Showing 286 results for Type of Study: Research
Mojtaba Ahmadi, Associate Professor Gholamreza Chalabianloo, Associate Professor Reza Abdi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Unified Protocol (UP) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) treatment on working memory and continuous attention in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The research design employed a quasi-experimental framework, featuring a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population consisted of patients diagnosed with GAD who sought treatment at clinics and specialized neuropsychiatry centers in Tehran during the first half of 2024. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample of 45 individuals (31 women and 14 men) was selected through purposive sampling and equally allocated (15 individuals in each group) into the UP intervention group, the combined UP and tDCS intervention group, and the waiting list group. The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-V), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Corsi Block Test (to assess working memory), and the Clock Test (to assess continuous attention) were utilized as assessment tools. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS-26 statistical software, employing analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The findings indicated that the use of the UP protocol, both alone and in combination with tDCS, led to a significant improved in working memory and continuous attention (P<0.05). Furthermore, this study suggests that both UP intervention and the combined intervention (UP+tDCS) are effective approaches to improve working memory and continuous attention in GAD patients and may serve as a novel strategy for managing this disorder and improving executive functions.
Hava Mahmoudzadeh Kenari, Dr Afsaneh Khajevand Khoshli, Dr Javanshir Asadi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in adolescents is associated with maladaptive cognitive–emotional patterns, including thought–action fusion and intolerance of uncertainty, which can impair academic performance and interpersonal relationships. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and metacognitive therapy on these constructs in adolescent girls with OCD. The quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group and included 45 high school girls in Babolsar, selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 participants each. Interventions consisted of eight weekly 90-minute group sessions. Data were collected using the Thought–Action Fusion Scale and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Questionnaire and analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results indicated that both interventions significantly reduced thought–action fusion and intolerance of uncertainty compared to the control group, and pairwise comparisons showed that metacognitive therapy was more effective in reducing thought–action fusion, whereas emotion-focused therapy was relatively more effective in reducing outcomes related to intolerance of uncertainty. These findings suggest that targeted psychotherapeutic interventions can improve maladaptive cognitive–emotional patterns associated with OCD in adolescents and reduce anxiety and compulsive behaviors. The results provide guidance for selecting tailored treatments based on individual clinical needs and for designing school- and clinic-based intervention programs.
Dr Peyman Hatamian, Dr Ali Kazemi Rezaei,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy on repetitive negative thoughts and anxiety sensitivity in students. the current study was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow up. The statistical population included all the male students of Razi University of Kermanshah, 30 of whom were selected by purposive sampling method and using the entry criteria. They were assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The research tools included the repetitive thoughts questionnaire of McAvee et al (2014) and the anxiety sensitivity scale of Taylor and Cox (1998). The experimental group received the intervention in 8 sessions of 60 minutes and the control group did not receive such training. Finally, the data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis using SPSS version 24 software. the results of covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in the post-test phase (p. 0.001). Therefore, it can be said that metacognitive therapy has been effective on negative recurring thoughts and anxiety sensitivity of students. based on the findings, it can be concluded that metacognitive therapy training can be effective in reducing the symptoms associated with repetitive negative and anxious thoughts. Therefore, it is suggested to use metacognitive interventions to reduce the mentioned symptoms.
Armin Hagnazariesfhlam, Nadia Abbasi Gharibeh,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the relationship between problem-focused coping style and prolonged grief disorder, with the mediating role of positive emotion regulation strategies. This study employed a correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all students of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan during the 2022–2023 academic year (N = 6,700), from whom 302 participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-36), and the revised Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (PG-13-R). Descriptive data analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26, and structural equation modeling was performed using AMOS version 24. The results indicated a significant negative relationship between problem-focused coping style and positive emotion regulation strategies with prolonged grief disorder. Moreover, the proposed model demonstrated a good fit to the data. These findings suggest that training and utilization of positive emotion regulation strategies, such as positive reappraisal, positive refocusing, and putting into perspective, alongside a problem-focused coping style, may reduce the likelihood of prolonged grief disorder.
Ghazaleh Nikbin, Ali Akbar Saremi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of psycho neurocognitive therapy on reduction of clinical symptoms and improvement of executive function (behavioral regulation and meta-cognition) in patients with major depression. The research method was conducted as a case study with a multiple baseline design. The study population included all patients referred to psychiatric and clinical psychology treatment centers in Mashhad with a diagnosis of major depression which among those 6 cases were selected through purposeful sampling who underwent psycho neurocognitive therapy for 12 sessions. The research tools included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), and Function Executive of Inventory Rating Behavior (BRIEF-A). Data were analyzed using graphical and pictorial analysis, percentage improvement indices, effect size, and Cohen's d. The results showed that psycho neurocognitive therapy significantly reduced clinical symptoms and improved executive functions (behavioral regulation and metacognition) in patients with major depression. The findings of this study indicate that psycho neurocognitive therapy can be used as an effective approach in improving the cognitive and psychological aspects of patients with major depression.
Dr Najmeh Hamid, Miss Asra Moradpoor, Dr Seyed Alii Marashy,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
Encouraging training based on accepting yourself and others, paying attention to your positive points and daring to be imperfect can help the elderly to feel valuable and expand their connections. Also, computer-based cognitive rehabilitation restores cognitive function by relying on practice and repetition. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation and self-encouragement training on executive functions and mental vitality in the elderly. This research was a semi-experimental type with a pre‑test, post‑test, follow‑up design and control group. The statistical population was elderly subjects (subjects over 60 years old). In this study, 45 elderly subjects were selected using available sampling method, and 30 of them were selected as the final sample using the exclude and include criteria, and they were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups of 15 subjects. The elderly in the experimental group received self-encouragement training for 10 sessions of 90 minutes, as well as Rihakam cognitive rehabilitation interventions for 10 sessions of 45 minutes but the control group did not receive any intervention. The results of covariance analysis of the data have shown that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in each of the dependent variables (P<0.001). That is, the average performance of executive functions and mental vitality in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the pre-test and the control group, and these results have continued significantly in the follow-up period (P <0.001). In general, cognitive rehabilitation intervention (Rihakam) and self-encouragement training have improved and increased executive functions and mental vitality in the elderly. Therefore, it is suggested to use Rihakam's cognitive rehabilitation intervention and self-encouragement training as complementary or separate treatments to improve the quality of human life in old age.
Mohammad Mahdi Zeidabadinejad, Noshin Noori, Leila Fatehi Khoshknabk, Sara Malakmohammadi, Ziba Poursadegا Gavgani,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
| The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in reducing cognitive fusion and interpersonal needs among students experiencing suicidal ideation. Employing a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments, participants were selected based on predefined criteria and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received MBCT sessions, and data were analyzed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Results demonstrated that MBCT significantly decreased overall cognitive fusion, particularly the fusion component, and significantly reduced total scores of interpersonal needs, including perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Additionally, a significant reduction in the severity of suicidal thoughts was observed in the intervention group compared to controls, whereas changes in cognitive defusion were not statistically significant. Follow-up data indicated that the positive effects of the intervention were maintained to a satisfactory degree over time. These findings support the clinical utility of MBCT as an effective intervention to improve maladaptive cognitive and interpersonal processes associated with psychological vulnerability in at-risk students. The study underscores the potential of MBCT in suicide prevention and mental health promotion, and recommends further research with larger samples and integrative interventions to explore underlying mechanisms and long-term efficacy. |
Mahsa Rohani Otaghs Sara, Afsaneh Khajound Khoshli, Elnaz Pooaahmadi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on marital conflict and perceived responsiveness of the spouse in women affected by infidelity. Marital infidelity is considered one of the most important crises in couples' relationships, which has widespread consequences, including the intensification of marital conflicts and damage to the spouse's perception and perceived responsiveness. In this regard, schema therapy, as an integrated and deep approach focusing on identifying and modifying early maladaptive schemas, can help rebuild couples' emotional and cognitive relationships. This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all married women referring to counseling centers and psychological clinics in Babol in the winter of 1403 who had reported experiencing infidelity of their spouse. Among them, 45 people were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to three groups: schema therapy, compassion therapy, and control. The schema therapy group received ten ninety-minute sessions of intervention, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments included the Marital Conflict Questionnaire and the Perceived Spouse Responsiveness Scale, and the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The findings showed that schema therapy significantly reduced marital conflicts and improved perceived spouse responsiveness in women affected by infidelity. Also, the effectiveness of this intervention in reducing marital conflict was greater than compassion therapy. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that schema therapy is an effective approach to improving the psychological consequences of infidelity and can be used as an efficient intervention in family counseling centers and in the treatment of disorders resulting from marital crises.
Hassan Mahjub, Rouhollah Shahabi, Seyyed Ghader Razavi, Hassan Rezaei Lichaei,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
| Cognitive abilities are among the most important predictors of pilots’ precise performance. With this perspective, the present study aimed to identify the essential cognitive themes and skills for pilots and to propose a theoretical model accordingly. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach and a meta-synthesis method, following the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007). The research population included all scientific documents published over the past 26 years, retrieved from 7 international and 3 national databases, totaling 307 scientific documents. After an in-depth review, 23 documents were selected for final analysis. Data analysis was performed through thematic analysis, and to ensure research quality, the documents were carefully analyzed and the process thoroughly documented. Expert feedback was incorporated throughout the research steps. Additionally, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist was employed to assess the quality of the selected documents and ensure the reliability of the study’s findings. The results proposed a conceptual model consisting of 11 main themes and 59 sub-themes. The main themes included: perceptual-motor abilities, working memory, attention and concentration performance, flexibility in information processing, sequencing/planning abilities, perceptual speed, decision-making/reasoning, perceptual-sensory skills, coordination, and psychomotor abilities.The findings of this study can be utilized to develop a comprehensive assessment tool as well as to design continuous and targeted training programs aimed at maintaining and enhancing pilots’ cognitive skills. |
Mis Saeedeh Moradi, Dr Hadi Parhoon,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and perceived organizational support and teachers’ job burnout.. Within the framework of the post-positivist paradigm, a quantitative approach was employed using a correlational design based on structural equation modeling.
A total of 370 teachers working in schools in Kermanshah during the 1403–1404 academic year were selected through convenience sampling. The following instruments were used for data collection: the Executive Functioning Scale (Holst & Thorell, 2018), the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), the Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (Eisenberger et al., 1986), the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (Schannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001), and the Teacher Burnout Scale (Chang et al., 2020).Data were analyzed using SPSS 27 and SmartPLS 4 within the framework of structural equation modeling. The results indicated that the research model had a good fit with the data.
The findings revealed that inhibition control had a direct and significant effect on teacher burnout (β = -0.377, t = 3.264, p = 0.001) and on self-efficacy (β = 0.271, t = 3.750, p < 0.001). Cognitive flexibility influenced teacher burnout (β = -0.200, t = 3.064, p < 0.002) and self-efficacy (β = 0.244, t = 3.264, p < 0.001). Perceived organizational support affected teacher burnout (β = -0.273, t = 2.339, p = 0.020) and self-efficacy (β = 0.215, t = 2.887, p < 0.001). Self-efficacy had a direct effect on teacher burnout (β = -0.64, t = 4.96, p < 0.001; β = 0.616, t = 6.015, p < 0.001).
These results suggest that part of the predictive effect of inhibition control, cognitive flexibility, and perceived organizational support on teacher burnout can be explained by self-efficacy. Furthermore, the study variables collectively accounted for 63% of the variance in teacher burnout.
Mr Hiwa Ali Mohammadi, Dr Rasool Kordnoghabi, Dr Abolghasem Yaghoobi, Dr Afshin Afzali,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Wising Education Program on the executive functions of third-grade elementary school students. A quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up, along with a control group, was employed. The statistical population consisted of all third-grade students enrolled in nonprofit schools in Hamedan City during the 2023-2024 academic year. A total of 60 third-grade elementary school students (30 girls and 30 boys) were selected using available sampling, and they were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The experimental group received thirty 45-minute sessions of Wising Education Program, while the control group did not receive any training. instrument included the Brief Executive Function Behavioral Scale, Second Edition (BRIEF2) for Parents (2015). Data were analyzed using SPSS-28 and repeated measures ANCOVA and MANCOVA. Results indicated that the Wising Education Program significantly improved executive functions and their dimensions in students, and these effects were maintained in the follow-up stage. These findings suggest that The Wising Education program is an effective model for improving executive functions in the student population.
Fatemeh Behrouzfar, Elnaz Baniani, Arezoo Siahcheshm, Bahareh Mohammadi,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
Depression in the context of couple relationships is associated with disruptions in fundamental cognitive processes, especially attentional biases and reduced cognitive flexibility, and can lead to the continuation of interpersonal conflicts and a decline in relationship quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on reducing attentional bias and promoting cognitive flexibility in couples with depression. The study was conducted with a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included couples referring to a psychology clinic in Tehran in 1404, of which 30 people were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research instruments included the Woody et al. Focus of Attention Questionnaire (1997) and the Dennis and Vanderwaal Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (2010). The experimental group underwent mindfulness-based intervention for 10 sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results showed that mindfulness-based intervention significantly reduced self-focused attention bias and external attention and significantly increased cognitive flexibility dimensions including alternatives, control, and alternatives to human behavior in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that mindfulness-based intervention can be considered as an effective approach in couples therapy interventions and depression treatment by improving attention regulation and increasing cognitive flexibility.
Dr Ali Akbar G Goodini, Dr Mohammad Garavandnia,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to model the structural equations of smartphone addiction based on the formation of anxiety and depression mediated by metacognition in male adolescent students. The present study is a descriptive correlational study in terms of method. The statistical population of this study was male students of Karaj Education District One in the academic year 1403-1404, of which 361 people were randomly selected. The Wells and Cartwright-Haughton (2004) Metacognition Questionnaire, Levy-Band DASS-21 (1995) and Owen et al. (2013) questionnaire were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling methods. The findings showed that this model had a good fit in male adolescent students. Other findings showed that anxiety (β=0.42, p<0.01), depression (β=0.11, p<0.01), and metacognition (β=0.40, p<0.01) have a direct and positive effect on smartphone addiction. The results of the study indicate that psychological interventions based on metacognition can effectively play a role in reducing dependence on new technologies.
Da Dariush Malekpour, Ab Abolghasem Naderi, Ha Hassan Mahjub, Ez Mitra Ezzati,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
The study aimed to explain and design a theoretical model of pilots' operational cognitive resilience in the military aviation industry, a concept referring to the mechanism of maintaining, recovering, and readjusting executive functions and the mind's information processing system when faced with acute stress and operational constraints of flight. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory strategy (Strauss and Corbin's version, 1998). The required data were gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in the field of cognitive sciences and senior operational pilots (with a history of over 2000 flight hours); the sampling process continued using a theoretical approach until achieving conceptual saturation. Data analysis was carried out through a systematic coding process in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding.
Qualitative analyses revealed that the core phenomenon of this study was pilots' operational cognitive resilience, which was explained as a dynamic, multidimensional, and context-bound construct. This conceptual construct was considered the product of a synergistic and systematic interaction among three major dimensions: the individual dimension (including basic and higher cognitive functions, executive inhibition, emotional-motivational components, personality patterns, physical stability, and implicit memory resulting from flight experience), the organizational dimension (comprising team tasks and the promotion of a safety culture), and the family dimension (as a source of emotional and psychological support). The fundamental achievement of this research was providing a coherent conceptual framework for analyzing pilots' cognitive behaviors under crisis conditions, which can serve as an analytical foundation for developing future applied interventions and empirical research in this domain.
Dr Neda Barati Kalhor, Parvaneh Sarkeshikzadeh, Mehri Azandriani, Fatemeh Ghasempour, ,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of two psychological interventions on cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. The study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of design with pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population included patients with generalized anxiety disorder referring to counseling and psychiatric centers in Tehran in 1404, and the research sample included 45 people who were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the cognitive flexibility questionnaire and inhibitory control test, and analyses were performed with SPSS software version 27 at two descriptive and inferential levels using analysis of covariance. The results showed that both interventions significantly improved cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control, but the effect of the acceptance and mindfulness-based intervention on both variables was stronger and more prominent. The present findings can be a guide to selecting targeted and optimal interventions in the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorde
Mojtaba Pooragha, Samereh Asadi Majareh,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2026)
Abstract
The present study aimed to predict rumination based on cognitive and cognitive-emotional processes, with particular emphasis on the roles of cognitive flexibility, emotional schemas, and emotional self-efficacy among female university students. This descriptive-correlational study employed a predictive research design. The statistical population consisted of all female students at the Rasht Branch of Islamic Azad University during the second semester of the 2024–2025 academic year, from whom 400 participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS), the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) developed by Dennis and Vander Wal, the Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Hosseinchari et al., and the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) developed by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings indicated a significant positive relationship between emotional schemas and rumination, whereas cognitive flexibility and emotional self-efficacy were significantly and negatively associated with rumination . Furthermore, the results of the stepwise regression analysis revealed that the components of control, guilt, perception of alternative options, simplification of emotions, blaming others, and lack of control jointly explained 61% of the variance in rumination. Among these variables, the control component, as a dimension of cognitive flexibility, emerged as the strongest predictor of rumination. Overall, the findings suggest that cognitive and cognitive-emotional processes play a fundamental role in explaining rumination, and that variables related to cognitive control, emotional processing, and emotional self-efficacy are among its most important predictors. Accordingly, enhancing cognitive flexibility, modifying maladaptive emotional schemas, and strengthening emotional self-efficacy may serve as key targets for cognitive and cognitive-behavioral interventions aimed at reducing rumination and promoting the mental health of university students.
Ms Afagh Jafari, Dr Ruhollah Haddadi, Saeedeh Zomorodi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2026)
Abstract
Social anxiety is one of the most prevalent psychological problems during young adulthood, particularly among university students, and may adversely affect academic performance, interpersonal relationships, and mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and social anxiety among female university students. This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 384 female students enrolled at the Tehran West Branch of Islamic Azad University during the spring semester of 2025, who were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Short Form of the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicated that metacognitive beliefs were positively and significantly associated with both alexithymia and social anxiety. Furthermore, alexithymia was positively associated with social anxiety. The indirect effect of metacognitive beliefs on social anxiety through alexithymia was also significant, indicating the partial mediating role of alexithymia in this relationship. Overall, the findings suggest that maladaptive metacognitive beliefs contribute to increased social anxiety both directly and indirectly through greater difficulties in identifying and describing emotions. These results highlight the importance of addressing metacognitive beliefs and emotional processing deficits in the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing social anxiety among female university students.
Miss Elham Asvadi, Dr Afsaneh Khajevand Khoshli, Dr Samaneh Farnia, Elnaz Poorahmadi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2026)
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Transdiagnostic Treatment on cognitive emotion regulation among adolescent boys with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest, control group, and three-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of 14- to 16-year-old adolescent boys diagnosed with OCD who were referred to psychological counseling centers and clinics (Rasta and Bavar) in Sari, Iran, during 2024–2025. From this population, 45 participants were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 participants each. Data were collected using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) developed by Garnefski et al. (2006) and the Yale–Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) developed by Goodman et al. (1989). The first experimental group received Young’s Schema Therapy protocol (2006), whereas the second experimental group underwent Barlow et al.’s Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment protocol (2011). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). The findings indicated a significant difference between the Schema Therapy and Transdiagnostic Treatment groups in cognitive emotion regulation scores (p < .05), with Schema Therapy producing greater improvements in cognitive emotion regulation. Furthermore, the absence of significant differences between the posttest and follow-up assessments demonstrated the stability and maintenance of the treatment effects over time. Overall, the findings suggest that although both therapeutic approaches are effective in improving the psychological functioning of adolescent boys with OCD, Schema Therapy yields substantially greater improvements in cognitive emotion regulation than Transdiagnostic Treatment.
Mrs Elahe Bigham Lalabadi,, Dr Niloofar Mikaeili, Dr Akbar Atadokht, Dr Sajad Basharpoor, Dr Parviz Molavi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2026)
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Future Event Specificity Training (FEST) in reducing hopelessness and suicidal ideation among adolescents with depressive disorder. This quasi‑experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group and a two‑month follow‑up. The statistical population consisted of middle and high school students in Kermanshah, Iran, during the 2023–2024 academic year who exhibited symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation. Following screening procedures and clinical interviews, 40 eligible participants were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The experimental group received six 90‑minute sessions of Future Event Specificity Training, while the control group received no intervention. Research instruments included the Hopelessness Scale for Children (HSC) and the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI). Data were analyzed using mixed‑design repeated‑measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that Future Event Specificity Training significantly reduced hopelessness and suicidal ideation in the experimental group compared with the control group, and these effects remained stable at the two‑month follow‑up. The findings suggest that this brief cognitive intervention may be useful in therapeutic and preventive programs within psychological and educational settings.
Mrs Zahra Gholizadegan, Dr Maryam Tehranizadeh, Dr Fatteme Raiisi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2026)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on time perspective, time metaphorical perception, and Internet addiction. The study used a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all students of Payam Noor University- Alborz Province (Karaj branch), in 2025. In this study, 50 students from Karaj branch, were selected through convenience sampling, and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (25 people) and control group (25 people). Research tools included Zimbardo and Boyd's Time Perspective Inventory, Raiisi and the Moghadasins' Time Metaphorical Perception Questionnaire, and Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire. The mindfulness training protocol was implemented on the experimental group in eight 90-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that mindfulness training had effects on the means of time perspective, time metaphorical perception, and Internet addiction in the experimental group during the time (P<0.01). It seems that the use of mindfulness-based educational interventions can be an effective solution for managing and viewing time and solving Internet addiction problems in university students.
