Dr Ghahraman Abdoli, Dr Vahid Majed,
Volume 3, Issue 7 (3-2012)
Abstract
In the past decades, a range of discussions has been formed on coalition theory in economics and international sciences. The focus of this discussion is that in the absence of a superior power, and while some players want to expand their authorities, is it possible to cooperate or not. These theories agree on the principle that if such condition be a sequential game, cooperation will be permanent only if the players are patient enough. In the real world, there are many partnerships between groups that don’t have a same patience, i.e. the discount factor isn’t equal for each of the members. OPEC is an example of those groups which composed of members with different discount factor.
This paper investigates the future of OPEC members and their different discount factors. So, cooperative theory is used to analyze the behavior of OPEC members using panel data techniques. Results show that a fixed effects model is appropriate to explain OPEC member’s behavior. According to the model, the amount of marketed crude oil by members has positive relationship with stocks and sales in the previous period and also there is a negative relationship between the amount of marketed oil and square of proven reserves per capita. The results show that bargaining and negotiation between some members to achieve agreement rapidly and also relents or blackmails guarantees OPEC Survival.
Dr. Javad Abedini, Iman Mesgari,
Volume 3, Issue 7 (3-2012)
Abstract
This paper examines the success of bilateral export potentials between Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) member countries in non-oil industries. Based on the Anderson and Van Win-coop gravity model, an empirical trade equation is derived and estimated using the bilateral trade information of all 10 ECO countries as well as those of their 40 main common trade partners in non-oil industries over 1992-2009. We employed a GMM instrumental variable model (ABB estimator) for the dynamic specification and a FEM estimator for the static version of the model. The results show that the formation of ECO has no significant impact in increasing trade among member countries. The results also show that ECO trade potentials in non-oil industries are not far beyond the actual level. Furthermore, export potentials are asymmetrically distributed among members. Turkey, Iran and Pakistan are the only countries representing positive export potentials towards the group. In particular, Turkish export potentials to Iran are 3.5 times larger than those of Iran to Turkey. That is, free trade among ECO nations may result in regional trade deficit for some members.
Hamid Ghasemian, Abdolhamid Moarefi Mohammadi, Mohammadreza Heidari Khorasgani, Alimorad Sharifi,
Volume 16, Issue 59 (5-2025)
Abstract
Introduction
The growing energy imbalances in the country, which are caused by the higher growth rate of demand and consumption than supply and production, have made the need for planning to solve energy problems more evident than ever before. Undoubtedly, the continuation of the increasing trend of energy imbalances in the country's key carriers will cause economic, social and security effects and consequences. On the other hand, according to economic theories, trade liberalization increases efficiency, economies of scale, improves competition, improves the productivity of production factors and increases trade flows, and ultimately leads to economic growth. On the other hand, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has great capacities in the energy sector (with about a quarter of the world's population, it controls 23% of oil, 55% of natural gas and 35% of the world's coal). Undoubtedly, the accession of observer countries, especially Iran, will increase the potential and capacities of this organization. Therefore, in this study, the impact of trade tariff reduction between Iran and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the balance of various energy types in Iran was scenario-based.
Method
No study has analyzed the impact of trade liberalization policy between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member countries on the energy balance in Iran, and this study addresses this issue by using the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Also, among the computable general equilibrium models, the multi-regional general equilibrium model is specifically designed for analyzing world trade and can conduct research and studies on the international flow of goods and services and factors of production in a dynamic and static manner. Using a multi-regional general equilibrium model instead of a single-regional general equilibrium model has several advantages. One of the strengths of these models is their ability to help understand the relationship between sectors, countries, and factors of production on a global scale. Among the multi-regional general equilibrium models, the Energy-Based World Trade Analysis Project model provides diverse possibilities for world trade and energy-related research.
This study examines the impact of reducing trade tariffs between Iran and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization under scenarios of -25%, -50% and -100% on the balance of various energy sources in Iran, including crude oil and petroleum products, natural gas, coal and electricity. For this purpose, the necessary data were extracted from the Global Trade Analysis Project for Energy-Based (GTAP-E) version 10 database, which includes the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of 141 countries or regions and 65 sectors. Finally, the data were analyzed using MATLAB software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that reducing trade tariffs between Iran and other member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, on the one hand, due to the ease of exporting energy carriers (especially crude oil and petroleum products) and on the other hand, due to the increased use of fossil energy exploration, production, and distribution technologies (especially crude oil and petroleum products, natural gas, and coal), leads to a decrease in fossil energy consumption and an increase in the net balance of fossil energy in Iran. In addition, the reduction of trade tariffs between Iran and other member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, due to the possibility of increasing imports of goods and equipment that consume less energy needed in various domestic, industrial (light and heavy industries), transportation and agricultural sectors (tractors, combines, etc.), as well as increasing cooperation in the development of renewable energy technologies, will lead to an increase in the consumption of renewable energies and a decrease in the consumption of the energy carriers under consideration (especially electricity), and ultimately an increase in their net energy balance in Iran.
