فصلنامه روانشناسی شناختی

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Abstract
The purposeof this study was to compare the effect of  Perceptual skills reconstruction program  and executive function training on perceptual reasoning, working memory and math performance of third grade students with special math disorder.  Methods  this empirical study includes pretest-posttest and control group.The statistical population of the study includes all students with special learning disorder in third grade mathematics in 2017 academic year. The sample consisted of 45 students who were selected by simple random sampling and placed in two intervention groups and one control group. To collect the data, the Key Math Test, the Raven Test, Wechsler–IV Perceptual Reasoning Scale, Math Disorders Diagnostic test, and Stanford-Bine's Working Memory Scale were used to be completed by intervention and control group participants before intervention and one to eight weeks after intervention. The experimental group A underwent 17 sessions of executive function training (45 minutes each) and the experimental group B underwent 16 sessions of rehabilitation training. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis with repeated measures. Findings showed that both interventions methods were effective on perceptual reasoning, non-verbal working memory and were not effective on verbal working memory. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of these two methods. based on the results, it seems that these two methods can be used as an effective approach for the treatment of students with  special learning  disorder.                                                                                                                                                       
 

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The researcher's test consists of nineteen factors and has two parts: audio and visual; its content validity was confirmed by psychology professors and then a sample of 206 pre-school students was performedAccording to the calculations, Pearson correlation coefficient between the two-part questionnaire was r = 0.81 in the auditory comprehension section and r = 0.79 in the visual comprehension section.. In order to determine the validity of the structure and the components of the questionnaire, the main components analysis method was used with varimax normalized rotation. The most important factor in the visual-spatial perception area is the symbolization, and in the auditory part it is memory. Independent t-test was used to assess discriminant validity. Results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of students with learning disabilities and normal in the learning disability test. In order to check the validity of this study, a checklist of learning disability that was completed at the same time by the mothers was used. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the two tests. According to the validity and reliability, the learning disability test is a tool that can be used by learning and counseling centers.
 

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Adhering to ethical principles in construction projects is one of the most fundamental elements for achieving project goals. This research aimed to assess civil engineers' moral development level using Kohlberg's moral dilemmas while simultaneously recording brain data. Thirty right-handed male engineers with at least three years of practical experience participated in the study. Their hemodynamic brain activity was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during three phases: reading the stories, answering questions, and prioritizing. The results were analyzed using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney statistical test, revealing a significant difference in the levels of HbO2 in the right DLPFC and the left VLPFC while reading the stories, between engineers with better and poorer moral judgment (p = 0.047 and p = 0.026, respectively). This activity in the mentioned regions was greater for engineers with better scores. Also, it was found that in the prioritization phase, the level of Hb in the right VLPFC was significantly higher in the group with low-ethics scores (p = 0.015). The findings indicate the key role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in processing conflicts and moral judgments, which aligns with previous research. Despite the numerous advantages of NIRS, this method has limitations in measuring the depth of brain activity. It is suggested that future research include female engineers, left-handed individuals, and additional brain regions. Therefore, this study represents a novel step in predicting the moral level of engineers using hemodynamic brain data, providing biological evidence consistent with the results of the moral dilemma questionnaires and enabling the prediction of the moral development level of civil engineers using artificial intelligence.