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The Role of Communication Apprehension and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Using Instagram and Selfie
Mr Mahmoud Pouyanfar, Dr Mohammad Reza Kiani, Dr Mohammad Javad Hashemzadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (12-2020)
Volume 7, Issue 2 (12-2020)
Abstract
Purpose: Today, social networks and smart phones have become very popular. One of the interesting topics in the field of information science and cognition is the study of users' information behavior in mobile-based social networks. In this area, this study examines the role of psychological variables: communication Apprehension, Expression of the True Self, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Instagram and Selfie use. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of communication Apprehension, Expression of the True Self, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Instagram and Selfie use from the perspective of undergraduate students of Birjand University.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension" (McCroskey, 1982), "Fear of Negative Evaluation" (Leary, 1983), " Instagram Use " (Lazebna, 2015) and "Taking a selfie" (Lazebna, 2015) (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were significantly higher in women than in men. However, there was no significant differences shown for the other variables. Instagram usage was above average and sending and edited selfies were below average. The increase of most of the psychological variables investigated also showed the increase of use of Instagram, selfies and edited selfies. Also, with the increase of communication apprehension, the fear of negative evaluation increased.
Conclusion: Review of the literature revealed that there wasn’t any interest in the field of knowledge and information science for the topic at the national level. Although, there were limited studies presented in the international arena.
Effat Hajihoseini, Rasoul Sanavifard, Ali Hamidizadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Instagram content is of concerns to business owners today. Nevertheless, the central problem in the production of Instagram content is not just writing a text. But how the audience conveys and comprehends it. This article aims to provide a digital content marketing model for Instagram bloggers.
Research Method: This is an applied mixed research (quantitative and qualitative). Population of qualitative part includes experts in the field of digital content marketing. Sample for this section consisted of 20 individuals using purposive sampling method. In the quantitative part population consisted of all Instagram bloggers. Sample of 400 individuals selected based on Cochran's formula by stratified random method. Instruments were interviews and researcher-made questionnaires that approximately 600 questionnaires were sent online and 400 were returned. Lisrel and smartpls3 software were used to analyze the data.
Findings: Results identified 36 components and 95 indicators that 7 effective components including: Motivation, business intelligence, audience experience, preferences and tastes, research and development, creativity and influencers which respectively 0.119, 0.138, 0.105, 0.222, 0.128, 0.144 and 0.212 had an impact on digital content marketing. Furthermore, 11 components of competitiveness, communication, audience trust, value creation for the audience, promoting e-learning culture, loyalty and persuasion to buy, brand awareness, brand health, e-marketing effectiveness, word of mouth and participation influenced by digital content marketing. In addition, mechanisms, facilitators and barriers to digital content marketing were presented.
Conclusion: Results could be used as a first step in the study of digital content for Instagram bloggers and are also applicable to marketing and consumer behavior professionals. Paying attention to the content of bloggers' pages on Instagram in the field of marketing provides favorable conditions for improving consumers' attitudes towards online advertising and sales.
The Role of Communication Apprehension and expression of the true self in Using Instagram and Selfie
Mahmoud Pouyanfar, Dr Mohammadreza Kiani, Dr Mohammadjavad Hashemzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Abstract
purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Expression of the True Self in the use of Instagram and selfies.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension", "Authenticity Inventory Scales", "Instagram Use" and "Taking a Selfie" (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were higher in women than men, but the age of the participants had no role in the variables. Instagram Use was above average and sending selfies and edited selfies was below average. With the increase of most of the studied psychological variables, the use of Instagram, selfies, and edited selfies increased. However, with the increase in communication Apprehension, the Expression of the True Self on Instagram decreased.
Conclusion: In our study population, most people have a greater tendency to introvert and do not want to show themselves. Using Instagram may help reduce communication fears. People with high communication phobia experience more fear or anxiety in their relationships than others, so these people are more likely to avoid experiencing fear or anxiety in their relationships with others. Expression of the True Self in selfies is directly related to one's characteristics, but the expression of the True Self on Instagram is not necessarily related to one's characteristics.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension", "Authenticity Inventory Scales", "Instagram Use" and "Taking a Selfie" (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were higher in women than men, but the age of the participants had no role in the variables. Instagram Use was above average and sending selfies and edited selfies was below average. With the increase of most of the studied psychological variables, the use of Instagram, selfies, and edited selfies increased. However, with the increase in communication Apprehension, the Expression of the True Self on Instagram decreased.
Conclusion: In our study population, most people have a greater tendency to introvert and do not want to show themselves. Using Instagram may help reduce communication fears. People with high communication phobia experience more fear or anxiety in their relationships than others, so these people are more likely to avoid experiencing fear or anxiety in their relationships with others. Expression of the True Self in selfies is directly related to one's characteristics, but the expression of the True Self on Instagram is not necessarily related to one's characteristics.
Fatemeh Salmani, Mohamadreza Kiani, Mohamad Akbaryborng,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2025)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2025)
Abstract
Introduction
Given the importance of social media and the popularity of Instagram as a popular platform among young people, especially women, this study examined the moderating role of gender in the relationship between body image using Instagram and self-esteem using Instagram. The secondary objectives of the study were to investigate the relationship between body image and self-esteem in Instagram users in general, compare the level of body image and self-esteem between female and male Instagram users, examine the effect of the level and type of Instagram use on body image in women and men, and analyze the difference in the intensity of the effect of body image on self-esteem in women and men as a moderating role.
Methods and Materoal
This correlational study was conducted using questionnaires on "body image", "self-esteem" and "Instagram use" in a sample of 375 people from the student population of Birjand University who were selected by proportional stratified random sampling method. Findings: Gender was a significant moderating variable in the relationship between body image and Instagram use and self-esteem and Instagram use. The relationship between negative body image and Instagram use was not significant in male students; however, the relationship between negative body image and Instagram use was significant and direct in female students. Also, there was no significant relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use in male students, while the relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use in female students was significant and inverse.
Conclusion
In today's interconnected world, many social relationships and interactions with others are virtual, providing easy conditions for exchanging information, news, events with the ability to comment, with a wide audience, and even producing content, and trying to make the most information and content available to its audience in the shortest possible time; therefore, social media has attracted increasing attention. Since the largest group of social media users, according to research, are young people, and Instagram, as a social media platform, has been able to fulfill the desires of young people and quickly overtake other social media examples, this research focused on studying this platform.Instagram is a visual app that allows users to post photos, videos, selfies, and live broadcasts, and also provides the necessary interaction so that users can react to their followers' stories and posts. The platform's many capabilities and its appeal to young people led the study population to show high usage figures for this medium, which could provide many opportunities for decision-makers in society to use these capabilities to improve the standards of social life today. One of the topics that has been considered in the study of Instagram and social networks is their relationship with psychological issues. Many studies have shown that the extensive use of Instagram is related to a wide range of psychological issues, especially for younger users of the Instagram app. In this study, the relationship between Instagram and two psychological issues of body image and self-esteem was addressed.
The results of the questions confirmed that students, as an active segment of society, have high self-esteem and a favorable body image. This is a promising future. Of course, care must be taken not to change the living conditions after university to reduce the amount of these valuable variables, and protecting such capital is a serious task for community managers.
The predictor variable of this study was body image, including the components of appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference (interference of anxiety about appearance with social functioning). There was a positive and significant relationship between body image and both of its components (appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference) and use. In other words, the higher the respondents' apparent dissatisfaction and functional interference, the greater their use of Instagram. Based on the regression results, functional interference was a stronger predictor of Instagram use, and the apparent dissatisfaction variable ranked next.
Here, two hypotheses are proposed. First hypothesis: Gender has a moderating role in the relationship between body image and the amount of Instagram use. To examine this hypothesis, due to the existence of a moderating variable (gender), the body image multiplier variable was initially obtained by gender. To test the moderating role of gender, a linear regression test was used. The results of the regression, considering the role of the moderating variable, show that the coefficient of determination of the dependent variable has increased from 0.022 to 0.043. The prediction rate of body image from Instagram use in the first model is 0.148 and in the second model (with the moderating variable entered), it is 0.208. Also, in model number two, it has been determined that the moderating variable of gender has a decreasing role and its beta value is -0.261. Since the t-statistic is also -2.889 and its absolute value is greater than the critical value of 1.96, therefore, the moderating role of gender is significant. Given that the role of the moderating variable was confirmed in the above test, to determine this role in each of the groups of women and men, after halving the data, the Pearson correlation coefficient test was used between the body image variables and Instagram use. The correlation coefficient value (-0.012) and Sig=0.925, which is not significant at the significance level of 0.05; therefore, the relationship between body image and Instagram use was not significant in the male group. Further, in the female group, the correlation coefficient value (0.208) and Sig=0.0001 was obtained, indicating that there is a significant relationship between body image and Instagram use.
The second hypothesis that was examined: Gender has a moderating role in the relationship between self-esteem and the amount of Instagram use. To examine this hypothesis, due to the presence of a moderating variable (gender), the multiplicative variable of self-esteem in gender is obtained first. To test the moderating role of gender, a linear regression test was used. The results of the regression, considering the role of the moderating variable, show that the coefficient of determination of the dependent variable has increased from 0.004 to 0.039. The prediction rate of self-esteem from using Instagram in the first model is 0.066 and in the second model (entering the moderating variable) is 0.197. It has also been determined in model number two that the moderating variable of gender has a decreasing role and its beta value is -0.240. Since the t-statistic is also -3.650 and its absolute value is greater than the critical value of 1.96, therefore the moderating role of gender is significant. Further, in the female group, the correlation coefficient was (-0.120) and Sig=0.036, which is less than the significance level of 0.05, which allows us to conclude that there is a significant and inverse relationship between self-esteem and use.
The results of examining the two hypotheses were as follows:
Gender was significant as a moderating variable in this hypothesis;The relationship between body image and Instagram use was not significant in male students;The relationship between body image and Instagram use was significant and positive in female students.The relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use was not significant in male students;The relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use was significant and inverse in female students.
Given the importance of social media and the popularity of Instagram as a popular platform among young people, especially women, this study examined the moderating role of gender in the relationship between body image using Instagram and self-esteem using Instagram. The secondary objectives of the study were to investigate the relationship between body image and self-esteem in Instagram users in general, compare the level of body image and self-esteem between female and male Instagram users, examine the effect of the level and type of Instagram use on body image in women and men, and analyze the difference in the intensity of the effect of body image on self-esteem in women and men as a moderating role.
Methods and Materoal
This correlational study was conducted using questionnaires on "body image", "self-esteem" and "Instagram use" in a sample of 375 people from the student population of Birjand University who were selected by proportional stratified random sampling method. Findings: Gender was a significant moderating variable in the relationship between body image and Instagram use and self-esteem and Instagram use. The relationship between negative body image and Instagram use was not significant in male students; however, the relationship between negative body image and Instagram use was significant and direct in female students. Also, there was no significant relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use in male students, while the relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use in female students was significant and inverse.
Conclusion
In today's interconnected world, many social relationships and interactions with others are virtual, providing easy conditions for exchanging information, news, events with the ability to comment, with a wide audience, and even producing content, and trying to make the most information and content available to its audience in the shortest possible time; therefore, social media has attracted increasing attention. Since the largest group of social media users, according to research, are young people, and Instagram, as a social media platform, has been able to fulfill the desires of young people and quickly overtake other social media examples, this research focused on studying this platform.Instagram is a visual app that allows users to post photos, videos, selfies, and live broadcasts, and also provides the necessary interaction so that users can react to their followers' stories and posts. The platform's many capabilities and its appeal to young people led the study population to show high usage figures for this medium, which could provide many opportunities for decision-makers in society to use these capabilities to improve the standards of social life today. One of the topics that has been considered in the study of Instagram and social networks is their relationship with psychological issues. Many studies have shown that the extensive use of Instagram is related to a wide range of psychological issues, especially for younger users of the Instagram app. In this study, the relationship between Instagram and two psychological issues of body image and self-esteem was addressed.
The results of the questions confirmed that students, as an active segment of society, have high self-esteem and a favorable body image. This is a promising future. Of course, care must be taken not to change the living conditions after university to reduce the amount of these valuable variables, and protecting such capital is a serious task for community managers.
The predictor variable of this study was body image, including the components of appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference (interference of anxiety about appearance with social functioning). There was a positive and significant relationship between body image and both of its components (appearance dissatisfaction and functional interference) and use. In other words, the higher the respondents' apparent dissatisfaction and functional interference, the greater their use of Instagram. Based on the regression results, functional interference was a stronger predictor of Instagram use, and the apparent dissatisfaction variable ranked next.
Here, two hypotheses are proposed. First hypothesis: Gender has a moderating role in the relationship between body image and the amount of Instagram use. To examine this hypothesis, due to the existence of a moderating variable (gender), the body image multiplier variable was initially obtained by gender. To test the moderating role of gender, a linear regression test was used. The results of the regression, considering the role of the moderating variable, show that the coefficient of determination of the dependent variable has increased from 0.022 to 0.043. The prediction rate of body image from Instagram use in the first model is 0.148 and in the second model (with the moderating variable entered), it is 0.208. Also, in model number two, it has been determined that the moderating variable of gender has a decreasing role and its beta value is -0.261. Since the t-statistic is also -2.889 and its absolute value is greater than the critical value of 1.96, therefore, the moderating role of gender is significant. Given that the role of the moderating variable was confirmed in the above test, to determine this role in each of the groups of women and men, after halving the data, the Pearson correlation coefficient test was used between the body image variables and Instagram use. The correlation coefficient value (-0.012) and Sig=0.925, which is not significant at the significance level of 0.05; therefore, the relationship between body image and Instagram use was not significant in the male group. Further, in the female group, the correlation coefficient value (0.208) and Sig=0.0001 was obtained, indicating that there is a significant relationship between body image and Instagram use.
The second hypothesis that was examined: Gender has a moderating role in the relationship between self-esteem and the amount of Instagram use. To examine this hypothesis, due to the presence of a moderating variable (gender), the multiplicative variable of self-esteem in gender is obtained first. To test the moderating role of gender, a linear regression test was used. The results of the regression, considering the role of the moderating variable, show that the coefficient of determination of the dependent variable has increased from 0.004 to 0.039. The prediction rate of self-esteem from using Instagram in the first model is 0.066 and in the second model (entering the moderating variable) is 0.197. It has also been determined in model number two that the moderating variable of gender has a decreasing role and its beta value is -0.240. Since the t-statistic is also -3.650 and its absolute value is greater than the critical value of 1.96, therefore the moderating role of gender is significant. Further, in the female group, the correlation coefficient was (-0.120) and Sig=0.036, which is less than the significance level of 0.05, which allows us to conclude that there is a significant and inverse relationship between self-esteem and use.
The results of examining the two hypotheses were as follows:
Gender was significant as a moderating variable in this hypothesis;The relationship between body image and Instagram use was not significant in male students;The relationship between body image and Instagram use was significant and positive in female students.The relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use was not significant in male students;The relationship between self-esteem and Instagram use was significant and inverse in female students.
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