Journal of Engineering Geology

---

One of the most important issues in the design and implementation of engineering structures is to evaluate and investigate their durability against processes of consecutive wear, wet and dry. The durability of rock is resistance against chemical and physical weathering, the shape, size and status of the initial appearance in a long time and environmental conditions prevailing in the rock, hence it is important to evaluate the durability of rock. Since the device of standard durability (Franklin & Chandra, 1972) designed to evaluate and investigate durability of soft and argillites rocks. So, appears to be essential to design a durability device, which can evaluate hard rocks. For this purpose, Researchers of the Department of Geological Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, durability device as "large-scale durability device " was designed and built which the length and diameter of the device, is 6 and 4.3 times standard durability device, respectively, and needs 10 samples with weight of 400 to 600 g. In order to investigation the applicability of this device for hard rocks durability, we selected 17 building rocks samples of the igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic and pyroclastic rocks. Then their mineralogical, physical and mechanical properties were investigated. More, experiments of standard and large-scale durability up to 15 cycles were performed and data obtained were analyzed. The results show that, the large-scale durability device than standard durability, have more applicability for evaluating the durability of hard rocks.

---

Ground settlement due to tunneling and the effects of the engineering geological factors on its dimensions and extensions, is a very important problem in shallow tunnel excavation projects in urban areas. Empirical method is one of the usual methods to study this subject. The empirical and dimension-less parameters of VL and k are the most important parameters in relation to this method that are estimated according to engineering geological factors. In this research, the values of these parameters were initially estimated based on preceding studies and the ground settlement was predicted using these estimated values of VL and k. In next stage, the results of predictions were compared with the real (measured) settlements happened due to Abuzar tunnel excavation. As the real settlements are less than the predicted ones, it was concluded that the real VL must be lower than the predicted values or the real k must be higher than the predicted values. With regard to the high dependency of these parameters to the soil cohesion, it seems natural cementation of Tehran alluvia has acted as a factor to increase the soil cohesion and has caused to decrease ground settlement due to excavation of Abuzar tunnel. For validation of this hypothesis, preceding findings about alluvia cementation were reviewed and the results of in-situ and laboratory shear and triaxial tests were compared with together. Then it is concluded that the higher cohesions of in-situ shear tests are occurred due to natural cementation of materials existing in Abuzar tunnel route

---

Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the effect of calcic aggregates of engineering geological properties on the artificial stones properties, non-resin cemented and then, to make a comparison between the engineering properties of artificial and natural stones. To investigate the effect of calcic aggregates properties on artificial stones, seven samples of building stones including black limestone, three samples of marble (Chinese stone, marble and crystalline marble) and two samples of travertine and onix were used. Engineering geological properties of the samples were then determined. In the next stage, after designing mould for constructing artificial stones, aggregates with the same grading and mixture design were provided. Then two samples including coarse and fine grained artificial stones were made for all of the mentioned aggregates under the same vibration, pressure and vacuum conditions. Next physical, strength and durability tests were conducted, and the obtained results were compared. The results of engineering parameters showed that Hojjat Abad travertine artificial stones have similar engineering quality to own natural stone and Crystaline Marble and Turan Posht travertine artificial rocks have about 11 to 32% increase in quality but Chinese stone, Black limestone, onix and marble have a 6 to 33% lower quality than own natural stone. However, the samples made of other stones in view of the compared parameters related to artificial stones have lower quality than natural stones; however, they are placed in the acceptable range as building materials.
Introduction
Given the variation of construction materials, the importance of the economy in its supply and large use of natural stone mines and the production of seemingly unusable slags, it is necessary to reuse these slags. One of these reusing methods is to make artificial stones and its application as construction materials. Rock powder, aggregate, a small amount of cement or resin and other chemicals are used for producing artificial stone. In this study, carbonate minerals, rock powder and white cement in the first phase are mixed and wet. Then, in the next stage, to form the sample in a cubic mold, they have been compacted under three physical processes of vibration, vacuum and pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate how to make artificial stone, to evaluate the engineering properties of artificial rock and the effect of limestone engineering properties on artificial stone properties of non -resin cement and then comparing the properties of artificial rocks made with natural stones
Material and methods
In this study, in order to investigate the effect of calcic aggregates properties on artificial stone properties, seven samples of building carbonate rocks including crystalline marble, two samples of marble, black limestone, and two samples of travertine and onix were used.
Engineering geological properties of the used samples were then determined. In the next stage, after designing mold for constructing artificial stones, aggregates with the same grading and mixture design were provided. Then two samples including coarse and fine grained artificial stones were made for all of the mentioned aggregates under the same vibration, pressure and vacuum conditions. After construction, physical, strength and durability tests were conducted, and then the results were compared.
Results and discussion
Investigation of the effect of engineering geological properties of carbonate aggregate on artificial stone properties showed that the artificial stones made of travertine aggregates have higher quality than natural travertine in terms of physical, strength and durability properties. Due to the existence of pores on the surface of travertine aggregates, the used cement can result in reducing effective porosity and increasing strength and durability in the artificial stones.
In Table 1 a proposed research has been used for rating rock engineering parameters based on the degree of importance for building stones. Then, according to this table, the score of each natural stone and related artificial stones were determined. For building stones, the importance of durability and strength is more than the density.  Also, the density shows its effect on durability. At the same time, with increasing the percentage of water absorption, the durability of rock has decreased. Therefore, the rocks with less water absorption are more important.
Table 1. Scoring of building stones based on the engineering parameters

Parameters	Description	Excellent	Good	Marginal	Poor
	Total score	100	75	50	25
Water absorption (%)	Range	0-2	2-3	3-5	>5
	Score	25	20	15	10
Unit weight (kN/m3)	Range	>24	22-24	18-22	<18
	Score	15	10	5	3
Uniaxial compressive strength (MPa)	Range	>50	40-50	30-40	<30
	Score	20	15	10	4
Tensile strength (MPa)	Range	>20	15-20	10-15	<10
	Score	20	15	10	4
Durability (%)	Range	<1%	1%-2%	2%-3%	>3%
	Score	20	15	10	4

The total score of fine-grained artificial stones (65%) is almost similar, indicating that the type of carbonate grains does not affect the characteristics of fine-grained artificial stones, but the total score of coarse artificial grains are in the range of 58 to 74%. This range of score indicates that structural weakness, especially the cleavage surface, porosity, lamination, vein and acetylolite of aggregates have more influence on engineering properties in coarse-grained artificial rock.
Conclusion
Comparison between the engineering properties of artificial and natural stones were studied. The following conclusions were drawn:
- The artificial stones of Hojjatabad travertine have similar engineering quality with their natural stone.
- Both Crystaline marble and Turan Posht travertine artificial rocks have about 11 to 32% increase in quality but Chinese stone, black limestone, onix and marble have 6 to 33% decrease in quality compared to natural stone but in acceptable ranges when they are considered as construction materials.
- The samples made of other rock samples have lower quality than natural stones; however, they are placed in the acceptable range as building materials../files/site1/files/144/Mirjalili.pdf