Manizheh Bratzadeh, Javad Harati, Mohammad Lashkari,
Volume 9, Issue 33 (10-2018)
Abstract
Money laundering is an illegal practice that legitimizes the income from illegal activities during a legitimate process.Trade-based money laundering (TBML) as one of the newest and most complicated types of money laundering has negative effects on economic, social and political aspect of a society.The most important objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of various factors on trade based money laundering in Iran using the Ferwerda Gravity model.For this purpose the effective factors on trade base money laundering between iran and some selected trade partners are investigated by the use of a random effect model during the period 1999-2012. The results indicate that a great significant part of the trade based money laundering flow between Iran and selected trade partners can be explained by the the Ferwerda Gravity model. Accordingly, gorss doimestic product(GDP), trade volume, geographical, cultural, population and attractiveness variables have a significant effect on the amount of trade based money laundering in Iran.This means that with the increase in trade flow, money laundering opportunities resulted from the trade channel, that is hidden in it, will also increase. These results can be used by policy makers for designing policies to combat money laundering particularly coming from trade channel.
Mr Reza Etesami, Mr Mostafa Lashkari, Dr Mohsen Madadi, Dr Reza Ashrafganjoei, Dr Mashallah Mashinchi,
Volume 14, Issue 54 (2-2024)
Abstract
Although many factors in economic growth and development are scientific, but the global impact and energy consumption have a prominent role in the economy according to the evidence. In the meantime, we should not ignore the consequences of environmental destruction. In the present study, the effect of uncertainty of globalization and energy consumption on CO2 gas emission has been investigated with the help of fuzzy regression model with symmetric and asymmetric coefficient for the time period of 1369-1400. According to the average scale of the phased vessel model, the three boundaries and the bottom are calculated for each of the investigated changes under different uncertainty conditions using the particle swarm algorithm. Examining the effect of the limits related to the uncertainty of globalization and energy consumption on the amount of CO2 gas emissions indicates that as the degree of membership approaches 0.1 to the degree of membership 0.9, first, the amount of CO2 gas emissions up to be Membership increased by 0.4 and then decreased in a downward trend of CO2 emissions. This impressive trend is also true for the middle and lower limits. From this, it can be stated that the effect of the uncertainty of energy consumption on the amount of CO2 emissions is similar to an inverted U. It is noteworthy that the trend of energy consumption compared to globalization increases the amount of CO2 emissions, so it can be said that the amount of CO2 emissions is not the result of the refugee hypothesis.
