Human Information Interaction

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Purpose: There are several metrics for evaluating search engines. Though, many researchers have proposed new metrics in recent years. Familiarity with new metrics is essential. So, the purpose is to provide an analysis of important and new metrics to evaluate search engines.
Methodology: This review article critically studied the efficiency of metrics of evaluation. So, “evaluation metrics,” “evaluation measure,” “search engine evaluation,” “information retrieval system evaluation,” “relevance evaluation measure” and “relevance evaluation metrics” were investigated in “MagIran” “Sid” and Google Scholar search engines. Articles gathered to inspect and analyse existing approaches in evaluation of information retrieval systems. Descriptive-analytical approach used to review the search engine assessment metrics.
Findings: Theoretical and philosophical foundations determine research methods and techniques. There are two well-known “system-oriented” and “user-oriented” approaches to evaluating information retrieval systems. So, researchers such as Sirotkin (2013) and Bama, Ahmed, & Saravanan (2015) group the precision and recall metrics in a system-oriented approach. They also believe that Average Distance, normalized discounted cumulative gain, Rank Eff and B pref are rooted in the user-oriented approach. Nowkarizi and Zeynali Tazehkandi (2019) introduced comprehensiveness metric instead of Recall metric. They argue that their metric is rooted in a user-oriented approach, while the goal is not fully met. On the other hand, Hjørland(2010) emphasizes that we need a third approach to eliminate this dichotomy. In this regard, researchers such as Borlund, Ingwersen (1998), Borlund (2003), Thornley, Gibb (2007) have mentioned a third approach for evaluating information retrieval systems that refer to interact and compose two mentioned approaches. Incidentally, Borlund, Ingwersen(1998) proposed a Jaccard Association and Cosine Association measures to evaluate information retrieval systems. It seems that these two metrics have failed to compose the system-oriented and user-oriented approaches completely,  and need further investigation.
Conclusion: Search engines involve different components including: Crawler, Indexer, Query Processor, Retrieval Software, and Ranker. Scholars  wish to apply the most efficient search engines for retrieving required information resources. Each   metrics measures a specific component, to measure all, it is suggested to select metrics from all three mentioned groups in their search.

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Background and Aim: The use of information resources is an important strategies in the selection of adaptation strategies to climate change by farmers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of information resources on the selection of adaptation strategies to climate change by farmers in Golestan province.
Method: The method is  descriptive  survey. Population included all farmers in Golestan province (N=124280). Sample of 383 farmers were randomly selected. Instrument was a questionnaire. Validity was determined by expert opinions.   Reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= 0.87 and 0.90).
Results: The most important sources of information used by farmers to choose adaptation strategies are television, social networks and personal experience, respectively. There is a significant relationship between farmers' use of information resources of: radio, television, meteorological site, telephone call, applied meteorological development system, agricultural extension agent, farmer's call, leading farmers, other farmers, family members, social networks, local beards, personal experience, weather forecast announcements, and members of the Islamic Council of the village and their use of strategies for adaptation to climate change.
Conclusion: Production of educational programs focusing on introducing strategies on television, creating and developing discussion groups,   exchanging scientific and personal experiences in the field of introduction and principles of using strategies in the form of social or virtual networks, continuation of production of educational programs with the focus on introducing strategies and developing and promoting it, using radio information sources, local elders, personal experience, weather forecast announcements, village Islamic council members, agricultural extension agent, farmer call, leading farmers, other farmers and family members, these are some of the measures that can be taken by farmers to use them

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the frequency and time spent in the use of search tactics and the effect of user characteristics and type of search task on the use of search tactics.
Methodology: A quantitative approach based on data obtained from Morayeh software used. Sample was 35 post graduate and graduate students majoring in humanities and engineering in Tehran. Four search tasks and scenarios designed based on Anderson and Crasswell classification provided as guidelines. Data were extracted from Morayeh software, that included the frequency and time spent using search tactics, effect of user characteristics and search task type. Data analyzed by ANOVA.
Findings: The results showed that there was no significant difference between individual characteristics and the frequency and time elapsed for search tactics. However, female students spent more time using search tactics than male students, and despite the significant difference between degree and frequency and time spent searching, they used more tactics than senior students. Equally post graduates, spend more time than graduates in the search process. This is due to their familiarity with the search process and proficiency in searching with fewer tactics and achieving appropriate and less tactical results. Also, humanities students have spent more time in the search process than engineering students. This is probably owed to the greater search skills of technical and engineering students than humanities students. The effect of search task type on frequency and time spent in the present study shows a significant effect of task type on search process - frequency and time spent using search tactics.
Results: Considering the limited number of studies in search tactics application, the findings will be beneficial in clarifying the trends in the search process and identification of the frequency and duration of user application tactics. Identification of high-frequency tactics and large quantity of time searcher spends, information system support for the use of search tactics is suggested.

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Background: The study was conducted to achieve three axes of goals (users, publishers and the system) by way of objectives related to: A) Users - measuring the level of their satisfaction with Taktab system and also use of various methods of data retrieval;  B) Publishers - Measuring the level of their satisfaction with Taktab system and also their expectations of the existence of a recommending arrangement in the Taktab system; C) Taktab system and assessment of the five components (facilities and services, equipment, finance, admission, knowledge and skills) in it as well as measuring the shortcomings of the recommending scheme in the system.  
Method:  A descriptive survey inspecting five components of feasibility for using Taktab system besides an analytical case study was used.  In the study, 2 researcher-made questionnaires for users (50 actual users) and publishers (18 publishers available by sampling) as well as interviews, an evaluation and observation checklists were incorporated. The population was three groups of managers, information technology engineers and actual users of the Taktab system. According to the set objectives Excel software tables were used to describe the data and a chi-square test for checklist evaluation.  Cronbach's Alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of the opinion poll.
Findings: Findings could be used as a first step in examining the possibilities of the Taktab system, the level of users^, interest and publishers, to create a book recommending system, and also the feasibility study of creating this system. Findings indicate that the use of recommender systems in digital library information retrieval can be a better way to identify the needs and interests and information resources of users and publishers and be an effective step to improve services in digital libraries. Focusing on the use of these systems can also be used as a new way for information organization professionals and designers of information retrieval systems to advance their goals in the age of technology and information retrieval.
Conclusion:  The initial steps to implement the design of a recommender system and the executive structure related to this system have been created in it. Based on the result, in the Taktab structure, it is possible to design and build a book recommendation system.

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Introduction: Information behavior in knowledge and information science is seen as a fundamental human behavior that has been studied extensively thus far. This study include different approaches and perspectives that examined information behavior. The purpose of this article is to investigate the paradigm shift in information behavior by using the texts of this research ground.
Methodology: The study was directed via library method with an analytical approach. After reviewing previous studies with the intention of identifying the dominant paradigms of information behavior.
Findings: Findings show that information behavior studies fell into two main paradigms of old and new. The old paradigm focuses on Shannon's theories of information, and the new paradigm emphasizes interdisciplinary relationships. In the new paradigm, cognitive, sociological, and multifaceted approaches could be defined.
Conclusion: Information behavior is an innate behavior that occurs in the social environment. It is influenced by various factors. like many human characteristics, is a behavior that does not occur in a vacuum. This behavior can be defined in interaction with information, human beings and society. Thus, it can have a wide and multifaceted aspects. This behavior is also a division of social sciences that can be examined under different paradigms. In social sciences, unlike natural sciences many meta-theories may go hand in hand. Sometimes a meta-theory simply disappears, and other times it may grow, evolve, and rekindle the interests of researchers. So, the evolution of information behavior research shows the combination of disciplines and interdisciplinary theories and new relationships in understanding human information behavior.

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Background and Aim: Mind map is a full-color illustrated note-taking in which, main idea or subject is situated. The main ideas then branch out from the center, which are linked to the central idea. This is a relatively new topic, and slight research has been conducted to show its effectiveness worldwide. The aim is to examine the effectiveness of mind maps in the information retrieval process.
Method: This is an applied in terms of purpose and in order to collect information about the familiarity and use of graduate students with mind maps by survey method. The present study also investigates the effect of mental map tools on quasi-experimental information retrieval. The statistical population of the present study includes all graduate students (Master and PhD) of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016-2017, in four areas: humanities, basic sciences, engineering and agricultural sciences. The statistical sample size of the first phase of the research includes 224 graduate students and 127 doctoral students. The total size of the laboratory population is 30 people. The sampling method of the first stage is stochastic research of relative classes. The sample size of the second stage of the laboratory is purposeful. A questionnaire was used to collect data in this study. Cronbach's alpha of questionnaire number one is more than 0.8 and questionnaire number two and three is more than 7%.
Results: Analysis show that the level of familiarity with mind maps and its use by graduate students at Ferdowsi University is below average. The average overall level search satisfaction with the whole search process in the second stage (3.833) is higher than the first stage (3.704). The average effectiveness of the whole search process in the second stage - with the help of mental map (359/3) is more than the first stage of the search process - without mental map (2.332).
Conclusion: Mind maps are effective tools in the process of information retrieval that can be used with careful, purposeful planning and in consultation with experts in the field of information retrieval and information science. Information systems, search engines, information needs, etc. are among the areas in which mind maps can be examined.

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Introduction: Information literacy experience emphases on the abilities of acquiring and applying information in order to respond to customers and exchange information with other colleagues and use in the workplace. As the task complexity increases, the experience of information literacy becomes important due to different information behaviors (diversity and complexity of information needs, difficulties in obtaining information, attention to oral information sources, interaction and exchange of information with colleagues).
Objective: Reviewing the role of information literacy experience of individuals in the workplace in terms of the complexity of the task.
Methodology: A qualitative research conducted by content analysis.
Findings: As the complexity tasks increases, information dependence and information literacy experience become more important, and more aspects of it is required in the workplace.  Likewise, it was   found that a small number of information literacy definitions are defined in terms of the work environment. Further, none of the definitions of information literacy examined had all aspects of information literacy.
Conclusion: Gaining experience and skill in information literacy is one factor that safeguards the success of employees. It is recommended for administrators and staff to use seven aspects of information literacy that cultivates the mind and warrants the advancement of the organization.

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Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the University of Tehran website based on information architecture indicators to inform, assess the status and quality of the website.
Methodology: The research method is applied descriptive. Checklist was used to analyze the website in terms of organization, labeling, navigation, and search systems.
Findings: The results of the checklists showed that the University of Tehran website earned 20 points out of 37 in the organization, 37 points out of 57 in the labeling, 53 points out of 78 in the navigation, and 14 points out of 46 in the search, which imply a poor status in search system, an average status in organization system, and a good status in labeling and navigation systems. According to the obtained results, the search system of the University of Tehran website can be redesigned, its organization system can be reviewed, and other mentioned systems can be improved. In general, in order to increase the efficiency of websites, it is necessary to consider the principles of information architecture in their design. Moreover, this research can be a suitable source for future website policies by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the website.
Conclusion: Evaluating the information architecture of a website is a new field that, while important, has received less attention. This research tries to show the applicability of the method for use in similar cases by presenting a systematic evaluation in a case study for the University of Tehran website while introducing the strengths and weaknesses of this website.
 

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Purpose: The purpose was to determine the attitude of Illam’s public librarians regarding online privacy.
Method: This is an applied survey research.  Out of the population of public Librerians in Illam,  136 public librarians were selected as a sample. Toman and McKinnon (2018) questionnaire was the intruemnt used to collect data. The questionnaire reliability of 0.91   was obtained through Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze the data, frequency distribution tables and chi-square test were used by SPSS.
Findings: Librarians are concerned that government and corporations collect a great deal of personal information about them, and believe that government agencies and institutions should not share individuals' personal information with third parties except with the individual's consent.
Conclusion: There is an increased concerns about privacy in the libraries, which has amplified over the last five years. Public libraries do not teach online privacy expertise to users and librarians. Also, some librarians believe that libraries have no policy on protecting users' privacy. Public libraries in Ilam province should take additional stern measures to protect the online privacy of librarians and users and formulate policies in this area, as well as explain the existing policies to the librarians.

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Background and Aim: The aim is to provide an appropriate patients informative model of self-care for the medical information system of the country.
Methodology: This is an applied survey research. Through Cochran's formula sample of 356 individuals were selected from the population of 5,000 individuals. Khajeh Ali (et al., 2020) Qualitative Standard Research Questionnaire (with 2 dimensions, 14 components and 92 questions) was used.
Findings: It was revealed that all parameters of the self-care informing factor analysis model of patients in the medical informing system are significant at 95% confidence level and the model has a good fit. Also, care of medical services has a weight of 0.422, the correction component is 0.924 and behavioral care is 0.417. Meanwhile, 0.92 for the component of participation in care, 0.897 for prevention, for the component of personal cares, 0.482, and 0.448 for the component of satisfaction, 0.502 for the component of environmental cares and 0.852 for health have been acquired. Regarding the information dimension, 0.907 for science and knowledge component, 0.852 for processing, 0.887 for news distribution, and 0.798 for knowledge have been acquired. In addition, for the dimensions of information and self-care, weights of 0.69 and 0.77 were obtained, respectively.
Conclusion: Chronic care is the duty of the primary care team with physicians giving extensive part of their time. Since patient care occurs in service delivery units - part of health system and of a larger community – ensuing participatory care. Information behavior research is to help science professionals to be knowledgeable about the information needs of their target community to make the required planning to offer information resources for patient self-care of the country. Obtained model could bring promising result in the medical information system.

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Objective: The study aims to explain the role of brand equity in increasing market share, based on information seeking behavior and needs in Kish commercial centers.
Method: This is applied exploratory-explanatory qualitative research. Population included branding and economics experts who were selected as a research sample by targeted snowball method of 14 people. To analyze the information related to the semi-structured interview, the content analysis method based on open coding, axial coding and selective coding based on the data theory of the foundation was used.
Findings: The results showed that marketing strategies through 5 elements of product, price, location, promotion, process management. Management factors through two components of leadership and human resource management have added value to the brand of Kish commercial centers. The added value created creates a competitive advantage. Also, environmental capabilities include: Infrastructure, technology, environmental features, security and recreation as background conditions and external factors including political-economic factors, information seeking behavior and information needs through customer information and market information as an intervener. The competitive advantage of Kish commercial centers is affected and ultimately increases the market share or in other words the development of customers and improves the financial performance of these centers.
Results: The results showed that increasing market share is a complex process and is strongly influenced by brand value added, which is affected by marketing strategies and management factors. In addition, in order for Kish commercial centers to be known as a brand, they must first gather the necessary and sufficient information about customers and then the market.

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Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of information literacy and environmental knowledge, attitude and practice of primary school teachers.
Method: This was a correlational study. Population included all teachers (male and female) in the first to sixth grades of primary school in District 1 of Hamadan, numbering 875 students. A stratified random sampling method was used and 267 teachers (208 females and 59 males) were selected and participated in the study. Instruments were: 1. Information Literacy Questionnaire (Yazdani, 2012) and; 2. Environmental Awareness, Attitude and Practice Scale (Farokhi, 2014), with the required reliability and validity.
Results: Results showed the level of information literacy of teachers to be moderate. However, in the dimensions of "need definition, location , and  information evaluation,"  this was above the average. In the dimensions of “organizing information and information exchange,”  it was lower than the median of the society. Also, findings showed that the level of “environmental knowledge” and “environmental attitude” of teachers was appropriate; but the “environmental practice” of teachers was in poor condition. Lastly, the results showed a positive significant relationship between all dimensions of information literacy with teachers' knowledge, attitude and environmental practice (P <0.01).
Conclusion: Teachers with higher information literacy will have access to better environmental knowledge and as a result will have better environmental attitudes and practices. Therefore, we can increase their information literacy to improve their environmental knowledge, attitude and practice.

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Background and aim: Information seeking behaviors are the reflection of users' needs that Identifying and understanding them correctly is imperative in information seeking endeavors. Experts have presented cognitive and Process user-oriented approach models to better understand scholars’ information seeking behaviors.  The intent of models are to define and clarify the conditions that predict people's actions to gain information.  As a result of different understanding of information behavior, the study was directed with the intention that Bystrom and Jarvelin's model emphasizes on which concept of this behavior and its measure of Criticism.
Method: Library method was used to study and analyze the Bystrom and Jarvelin's Information Seeking Behavior Model   
Findings: The findings showed that the task complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity of concepts were related, so it could establish a strong place in the establishment of models.
 With the task complexity, the need for knowledgeable people rises. Thus, the setting of resources is significant. Also, as complexity increases, more resources and more time are required to perform the search.
Conclusion: The task complexity is an important variable in the information seeking process.  Consequently, the requirement for the type of information, number, and location of resources arises thus determines the type of information and resources used. Result of which is the increase of collaboration of knowledgeable people as source of information. Thus, information systems are facilitating information counseling of individuals. They are active in this field and could be considered a supplement source of information. Therefore, it is proper to focus more on this aspect of information resources in information systems. Since the task complexity has played a key role in the Bystrom and Jarvelin's model, this notion can be placed next to situational, personal, and organizational factors and may be considered as one of the imperative factors in the information quest, it will thus be a suitable measure for this model.
 

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Background and Objective: Information security is of vital importance in most organizations. This is especially central in academic libraries due to the specific type of visitors, exchange and transfer of information to the users. Thus, the purpose   is to investigate the relationship of the development of library software and information security management in the libraries of Islamic Azad Universities.
Research Methodology: This is a correlational study. Sample includes 240 employees of central libraries of the Islamic Azad Universities Iran, who participated in the investigation by census. Data was collected thru Ashourizadeh Information Security Management Questionnaire (2012) and a researcher-made questionnaire on system dynamics. Validity of the tools were confirmed and the reliability for information security management and system dynamics was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85 and 0.83, respectively. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS and Lisrel software.
Results: Findings showed that system dynamics has five main factors: Information storage and retrieval; usability; security; standards and accessibility. From the employees' standpoint, the status of system dynamics, information security management and each of their components in the libraries of Islamic Azad Universities is favorable. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the development of library software and information security management
Conclusion: Findings will be useful in identifying the effects of developing the dynamics of library software system in information security management of libraries of Islamic Azad Universities in the country.