Cognitive Psychology Journal

Effect of Cognitive Biases on Rationality of Economic Decision Making under Risk among Students of Shahid Beheshti University

Reza Chamani

The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of individual economic decision making under risk and uncertainty. The research method is a quasi-experiment with single group and a post-test. The total population of the students of Shahid Beheshti University in 97 was 8.700 and due to non-normal distribution, we should use non-parametric Wilcoxon test, with sample of 180. The tool used to investigate the role of cognitive biases that prospect theory in economic decision-making was predicted was a multi-dimensional task we built which measured 31 problems in 5 sections that through phenomena such as risk aversion, loss aversion, ambiguity aversion, reference dependency, probability weighting and so on in shows irrationality in economic decision–making. Higher score means more irrational according to neoclassical economics. The median of scores was 25 out of 31 scores. In other words, more than 80% of participants received grades above 50% (or 15.5 points) (p <0.05). These findings fully supported the prospect theory that first two cognitive psychologists proposed as a correction to the expected utility theory. The prospect theory can explain, and can predicts, and intends to dissolve the gap between economy and psychology. The present research is an initial step in showing the significant role of psychology and cognition in economic decision-making and emphasize the importance of psychology in explaining economic tendencies and findings especially in our country, as the founders of the economy have expressed many centuries ago.

Efficincy of cognitive rehabilitation on Reduction of Unhealthy Eating Behaviors and Attitudes in Adolescents students with ADHD disorder

Peyman Hatamian

Since individuals students with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder are more likely to perform some unhealthy behaviors than normal people, this study Done aimed to Effect Exercises Cognitive Rehabilitation on Reduction of Unhealthy Eating Behaviors and Attitudes in Adolescents with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. The research design was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. The study population consisted of students adolescents 14 to 18 years old diagnosed with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder by Kermanshah education counseling experts. That 24 people were selected by Available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups: cognitive rehabilitation therapy and control group. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 60 minutes twice a week cognitive rehabilitation exercises and the control group Received the same interventions as usual. Williamson Eating Scale was used to measure the level of unhealthy eating behaviors and attitudes in two pre-test and post-test stages. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS-23 software using covariance analysis. The results showed that the cognitive rehabilitation training in post-test Compared to the control group had a significant effect on reducing unhealthy eating behaviors and attitudes in students with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. (P <0/001). According to the findings, it can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation training is effective and can be used to reduce adolescents' unhealthy eating behaviors and attitudes. It is also suggested that professionals working with adolescents with Attention Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder should use the results presented to help these people.

Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Persian version of creativity Remote Associates Task (convergent thinking)

Soghra Akbari Chermahini

Creativity is recognized as a function or ability that emerges as genuine, valued and usefull. Each person's level of creativity can be measured by assessing their performance in the tests of creativity. One of the most commonly used tests of creativity is Remote Associates Task. The Remote Associates Task, developed by Mednick (1967), is recognized as a valid convergent thinking tool. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties and the Farsi version of the Remote Associates Task. For this purpose, 482 students of Arak University were selected through cluster sampling method. Thus, at first 200 students were selected and answered the Remote Associates Task. After the initial refinement, some modifications were made to the initial version, and then 282 different subjects responded to the Remote Associates Task, insight problem solving, and Guilford's Alternate Uses test. Two classical approaches and item response theory were used to investigate the coefficient of difficulty of the items, construct validity, and reliability. Significant positive correlations of distance associations test with insight problem-solving test and lack of significant relationship with Guilford's Alternate Uses test indicate convergent and differential validity, respectively, and appropriate construct validity of the test. The results show the appropriate psychometric properties of the 30-item version of the Remote Associates Task presented in this study and it can be said that this test is effective and suitable for measuring convergent thinking in Persian.

The effect of cognitive exhaustion on cognitive flexibility with regard mediating need for cognition in Arak University teacher in the year 2015-16

Zahra Rafiee

The present study tried to investigate the effect of cognitive exhaustion on student’s cognitive flexibility with the mediating role of need for cognition among BA student of Farhangian University of arak in academic year 2015/16. In order to collect data, Cacioppo & Petty (1984) need for cognition questionnaire, diagnostic tasks which are similar to diagnostic tasks of Sedek & Kofta (1990), shahgholian, et al Wisconsin Card Sorting Task software (version), were applied. According to need for cognition questionnaire, 60 female students were selected out of a group of 150 and randomly assigned to four groups of 15. The experiment consisted of second phases. In the first phase, the participants were exposed to diagnostic problems and then in the second phase, they took the cognitive flexibility test, in order to drawing a comparison between the groups. The research data were analyzed by one-way ANCOVA. The results showed that cognitive exhaustion has a significant negative effect on cognitive flexibility and the interactive role of need for cognition was confirmed regarding to research variables. The finding of the present study give serious consideration to the central role of cognitive exhaustion and need for cognition in people’s amount of flexibility.

The Role of Different Levels of Cognitive, Emotional, and Spiritual Development in Adult Psychological Well-being

Neda Mellat

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between different levels of cognitive, emotional and spiritual development with adult psychological well-being. For this purpose, a sample of 700 adults was selected using convenience sampling method in four age groups. Questionnaires were used consisted of Social Paradigm Belief Inventory(SPBI) ,Spiritual Well-Being(SHALOM), Interpersonal Reactivity Index(IRI), Spiritual Assessment Inventory(SAI) , Aggression Questionnaire(BPAQ –SF), Resilience Scale(CD-RISC-SF), Maladaptive Hedonism(MHQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale(DERS), Machiavellian Egocentricity Scale(PPIR), Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) ,Altruistic Behavior, Depression subscale of(SCL-90-R) and stress scale of (DASS-21). Research data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling .The findings showed that relativistic thinking has effect on Stress, empathy and difficulty in emotion regulation .and dialectical thinking has positive effect on empathy and spiritual well-being. Egocentrism has positive effect on difficulties in emotion regulation and spiritual weakness and negative effect on Spiritual well-being. Stress has positive effect on difficulties in emotion regulation. Difficulties in emotion regulation have positive effect on spiritual weakness and negative effect on Spiritual well-being. Also Empathy has positive effect on spiritual well-being. Spiritual weakness has positive effect on aggression, depression and maladaptive hedonism. It has a negative effect on altruism. Spiritual well-being has a negative effect on depression and maladaptive hedonism and a positive effect on resilience, altruism, and gratitude.

Effect of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on DLPFC and VMPFC on Improvement of delay discounting in children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Symptoms

Vahid Nejati

Children with ADHD symptoms prefer smaller and immediate gain rather than bigger and long-term ones. This problem would result in impulsive behaviors and decision making. The aim of this study was to show the effect of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on DLPFC and VMPFC on Improvement of delay discounting in children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Symptoms.In this study, 20 children with hyperactivity and attention deficit symptoms were selected by available sampling method and each of the subjects participated in three montages including anodal/cathodal tDCS on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, the reversed montage, and sham stimulation condition and assessed by delay discounting task. The findings show that there is significant difference in the performance of the subjects in the delay discounting task which was performed on different stimulation positions p<0/05 and anodal stimulation of VMPFC significantly improved delay discounting.

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation based on Computer Games on Executive Functions of Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder

Nezamaddin Ghasemi

Treatment of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder as the most common neurodevelopmental disorder has tended toward the use of computer-based technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on the executive functions of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The study was a quasi-experimental with pretest posttest and 45 days follow up with control group. The statistical population consisted of all students with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in Shiraz elementary school in winter of 2019. 32 students were selected as available sample and replaced in experimental and control groups. The Tower of London test, the Stroop test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were used. The experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation based on computer games three times a week (15 minutes per game for a total of 30 minutes) and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software using repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANOVA). The results showed that computer-based rehabilitation had a significant effect on the executive functions of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (Sig <0.05). Experimental group showed improvement in cognitive function after intervention and planning, organization, inhibition and cognitive flexibility variables were observed after 45 days of intervention. Therefore, it can be said that cognitive rehabilitation is based on effective and sustained therapeutic computer games.