Human Information Interaction

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Background and Aim: Human Knowledge depends on data and information that is emerged and transffered from different channels. The dessimination process is different from type, form of transfer, and distribution based on information or awareness. This survey compares the librarians and information scienctist’s information transferring capabilities in mass media and social networks.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey, descriptive and applied - 94 librarians in the cities of Torbat Heidariyeh and Gonabad. The data was collected by a researcher made questionnaire and the Census method was utilized.  Data was analyzed by Wilcakson Test.
Results: Mass media and social networks have their own unique abilities and both are used for information and knowledge transffering. The cost of social media networks is cheaper than media. Most of the participants claim that social networks do a better job of transferring information today.
Conclusion: Media and social networks overlap in most aspects of dissiminating information. In general the strength and capabilities of social networks was much higher than social media. The results will help select a better media and work better in the field of information transferring.

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Background and Aim: Considering the increasing number of users who interact with online social networks, it can be inferred that these networks have become an essential part of users' lives and play different roles in their everyday life. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the role of these networks in users' everyday-life information seeking.

Method: This research is an applied research with qualitative approach and it was conducted using thematic analysis method. This method includes a semi - structured interview with active users of online social networks.

Results: Results indicate that online social networks play different roles in the users' lives, such as entertainment, education, communication and interactions; accompanied by, news, favorite contents, and up-to-date information; but, these networks face some challenges that affect information seeking behavior of users which compels users to utilize active information seeking.

Conclusion: Richer social capital and diversity of users in an individual's social network leads to the access to more qualitative information which in turn increases the probability of finding the required information and achieving the expected results with the least effort.

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Background and Aim: University students due to having better media literacy are among the groups that use social networks more. Aim of this research was to study the use of social networks by university students based on demographic and educational variables.

Method: This quantitative applied research utilized survey design. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire developed by the investigator. Validity of questionnaire was evaluated by expert colleagues and samples of respondents. Reliability of tool was tested by Spilt Half reliability. Population of the study was 4524 undergraduate students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. The sample size was 393 students. Descriptive statistics (percent, frequency and mean) and inferential nonparametric statistics (Spearman,Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis) was used in order to analysis data. SPSS17 was used to analysis the data and Excel was used to draw the charts.

Results: Majority of the students used social networks. Viber and Line was the most preferred social networks. Daily average use of social networks was 140 minutes. The most important reason of using social networks was fun. Friends of respondents in social networks were mostly the face to face visited individuals. Hand-phone was the important medium used in social networks. According to the majority of students validity of information in social networks was not valid. There was significant correlation between proportion of social network use and Grade Point Average (GPA), number of friends in social networks and features of information in social networks. There was significant difference in use of social networks between students of four studied domains.

Conclusion: Usage of social networks is usual among university students. Students almost used social networks as a medium for fun and communication. The students with higher GPA used social networks fewer.

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Background and Aim: According to the social media development in libraries and necessity of social media literacy for librarians, the aim of this study was to elucidate the viewpoints and experiences of librarians about social media literacy. Also, strategies for increasing librarians' social media literacy was suggested.

Method: A qualitative study with University librarians in Sistan district was performed using interview method. Fourteen out of 40 university librarians were studied using convenience sampling method. Content analysis approach was used to analyze data.

Results: Themes such as "Network awareness, proper incorporation and   understanding of social media, observance of copyright law and personal privacy, critical and evaluative use, exchange of information, and targeted use," were derived from findings. Librarians accentuated the importance of social media literacy education.

Conclusion: Planning for formal and informal instruction of social media literacy as an essential part of information society should be pursued thoroughly. Social media literacy culture requires to be promoted. Attention to the production of practical works in social media literacy field is essential, especially among librarians

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Background and Aim: This study tends to investigate the reasons of interpersonal trust and the results of trust in online scientific social networks.
Methods: The applied Research has been used cluster sampling to collect data. The study population consisted of Shiraz university and Persian Gulf university faculties. A sampling of 269 person was determined by Morgan table according to whole population (900 person). In order to gathering data it was used Wu, Chen and Chang (2010) questionnaire. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze data.
Results: Results showed that Among the reasons that create trust among scientific social networks members, Satisfaction (Mean score= 27.2 and T score= 53./6) is the most effective. According to the obtained correlation coefficient between two variables commitment and trust (0.798), commitment is the result of trust in online scientific social networks. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between two variables Stickiness and trust (0.744) showed that the stickiness is the results of trust between members of online scientific social networks.
Conclusion. Due to high impact of satisfaction on creating trust between members of online scientific social networks, we should create consent and satisfaction of members, in order to provide a place that researchers think these networks are good places to present their specialized knowledge and experience and they can exchange their information and knowledge. 
 

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Background and Aim. The promising outlook of easy communication incurring minimum cost has caused social networks to face increasing number of active members each day. These members develop and expand international communication through information sharing including personal information. Thus, big data analysis of social networks provides companies, organizations and governments with ample and unique opportunities to reach their strategic goals and various methods have been proposed in order to accomplish this objective. Each method has its own advantages, disadvantages and application area which would require deep study and assessment to understand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the approaches and methods of data analysis in social networks and study the advantages, disadvantages and application area of each method.

Method. This research is an applied research with qualitative approach and it was conducted using thematic analysis method and the study population include 35related conference papers, journal articles and reports published during 2010-2017.

Results. Various methods are used for the analysis of social networks and these methods are classified into three categories: quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods.

Conclusion. Due to the complex and multidimensional nature of social networks, the best approach is a mixed approach. This means combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and exploring various aspects of networks.

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Background and Aim: Technologies such as social networks have provided new opportunities for health and social interactions, and the promotion of attitudes such as the attitudes of health control and improving the health literacy in society. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the use of social networks with the health literacy of Ilam public library users.
Methods: The present study has used questionnaire based survey method. The statistical population of this study is 4696 users of public libraries in Ilam. Based on Morgan's table, 351 individuals were selected as sample size. The questionnaire was distributed by using of stratified random sampling method. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used by SPSS 19 software.
Results: The Findings showed that the components average of users in receiving health literacy information was at a sensible level and, due to the importance of those components, users began to utilize social networks in the field of health literacy. Also, the findings showed that there was a significant relationship between users' use of social networks and health literacy and the components (access, reading, understanding, assessment, application), so that by increasing the use of social networks, the health literacy of users increases as well.
Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that public libraries, universities and centers related to health cooperate so that held suitable conditions in social networks with the aim of experience sharing and expanding the level of health literacy of users by taking into account issues related to user information confidentiality and so that new facilities and conditions can be provided library users, institutions and planners in this field.

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Background and Aim: A review of the National Library's clients' viewes on receiving reference services through mobile-based social networks.
Methods: First, through the documentary-library research method, the components of reference services were identified, then, by using a researcher-made questionnaire, the perspective of members of the National Library, was surveyed. Based on the average number of daily visitors to the National Library, the sample size of 217 people was selected based on Morgan's table as a simple random sampling and finally 147 returned questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software. The Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and its Validity confirmed based on the opinion of 6 experts in library and information science.
Results: 98% of the members of the National Library are users of mobile social networks, and in addition to gaining news and family communication, 63% use it to retrieve scientific information. The average total component of reference services showed that subjects were willing to use this platform to receive reference services.
Conclusion: Mobile social networks have a scientific function for clients of the National Library, and they have already started using social networks for research purposes. From the users' point of view, these networks are a good communication channel for providing reference services, especially information literacy training and answering research questions.
 

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Background and Aim: With the advent of technology and the use of social networks such as Instagram, Facebook, blogs, forums, and many other platforms, interactions of learners with one another and their lecturers have become progressively relaxed. This has led to the accumulation of large quantities of data and information about students' attitudes, learning experiences, opinions, and feelings about the teaching-learning process. Opinion mining is one of the growing applications of data mining knowledge which by discovering patterns and models in users' opinions could help higher education to well plan, make well-versed policies, and to have fruitful management. Therefore, the purpose is to describe the applications of opinion mining to advance the excellence of higher education in Iran.
Methodology: Research method is an applied qualitative one.    Population comprises of all the research and books associated with opinion mining that were available in reputable databases of  IEEE, SSCI, Elsevier, CIVILICA, and Science Direct during the research data collection period in the spring of 2019. Using the convenience sampling method, 35 articles were selected with the aim of reviewing and describing educational opinion mining and analyzing its application in higher education.
Results: Based on the studies, it was found that opinion mining can be used as an effective tool in three parts: 1. Improving student performance; 2. Designing better online courses; and 3. Evaluating the efficiency of the educational activities of universities, professors, and various programs. Therefore it can also help to recognize the existing shortcomings, strengths, and weaknesses.
Conclusion: Higher education can scrutinize the sentiments, opinions, and ideas generated by students through opinion mining. Exploring this valuable information enables educational institutions, principals, and educators to make more appropriate decisions in education and improve the quality of educational services which leads to the improvement of academic performance and better career choices for individuals.

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Aim: Growing number social network  users for communicating between   groups   has made them a major  segment of people's social life. So, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the use of social networks and information-seeking behavior in daily life of the Kurds in virtual networks and effect of ethnic identity on the behavior of information-seeking in their daily life.
Methodology: Research is an applied and quantitatively exploratory in terms of data analysis.  Questionnaire  was used which its validity was obtained by Delphi method and its reliability based on the weights test model, was significant in all weights of the combined external model with 99% confidence. Population consisted of 70,696 people from different social classes of the Kurds of Kermanshah. The sample size based on Cochran's formula was 480 users who were members of one of the online public and specialized social  networks.
Systematic stratified random sampling was used in terms of percentage of jobs. Bartlett test, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the data.
Findings: Findings show that all identified factors have the ability to predict the   behavior of Kurds’ in information seeking in cyberspace: Leisure with standard coefficient of 0.82, cultural information with coefficient of 0.68, scientific information with coefficient of 0.56, economic information with coefficient of 0.75, social information with The coefficient of 0.74 and the consumption pattern with a coefficient of 0.52. Also, language with a coefficient of 0.30 and customs with a standard coefficient of 0.76 can predict the ethnic identity. In addition, virtual networks and ethnic identities with a coefficient of 0.54 are able to predict changes in the informational behavior of Kurds’ everyday life.
Conclusion: Leisure, cultural information, scientific information, economic information, social information, and consumption pattern were discovered and identified as factors influencing information seeking behavior in daily life, as well as language and customs were confirmed as factors of ethnic identity affecting the information-seeking behavior of the Kurds of Kermanshah.

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Purpose: Today, social networks and smart phones have become very popular. One of the interesting topics in the field of information science and cognition is the study of users' information behavior in mobile-based social networks. In this area, this study examines the role of psychological variables: communication Apprehension, Expression of the True Self, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Instagram and Selfie use. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of communication Apprehension, Expression of the True Self, and Fear of Negative Evaluation in Instagram and Selfie use from the perspective of undergraduate students of Birjand University.
Methodology: This correlational study used 4 questionnaires "Communication Apprehension" (McCroskey, 1982), "Fear of Negative Evaluation" (Leary, 1983), " Instagram Use " (Lazebna, 2015) and "Taking a selfie" (Lazebna, 2015) (online) in a random sample of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand (357 participants).
Findings: Communication Apprehension and selfie use were significantly higher in women than in men. However,  there was no significant differences shown for  the other variables.  Instagram usage was above average and sending  and edited selfies were below average. The increase of most of the psychological variables investigated also showed the increase of use of Instagram, selfies and edited selfies. Also, with the increase of communication apprehension, the fear of  negative evaluation increased.
Conclusion: Review of the literature revealed that  there wasn’t any interest in the field of  knowledge and information science for the topic at the national level. Although, there were limited studies presented in the international arena.

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Background and Aim: Media and social networks have commanded many challenges for print media. Apparently, audiences' behaviors are changing by searching through the internet to find free news and information. Accordingly, the study was aimed at identifying factors affecting the competition between print media and social networks for survival, the case study of Khorasan Newspaper. 
Method: A qualitative study conducted on grounded theory with interviews. Text mining and coding techniques were employed for data analysis. After studying the existing scientific documents and analytical interviews with scholars and experts in Khorasan Newspaper, marketing dimensions and indicators were determined to recommend a framework for competition between print media and social networks for survival.
Findings: Results indicated the main categories including: Causal conditions (dynamism, services - innovative, pace, multimedia nature and advertisements); the main category of competitiveness in survival (strategic, modern strategy, organizational knowledge, planning for survival, priority of survival, dynamic change-oriented, and specialized technologic innovation), strategy (customer orientation, networking and communicational skills in organization), context (change management, complexity of customers' conditions, and environment), external confounding conditions (infrastructural and organizational capabilities, knowledge management, and organizational learning), and implications (tangible, such as survival, organizational maturity and excellence, acquisition of competitive advantage, reduction of customer fall rate, increase in new customer attraction rate, keeping customers, and rise of income, as well as intangible implications such as enhancement of customer satisfaction, economic and cultural growth of society, organizational agility, increase on innovation potential, promotion of position in media market, improvement of organizational performance and productivity).
Discussion and Conclusion: Print media must apply to:  Strategic, modern, organizational knowledge, strategic survival planning, priority of survival, dynamic change-oriented, and technologic innovation competitiveness.

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Background and Objective: The study aims to develop and validate a model for analyzing the textual feedback of users in social networks in the face of environmental events and actions with emphasis on identifying the factors affecting the presentation of text messages by users in social networks.
Research Methodology: Heuristic mixed method has been used. In the first stage, the meta-combined method was applied with a qualitative basis. In the second stage, to inspect, validate the identified factors and prepare the final research model, the survey method via questionnaire and forming conveyor group was combined. Population consisted of: 1) Selection and analysis of written documents related to the analysis of textual feedback and users' feelings, including 60 articles and works based on valid criteria from among 198 articles and works; 2) Experts in  information technology, sociology, behaviorism, etc., which 15 people were selected, but as a result and limitations of the corona pandemic comments and suggestions were remotely submitted.
Results: Using the seven steps of meta-combination, a conceptual pattern was obtained in six conceptual layers, categories and codes. In each layer, concepts and topics were included, and to end 27 components were identified. For qualitative validation, the obtained model was found based on the opinions of experts in the form of focus groups and the conceptual model was approved by the research experts.
Conclusion: The conceptual model - obtained from the hybrid stages and focus groups – which has been approved and accepted by experts could be used as a basis for future research to guide, and direct the behavior of users in social  networking in order to provide strategies and executive policies for officials and decision makers in relevant organizations and institutions.

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Abstract
Introduction/Background: The huge volume of data and information circulating in social networks, along with their popularity and widespread use, exposes these networks to numerous security risks. Therefore, nowadays the security and privacy of users has become one of the most important issues in social networks. Many factors affect the security and privacy of users in social networks, among which this research examines the role of individual factors in the behaviors related to the security and privacy of users in social networks.
Methodology: This descriptive survey used a Researcher-made questionnaire on a sample of students of University of Birjand (375 participants). For questionnaire’s validity, the experts’ opinions was used, and Cronbach's alpha was used for questionnaire’s reliability (0.876).
Findings/: The average of users' overall awareness of security and privacy in social networks was significantly less than the optimal level, while the average of users' overall importance of security and privacy in social networks was higher than the optimal level. The amount of behaviors related to individual factors among the respondents was lower than expected. Also, the mean of attack experience variables, successful privacy changes, visit frequency, technological ability and skills, and perceived ease were significantly lower than desired; But the variables of trust in the system, perceived benefit, perceived risk and perceived importance were significantly more than the desired level. Also, the scores of undergraduate students in all variables were higher than those of master's and doctoral students
Results: Although the respondents attached great importance to topics related to security and privacy, their awareness of many of these topics was less than expected. Also, the subjects of this research did not perform the behaviors related to individual factors related to security and privacy in social networks as expected.