Hossein Raghfar, Mir Hossen Mousavi, Batool Azari, Mitra Babapour,
Volume 5, Issue 15 (3-2014)
Abstract
One of the issues discussed in economy is the socioeconomic inequality in the society. Income mobility is another measure which indicates the degree of inequality of opportunity in a society. The extent of income mobility depends on socio-economic status of the individuals. Different socio-economic status leads to further inequality and increases inequality of opportunity. Such inequalities lead to the formation of Poverty which can be reproduced and transmitted from one cohort to the other, if not utilize the appropriate method. income mobility is measured as either conditional or absolute one. In Conditional mobility fixed effects are considered, however in absolute mobility it is not so. Fixed effect parameter that indicates the heterogeneity between individuals. According to the importance of the issue of poverty and the relation it has with inequality, this paper studies the conditional mobility in the economy of Iran. In this study Household Survey Data collected by Iran Statistical Center from 1988 till 2011 is used. The method of nonlinear dynamic pseudo-panel has been used in order to measure income inequality dynamics. Nonlinear dynamics of income inequality for urban areas in Iran are estimated. This method enables us to track the performance of each cohort over time. The main results of this study indicate that the conditional income mobility is low and dine quality in the country has increased over time. Facing negative shocks, households cannot quickly improve their situation and return to the initial income, and at the same time, the market operation in itself cannot fix the problem. This means that the market provides more favorable conditions for people who have higher power and wealth. This leads the inequality to spread to the higher level.
Abolfazl Shahabadi, Hossein Raghfar, Neda Solgi, Ali Moradi,
Volume 10, Issue 38 (12-2019)
Abstract
Insurance as a central risk-taking institution as well as one of the investment institutions increases economic participation, investment development and stimulating economic growth. Therefore, identification of the effective factors on the insurance penetration in developing countries seems necessary. In this regard, the present study attempted to investigate the impact of national competitiveness on insurance penetration coefficient in 20 developing countries during the period 2007-2017. The research model was estimated using panel data and generalized moment’s method in two case. In the first case, the sub-indicators of national competitiveness including basic requirements, efficiency enhancer’s factors and innovation and sophistication factors were used as key variables in the research, and in the second case, the overall competitiveness index is used as a key variable in the research model. The results showed that the effect of overall competitiveness index and its sub-indicators on insurance penetration was positive and significant. Also, the effect of control variables, including per capita income and urbanization rate on insurance penetration is positive and significant, and the effect of dependency ratio on insurance penetration is negative and significant.
Mrs Narges Ghasemian, Proffesor Hossein Raghfar, Engineer Faramarz Ekhteraei,
Volume 12, Issue 43 (3-2021)
Abstract
Drugs as a strategic and subsidized commodity and an urgent need for patients have been constantly of particular importance, specially, in the health-care system of a society. On the other hand, one of the parameters concerning the assessment of the family welfare is the amount spent for satisfaction of divergent needs. The more a family spends on essential necessities such as food, housing, clothing and higher education, the less is expected to be devoted to health care. Concerning drugs, the demand for different drugs may vary depending on the patients' attitudes, the type of illnesses and their income elasticity. The objective of the present research is to investigate the demand for orphan drugs for refractory diseases regarding various income groups in Iran applying Agent-based Models (ABMs). In this research, the behavior dynamics of the orphan drugs applicants and the diversity of their demands in miscellaneous price scenarios resulting from inflation and fluctuations in the exchange rate have been scrutinized in accordance with ABM. To this end, one thousand family applicants for orphan drugs, extracted from Iran's statistics center, were categorized in five different income ventiles. Their reactions towards the increase of the price of the aforementioned drugs are predicted based on Net Logo simulation software. The results indicate that the average of price elasticity of demand for generic and branded drugs has been -0.39 and -0.05 percent, respectively; similarly, the demand for these two drug groups has been decreased by the same amount. In the lowest income ventile as the price of generic and branded orphan drugs deceases, for the lowest income ventile families, the allocated expenses for these drugs has been decreased by 3.3 percent and 31.85 percent, respectively. The main reason for the aforementioned problem is assigned to the low budget of the patients' family and its allocation to essential necessities of life such as food and housing. The severity of the cost reduction in branded drugs is due to the fact that it can be replaced by generic drugs.
