Journal of Economic Modeling Research

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The investigation of determinants in Gross National Saving behavior especially effect of corruption, is one of the important issues in macroeconomics literature. For this purpose, we use the corruption perception index in dynamic panel data approach (Arellano and Bond Method). The Empirical results indicate that the corruption perception index (reduction of corruption) has positive and significant effect on the gross national saving. The main results of model estimation for two groups of oil and non-oil countries of MENA, shows that in oil countries the elasticity of gross national saving is more than of non-oil countries and reduction of corruption can be increase the national saving in oil countries. Moreover the results of model estimation shows that the inflation rate has negative effect and real per capita income and terms of trade variables have positive and significant effects on the gross national of saving in these countries.

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Financial institution as a non-bank financial institutions, institutions that are active in mediating funds in financial markets. Services are in many ways similar to the services provided by banks. Because the relationship between the development of non-bank financial institutions and Iranian gross domestic production (GDP) seem important. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of non-bank financial institutions in the areas of facilities of GDP contracts with other variables such as per capita GDP and employment effects on the labor force for the period 1999Q1-2013Q4. To estimate the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is used to model estimation results indicate a significant positive impact on the development of non-bank financial institutions and facilities with regard to Islamic contracts. The per capita income and employment variables have a significant positive impact on GDP respectively.

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In recent years, the sudden increase in environmental awareness has resulted in more attention to this sector. On this basis, the economic load distribution models, that previously observed merely the minimization of the cost of production and determination of optimal arrangement of producers based on minimization of the total cost, are now facing a fundamental change in execution and modeling. Based on this, the optimal arrangement of producers will now be determined based on two objectives of a minimum cost of production and a minimum environmental pollution. Obviously, with the situation in mind, the problem changes from a single- objective one to a multi-objective problem. The present study takes into account the question of optimal economic and environmental distribution, and its goal is to determine the optimal arrangement of producers in a situation where both the economic and environmental objectives are achieved. The model has been implemented by E-Constraint algorithm. The modeling in this study has been performed for the practical development in Esfahan Electricity Inc. market, in 2012. The results from this model show that the real performance of the market is different from the economic and environmental optimums. The results show the fact that because of the disregard for the environmental costs, the real deviation of performance from the optimum condition is practically much more serious and extensive in the environmental sector.

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In this study, the effect of fare changes on commuters' motivation to change their travel time in the Tehran subway during peak hours was evaluated. A sample of 432 Tehran metro passengers who commuted between 6:30 and 9 am was studied, and their preferences were examined. The main question in this article is whether fare changes could affect passenger behavior. We evaluated fare changes and influencing factors using discrete choice models, including Probit regression models. The results indicated that commuters who received an allowance from their workplace were more willing to change their departure time. People with flexible schedules were not attracted to fare changes, as they perceived little benefits from this adjustment. The findings of this study suggest that increasing fares during the morning peak is not an effective measure. They indicate that people are more motivated when being rewarded rather than punished. Moreover, some commuters might decide to use a different mode of transportation for commuting instead of taking an earlier subway trip, which would have a negative implication for morning transportation.