Showing 9 results for Institution
Dr Behzad Salmani, Dr Davood Behbudi , Siab Mamipour ,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (6-2011)
Abstract
The optimal usage of oil as a natural resource is an important problem in exporting countries. These countries always are encountered with uncertainty and volatility of oil prices and its effects on real exchange rate. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship of between oil prices and exchange rate by emphasizing institutional quality in during 1995-2006. The model of this paper is estimated by panel data approach. Findings show that the oil prices have a positive effect on real exchange rate and it reduces international competition power. But institutional quality affects the extent to which the real exchange rates of oil-exporting countries co-move with the oil price. The results show that countries with high institutional quality such as control of corruption and regularity quality have real exchange rates which co-move less with the oil price.
Dr Ebrahim Rezaei,
Volume 2, Issue 6 (12-2011)
Abstract
The number of factors affecting total factor productivity has been increasing far from those which considered in growth models. So, institutional factors have been attracting strong attention of researchers. This paper aims at investigating the effects of these institutional factors together with traditional factors on TFP growth during 1971-2007.
For this purpose, we present a State-Space model. Using this approach, TFP has been regarded as a latent variable and in the state equation, we introduced some exogenous variables. Some endogenous variables which were mainly measures of institutional factors have been specified as proxies. Our result show that the introduced measures of institutions such as governance(political stability and accountability) institutions and degree of government intervention together with an older and known institutional factors, such as macroeconomic instability, have significant effects on TFP growth. In addition, the residuals from state-space model (either deterministic or stochastic) were different from the residuals of other models.
Saeed Farahani Fard, Majid Feshari, Yavar Khanzadeh,
Volume 6, Issue 20 (7-2015)
Abstract
Financial institution as a non-bank financial institutions, institutions that are active in mediating funds in financial markets. Services are in many ways similar to the services provided by banks. Because the relationship between the development of non-bank financial institutions and Iranian gross domestic production (GDP) seem important. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of non-bank financial institutions in the areas of facilities of GDP contracts with other variables such as per capita GDP and employment effects on the labor force for the period 1999Q1-2013Q4. To estimate the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is used to model estimation results indicate a significant positive impact on the development of non-bank financial institutions and facilities with regard to Islamic contracts. The per capita income and employment variables have a significant positive impact on GDP respectively.
Hosein Mohammadi, Morteza Mohammadi, Mohammad Tirgari-Seraji,
Volume 8, Issue 30 (12-2017)
Abstract
Proposed by the World Bank, in which the emphasis is on the participation of all sectors in order to achieve comprehensive development in economic, political, social and cultural fields. In this research, by using data of governance quality in 97 countries in 2000-2012, using panel data method, the effect of governance quality index and its sub-indices on the growth rate of per capita GDP is studied. To achieve the comparable results, countries have divided into five groups with low income (first group), with lower than average income (second group), with higher than average income (third group), high income and non-OECD (Group 4) and high-income and OECD (Group 5) countries. Then the effects of some explanatory variables such as governance indicator and its sub-indices on the per capita GDP is estimated for each group of countries separately. The results of the research indicate that in the studied period and for the countries under study, the governance indicator and its sub-indices do not have the same effects on GDP per capita in different groups of countries. Voice and accountability index has a positive significant effect on per capita GDP growth only in three groups of countries (third, fourth and fifth groups). Political stability index only has a positive significant effect on per capita GDP growth in the third group. The government efficiency indicator only has a positive significant effect on per capita GDP growth in the third, fourth and fifth groups. In the first group, only the regulatory quality index has a positive significant effect on per capita GDP growth. This difference in the way indicators are used implies a difference in regulatory policies in order to influence the per capita GDP growth in different groups of countries.
Yunes Salmani, Kazem Yavari, Hossein Asgharpour, Bahram Sahabi,
Volume 9, Issue 32 (7-2018)
Abstract
One of the major problems in Iranian economy is continuous deficit in the budget operating balance due to the non-optimal government size. The government often financed a part of this deficit by debt cearation. Government debts depends on its size and decomposition have variety macroeconomic effects. So, this study investigated the macroeconomic effects of government debt in iran during 1352-1393 by a SVAR model. the result showed that government debt to Nondepository Institutions leads to aggregate demand surplus, increasing of relative price of nontradable goods to tradable goods and decreasing of gdp. The debt to central bank increase price level and decrease gdp. Finally, government debt to other Depository Institutions leads to aggregate demand surplus, increasing of real exchange rate, decreasing of relative price of nontradable goods to tradable goods, decreasing of general price level and increasing of gdp. Also, according to the results of variance decomposition, the government can control a significant part of short run and long run macroeconomic fluctuations by managing its debts.
Ali Falahati, Soheyla Nazari, Maryam Poshtehkeshi,
Volume 11, Issue 39 (3-2020)
Abstract
Natural resource rent affects countries’ economies through various channels. Revenues from the natural resources sales are expected to boost countries' economic growth, but the economic experience of recent decades reveals the numerous economic problems in these countries, the most important of which may be the increase in the shadow economy size. Moreover, the institutions specify the significant economic axes like resources and assets distribution in the community, so that the level of institutional quality brings about the optimal resource directing and their allocation through economic stability and affects the shadow economy volume by increasing economic stability and reducing uncertainty. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of natural resource rent and institutional quality on the shadow economy in 87 countries with high and low inflation rates from 2000 to 2018. The analysis method was system generalized-method of moments (System GMM). Smart PLS software was used to estimate the shadow economy. The results indicated that in both low-inflation and high-inflation countries, the increase in institutional quality has reduced the size of the shadow economy, and the rent of natural resources has had a positive relationship with the volume of the shadow economy
Abolfazl Shahabadi, Marzieh Jafari Ghazvinian, Samineh Ghasemifar,
Volume 12, Issue 46 (12-2021)
Abstract
Development of the entrepreneurship space by helping to nurture entrepreneurs and increase the attitudes, abilities and aspirstions for entrepreneurship has a positive effect on the economic and social growth of societies. Because entrepreneurship is a source of innovation, employment, and economic growth and development. Therefore, determine the factors affecting of the entrepreneurship space is important in the economics and management disciplines. In this regard, the present study attempted to investigate the interactive impact of risk institution including political, economic and financial risks and abundance of natural resources on entrepreneurship space in resource-rich selected countries during the period 2014-2018. In order to achieve this goal, the research model was estimated using panel data approach and generalized moment method in two groups of countries. The results showed that the individual impact of political, economic and financial risks and the abundance of natural resources on the entrepreneurship space in the selected countries were negative and significant. Also, the interactive impact of political, economic and financial risks with the abundance of natural resources on the entrepreneurship space in the selected countries is negative and significant. However, the estimated coefficient of their interactive impact is larger than the estimated coefficient of their individual impact. Also, the impact of control variables gender gap and unemployment rate on the entrepreneurship space is negative and significant, and the impact of intellectual property rights on the entrepreneurship space is positive and significant.
Zahra Zarouni, Samad Hekmati Farid, Seyed Jamaluddin Mohseni Zanouzi, Ali Fiqh Majidi,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (5-2022)
Abstract
Why are some countries rich and others poor? And do poor countries converge toward rich countries in terms of economic performance? There are questions that have occupied the minds of economists for a long time, and the answers to these questions are the basis of the formation of economic growth patterns. During the development of developing countries, it is discussed whether institutional and structural homogeneity is a prerequisite for income convergence and performance of developing countries. Our research deals with institutional analysis in developing countries. Therefore, in this research, the formation of institutional and income convergence clusters in developing countries during the period of 2002-2020 has been investigated using the log t test of Phillips and Soule (2007, 2009). The results show that the convergence of institutional indicators among developing countries is rejected. However, the results of the cluster method provide strong evidence of the existence of converging clusters among developing countries. Also, in this study, the clustering of the per capita income of the studied countries has been done, which shows similar results to institutional clustering. which indicates that institutional clusters may be effective in forming income clusters.
, Ali Fegheh Majidid, Ali Fegheh Majidid,
Volume 15, Issue 57 (11-2024)
Abstract
Introduction
Poverty has become one of the major global challenges faced by most Asian countries. Although they have been able to achieve technology and increase productivity in the fields of production in recent decades, a high percentage of their society still lives in poverty. The current concern about the increase in chronic poverty in many countries of the developing world requires a deeper understanding not only of the number of poor people, but also of the nature of poverty. This issue has a widespread and devastating impact on the lives of millions of people around the world and is important because its effects go beyond the economic sphere and extend to the social, political and cultural spheres. Poverty reduction is one of the fundamental economic and social challenges in global societies. Therefore, it is very important to examine the factors affecting poverty reduction One of the ways to reduce poverty is the existence of institutional foundations and institutions. Since the second half of the twentieth century, numerous studies have been conducted on the role of institutional and political approaches in poverty reduction. According to these studies, the existence of strong institutions and institutions attracts investment, improves technology and employment, and consequently increases production and economic growth. Therefore, the existence of institutions is the main factor in the growth and development of countries. The existence of institutions and institutions can explain the differences in welfare, growth and development and economic well-being between countries. By creating a stable structure in the economy and society, institutions reduce risk and uncertainty, and thus reduce transaction costs. In short, understanding the interaction between institutional factors, spatial dynamics and poverty reduction is essential for designing effective policies and interventions. The aim of this study is to answer the question of how institutional factors and economic growth can reduce poverty in selected Asian countries?
Method
In this research, the research method is of the spatial analytical and econometric type. The data of this study were collected from the World Bank and the Macro Trends website. In estimating the spatial panel data model, it is necessary to mention a few points. First, the spatial effects in the calculations are factors that are related to the location of the variables. The first factor is the spatial dependence or autocorrelation between the observations of the sample data at different points and the second factor is the spatial structure or heterogeneity created by the model relations for moving on the plane. The coordinates change with the sample data. To detect the spatiality of the data, it is necessary to perform spatial detection tests. In this research, a weight matrix was formed for countries that have geographical connections. The weight matrix is of the adjacency type. The adjacency or neighborhood matrix was formed for the 15 countries studied. In this way, the value of one is considered for neighboring or neighboring countries and the value of zero for non-adjacent countries. Therefore, the adjacency matrix is a symmetric 15x15 matrix with a main diameter of zero and elements outside the main diameter of zero and one. Stata software is used to estimate the model. In panel data with spatial characteristics, fixed and random effects can be considered for the model and the best model was selected from SAR, SDM, SAC, SEM and GSPRE models using the spatial Hausman test, of which the spatial autocorrelation (SAC) model was selected.
Conclusion
Based on the spatial effect of the disturbance components or dependent variables, the results of the spatial autocorrelation model (SAC) show that economic growth and the quality of institutional factors have a positive effect on poverty reduction. Also, increasing domestic investment also helps to reduce poverty. The spatial effects of poverty show that increasing poverty in a country can also cause poverty in neighboring countries. In general, economic growth can increase welfare and create new opportunities. Policies that support economic growth, such as financial development and economic stability, provide a favorable environment for poor households to increase their production and income. The research results show that institutional development and better quality of institutions (such as corruption control, government stability and democracy) have a positive effect on poverty reduction. Better institutional quality improves resource distribution and poverty reduction in the long run. Strong and reliable institutions can increase investment attraction and facilitate international trade. It also confirms the positive effect of domestic investment on poverty reduction. Increased investment increases production, income and welfare and reduces unemployment. Spillover effects of domestic investment can facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology.
