use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news shows that the difference in the average amount of use of cyberspace on Instagram and others is greater and positive (0.798). Given the significance of the difference, it can be concluded that subjects who prioritize Instagram use have the highest and subjects who use other media (Twitter and Facebook) have the lowest amount of use of cyberspace. According to the table above, the difference in the average acceptance of media news on Instagram and WhatsApp is greater and negative (-0.367), and given the significance of the difference, it can be concluded that subjects who prioritize Instagram use have the lowest and subjects who use WhatsApp have the highest acceptance of media news. The results of this hypothesis are completely consistent with the results of Anthony's (2009) research.
Conclusion:
The turning of users to the Internet due to the lack of sufficient time to visit libraries was one of the reasons for the creation of digital libraries. Digital libraries have facilitated and accelerated users' access to the required information by providing various facilities; but what achieves this goal is a suitable architecture and design in creating a digital library. If the needs of users, the type of society and other factors are taken into account in the design of digital libraries, it can be said that the library will come closer to the intended goals. Considering that in the design of digital libraries, the discussion of the user interface is very important in order to eliminate human factors, digital
libraries must consider the characteristics related to the user interface in their design. Due to the importance of this discussion, the user interfaces of various digital libraries need to be evaluated continuously. The present study also aimed to investigate this issue by evaluating the user interface on the English web pages of selected national digital libraries based on the criteria available in the texts and sources. Conducting the study required criteria through which the evaluation could be conducted. After reviewing the relevant research backgrounds in the field of digital libraries and user interface, it was observed that despite the studies conducted in the field of user interface, these studies had not been conducted completely and comprehensively, and different researchers had each examined only one or a limited number of criteria in the field of different information systems. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between media literacy and the use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news among librarians of public libraries in Qom province, and the research hypotheses were tested. A review of domestic and foreign empirical records shows that researchers have addressed aspects of media literacy among different media in accordance with their subject of study, and what has been their focus in most of these studies is the study of media literacy as a dependent variable that is influenced by other factors, and in that all the records have discussed media literacy, they are similar to the present study; however, the present study is distinct from the research record in that it has examined the relationship between media literacy and its dimensions with the use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news among librarians of public libraries in Qom province. In fact, the variables of media literacy and its dimensions, use of cyberspace and acceptance of news from cyberspace are measured together for the first time, so in this respect it has a new nature that will lead to its theoretical expansion and development; In addition to theoretical benefits, it offers solutions to prevent the spread of cyberspace harms among librarians through interventions on these two structures (the Internet and social networks). In summary, it can be said that in order to escape the trap of cyberspace rumors, social media users must equip themselves with media literacy tools to become members of pages and channels and obtain news and information through channels whose main goal is, first, to disseminate news correctly, and second, to disseminate news that is religiously, legally, and morally correct, thus recognizing the truth from Nazareth. Therefore, in today's virtual world, only those who are equipped with the weapon of media literacy can avoid falling prey to the rumor-spreading of news agencies that seek to mentally deceive members of the global community.
The results of one-way analysis of variance of the first sub-hypothesis showed that media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news do not differ based on the age of librarians. Therefore, while rejecting the hypothesis, it can be concluded that increasing or decreasing age is not related to media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news by librarians. The findings of the present study regarding the lack of relationship between age and media literacy are consistent with the results of the study by Salemi et al. (1400). However, this study found that age has no relationship with media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news. Perhaps the most important possible reason for this is the close age gap between librarians, which does not expect much change in media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news.
The results of the one-way analysis of variance of the second sub-hypothesis showed that the amount of use of cyberspace does not differ based on the field of study (librarianship and non-librarianship) of librarians, but there is a significant difference between the two groups based on media literacy and acceptance of media news. Based on the results, media literacy among librarians in the library field is higher than in other fields, and acceptance of media news among librarians in the library field is lower than in other fields, which is somewhat inconsistent with the results of the study by Esmaili et al. (2019) based on the relationship between the field of study and the variable of information literacy. However, no consistency or inconsistency was found in the variable of acceptance of media news.
The results of the one-way analysis of variance of the third sub-hypothesis showed that media literacy does not differ based on the type of social media used by librarians, but there is a significant difference based on the amount of use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news. According to the results, the amount of use of cyberspace is higher among librarians who use Instagram more and lower among librarians whose media priority is Twitter and Facebook. Also, the acceptance of media news is lower among librarians who use Instagram more and higher among librarians whose media priority is WhatsApp. Based on these findings, it can be said that the Instagram platform has the highest media consumption among librarians and librarians also accept WhatsApp media news more than other media. Although there is no similar finding in this regard, it can be said that many Iranian users have turned to Instagram after the restrictions imposed on Telegram, and this platform has seen increasing growth among Iranian users after Telegram was filtered. According to published reports, about 49 percent of Iranians are members of Instagram, and it is one of the most popular platforms for businesses; as 90 percent of Instagram users follow at least one business page. The report also believes that 60 percent of Instagram users have announced that they have become familiar with new products on this network. Instagram also plays a role in the world. The results of this hypothesis are completely consistent with the results of Anthony's (2009) research.
Accordingly, the research hypotheses are stated as follows:
Main hypotheses:
1- There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic, and moral) and the use of cyberspace among librarians in public libraries in Qom province.
2- There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic and ethical) and media news acceptance among librarians of public libraries in Qom province.
Sub-hypotheses:
1- Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the age of librarians.
2- Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the field of study of librarians.
3- Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the type of social media of librarians.
The second section discusses the background of the research. The third section explains the research method. The fourth section presents and discusses the research findings. Finally, the fifth section discusses conclusions and suggestions.
Methods and Materoal
The type of research method in this study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method, it is a survey type that was implemented by field method. The statistical population of the study is all librarians of public libraries in Qom province, whose number is 112 people, and the sample size is 80 people selected by available sampling method. This study used the library method to develop the theoretical foundations of the research and the following tools were used to collect field information. Demographic information: This information includes age, field of study, and type of media, which was measured through a questionnaire.
Questionnaire on the use of cyberspace: A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the use of cyberspace. This questionnaire has 20 questions and its aim is to assess the extent to which individuals use cyberspace (social networks and the Internet). The response range is a five-point Likert scale (1=very little to 5=very much). To obtain the overall score of the questionnaire, the scores for each question were added together. This score will range from 20 to 100. To interpret the overall score obtained, it is done as follows. 20 to 40 is low use of cyberspace 41 to 60 is moderate use of cyberspace 61 to 80 is high use of cyberspace 81 to 100 is very high use of cyberspace.
Media News Acceptance Questionnaire: The questionnaire by Lee and Suh (2015) was used to measure media news acceptance. This questionnaire was translated, validated, and used for the first time by the researcher. This questionnaire has 5 items and is designed based on a five-point Likert scale (from completely disagree to completely agree). The response range is from 1 to 5, with a score of 1 indicating low credibility and a score of 5 indicating high credibility. Also, all items have direct (positive) scoring.
Resultss and Discussion
First main hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic and ethical) and the level of use of cyberspace among librarians in public libraries in Qom province.
The results of the first main hypothesis show that there is no significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions and the level of use of cyberspace, therefore the first hypothesis of the research is rejected. The results of this hypothesis are consistent with the results of the research of Ghanetati et al. (2018) and inconsistent with the results of the research of Bolboli and Tarbiati (2014), Miri and Bani Hashem (2019) and Asadi (2020).
Second main hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between media literacy and its dimensions (cognitive, emotional, aesthetic, and ethical) and the acceptance of media news among librarians in public libraries in Qom province.
The results of the second main hypothesis show that there is a negative and significant relationship between media literacy and media news acceptance (r= -0.300, p= 0.000). There is also a negative and significant relationship between all components of media literacy and media news acceptance. For example, the negative relationship between cognitive literacy and media news acceptance (r= -0.335, p= 0.000). While confirming the second main hypothesis of the study, it can be concluded that media news acceptance among librarians is related to their level of media literacy, which is completely consistent with the results of the research of Taghipour et al. (1400), Anthony (2009). Sub-hypothesis 1: Media literacy, the level of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the age of librarians
To examine this hypothesis, one-way ANOVA analysis of variance test was used, the results of which are reported in the tables below.
According to the ANOVA test, given that the significance level of the test error for all three variables is greater than 0.05, therefore, the lack of difference in the means is confirmed and the difference in the means of the research variables among the three groups is not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Therefore, while rejecting the hypothesis, it can be said that media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news do not differ based on the age of librarians. The findings of the present study regarding the lack of relationship between age and media literacy are consistent with the results of the study by Salemi et al. (1400). Esmaili et al. (1398) also showed that among the demographic variables, only age is related to the variable of
ability to detect fake news, which results of the present study are somewhat inconsistent with this study.
Second Sub-Hypothesis: Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news differ based on the field of study of librarians.
One-way analysis of variance test was used to examine this hypothesis.
According to the results of the second sub-hypothesis, given that the significance level of the test error for the amount of use of cyberspace is greater than 0.05, therefore, the lack of difference in the mean is confirmed and the difference in the mean of the use of cyberspace between the three groups is not statistically significant (P<0.05). On the other hand, the significance level of the test error for media literacy and acceptance of media news is less than 0.05, therefore, the difference in the mean in these two variables is confirmed and the difference in the mean of media literacy and acceptance of media news between the two groups of subjects is statistically significant (P<0.05). The results of this hypothesis are in agreement with the results of the study by Esmaili et al. (2019) on the relationship between the field of study and the variable of information literacy in a way. is not linear.
Third Sub-Hypothesis: Media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news differ based on the type of social media of librarians.
To examine this hypothesis, a one-way analysis of variance test was used.
According to the results of the third sub-hypothesis, given that the significance level of the test error for media literacy is greater than 0.05, therefore, the lack of difference in the mean is confirmed and the difference in the mean of media literacy based on the type of social media of the subjects is not statistically significant (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the significance level of the test error for the amount of use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news is less than 0.05, therefore, the difference in the mean in these two variables is confirmed and the difference The average amount of use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news by the type of social media used by the subjects is statistically significant (P<0.05). A pairwise comparison of the types of social media used by the subjects in terms of the amount of use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news shows that the difference in the average amount of use of cyberspace on Instagram and others is greater and positive (0.798). Given the significance of the difference, it can be concluded that subjects who prioritize Instagram use have the highest and subjects who use other media (Twitter and Facebook) have the lowest amount of use of cyberspace. According to the table above, the difference in the average acceptance of media news on Instagram and WhatsApp is greater and negative (-0.367), and given the significance of the difference, it can be concluded that subjects who prioritize Instagram use have the lowest and subjects who use WhatsApp have the highest acceptance of media news. The results of this hypothesis are completely consistent with the results of Anthony's (2009) research.
Conclusion:
The turning of users to the Internet due to the lack of sufficient time to visit libraries was one of the reasons for the creation of digital libraries. Digital libraries have facilitated and accelerated users' access to the required information by providing various facilities; but what achieves this goal is a suitable architecture and design in creating a digital library. If the needs of users, the type of society and other factors are taken into account in the design of digital libraries, it can be said that the library will come closer to the intended goals. Considering that in the design of digital libraries, the discussion of the user interface is very important in order to eliminate human factors, digital
libraries must consider the characteristics related to the user interface in their design. Due to the importance of this discussion, the user interfaces of various digital libraries need to be evaluated continuously. The present study also aimed to investigate this issue by evaluating the user interface on the English web pages of selected national digital libraries based on the criteria available in the texts and sources. Conducting the study required criteria through which the evaluation could be conducted. After reviewing the relevant research backgrounds in the field of digital libraries and user interface, it was observed that despite the studies conducted in the field of user interface, these studies had not been conducted completely and comprehensively, and different researchers had each examined only one or a limited number of criteria in the field of different information systems. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between media literacy and the use of cyberspace and the acceptance of media news among librarians of public libraries in Qom province, and the research hypotheses were tested. A review of domestic and foreign empirical records shows that researchers have addressed aspects of media literacy among different media in accordance with their subject of study, and what has been their focus in most of these studies is the study of media literacy as a dependent variable that is influenced by other factors, and in that all the records have discussed media literacy, they are similar to the present study; however, the present study is distinct from the research record in that it has examined the relationship between media literacy and its dimensions with the use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news among librarians of public libraries in Qom province. In fact, the variables of media literacy and its dimensions, use of cyberspace and acceptance of news from cyberspace are measured together for the first time, so in this respect it has a new nature that will lead to its theoretical expansion and development; In addition to theoretical benefits, it offers solutions to prevent the spread of cyberspace harms among librarians through interventions on these two structures (the Internet and social networks). In summary, it can be said that in order to escape the trap of cyberspace rumors, social media users must equip themselves with media literacy tools to become members of pages and channels and obtain news and information through channels whose main goal is, first, to disseminate news correctly, and second, to disseminate news that is religiously, legally, and morally correct, thus recognizing the truth from Nazareth. Therefore, in today's virtual world, only those who are equipped with the weapon of media literacy can avoid falling prey to the rumor-spreading of news agencies that seek to mentally deceive members of the global community.
The results of one-way analysis of variance of the first sub-hypothesis showed that media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news do not differ based on the age of librarians. Therefore, while rejecting the hypothesis, it can be concluded that increasing or decreasing age is not related to media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news by librarians. The findings of the present study regarding the lack of relationship between age and media literacy are consistent with the results of the study by Salemi et al. (1400). However, this study found that age has no relationship with media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news. Perhaps the most important possible reason for this is the close age gap between librarians, which does not expect much change in media literacy, the amount of use of cyberspace, and the acceptance of media news.
The results of the one-way analysis of variance of the second sub-hypothesis showed that the amount of use of cyberspace does not differ based on the field of study (librarianship and non-librarianship) of librarians, but there is a significant difference between the two groups based on media literacy and acceptance of media news. Based on the results, media literacy among librarians in the library field is higher than in other fields, and acceptance of media news among librarians in the library field is lower than in other fields, which is somewhat inconsistent with the results of the study by Esmaili et al. (2019) based on the relationship between the field of study and the variable of information literacy. However, no consistency or inconsistency was found in the variable of acceptance of media news.
The results of the one-way analysis of variance of the third sub-hypothesis showed that media literacy does not differ based on the type of social media used by librarians, but there is a significant difference based on the amount of use of cyberspace and acceptance of media news. According to the results, the amount of use of cyberspace is higher among librarians who use Instagram more and lower among librarians whose media priority is Twitter and Facebook. Also, the acceptance of media news is lower among librarians who use Instagram more and higher among librarians whose media priority is WhatsApp. Based on these findings, it can be said that the Instagram platform has the highest media consumption among librarians and librarians also accept WhatsApp media news more than other media. Although there is no similar finding in this regard, it can be said that many Iranian users have turned to Instagram after the restrictions imposed on Telegram, and this platform has seen increasing growth among Iranian users after Telegram was filtered. According to published reports, about 49 percent of Iranians are members of Instagram, and it is one of the most popular platforms for businesses; as 90 percent of Instagram users follow at least one business page. The report also believes that 60 percent of Instagram users have announced that they have become familiar with new products on this network. Instagram also plays a role in the world. The results of this hypothesis are completely consistent with the results of Anthony's (2009) research.
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