Journal of Economic Modeling Research

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The present paper reviews the impact of the development situation of 3 groups of selected developing countries on environment over the period of 1990 – 2014 using by Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. For this, it uses economic, social, human and political development factors with the variables that are as follows: GDP, GDP2 and energy consumption as economic development indicators, Urbanization as social and life expectancy at birth and fertility rates as human development indicators and good governance used as political indicator. The results show an inverted U-shaped relationship real GDP per capita and CO2 emission in oil-exporting and whole sample and a U-shaped in non-oil – exporting countries. In addition, the estimated results show a meaningful relationship between the CO2 emission and real GDP, energy use fertility rate, expectancy at birth and urbanization (development situation) in all three groups of the country.

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Purpose: The insurance penetration rate is one of the most important indicators used to evaluate the insurance industry of a country. This ratio is also a measure to compare the performance of the insurance industry between developed and developing countries. The aim of this research is to compare the insurance penetration rate and the factors affecting it in high and low income countries.

Methodology: The current research examines the effect of variables such as inflation rate, education, labor productivity, dependency ratio and income on the insurance penetration rate in the period 2011-2021 and using PMG and ARDL methods to derive short-term and long-term equations in 18 countries with income High and low income and the country of Iran pays.

Findings: The results obtained from the estimation of long-term PMG models in high-income countries indicate a positive effect of dependency ratio, income level and fertility level on the insurance penetration rate, as well as a negative effect of inflation rate and labor productivity on the dependent variable, also in selected countries with high income. All the variables, except for education and dependency ratio, which had a positive and significant effect on the insurance penetration rate, are statistically meaningless.   On the other hand, the findings from the estimation of the long-term ARDL model in Kesho Iran show the negative impact of the inflation rate on the insurance penetration rate and the positive impact of the education level, income level and dependency ratio on the insurance penetration rate.

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Objective: This research analyzes the spillover of fluctuations on the performance indicators of the metal industries, with an emphasis on the Covid-19 crisis in the period 1390 to 1402 (2011 to 2023).
Materials and Methods For this purpose, the quantile autoregressive panel model has been used, which allows the analysis of nonlinear relationships and quantile-based dependencies between companies. This model examines volatility spillovers in different market conditions (including crisis periods) by focusing on different quantiles (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75).
Results Analyses show that economic fluctuations have particularly affected the financial performance of metal companies, reducing their profitability and liquidity. Also, companies that have been able to respond quickly to market changes and maintain their reputation have performed better.
Conclusion: This research emphasizes the importance of risk management and optimizing financial resources in the face of crises and can be considered as a resource for analysts and managers of the metal industries to improve resilience and performance in crisis situations.
Originality: During the COVID-19 health crisis, the metal industry faced serious challenges due to severe economic fluctuations and disruptions in the supply chain. This study shows that the volatility caused by the Covid-19 crisis has had significant impacts on return on assets, financial constraints, and sales rates in these industries.