Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences

Modeling the factors affecting urban resilience against earthquake risk (Case study: Parsabad Moghan)

Ayat Jahanbani

Resiliency is one of the approaches to reducing the vulnerability of communities and strengthening peoplechr('39')s ability to deal with the dangers of natural disasters, especially earthquakes, and has economic, social, institutional, physical, and environmental dimensions. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and research method. The researcher-made questionnaire with 102 items was a tool for collecting research data. The sample size was 386 simple based on Cochranchr('39')s formulas and the sampling method was random. Exploratory factor analysis and path analysis were used in the SPSS25 software platform for data analysis and factor modeling. The results indicate that Parsabad city has the lowest scores in terms of social and physical resilience and is in a moderate to good condition; environmental resilience is in a moderate condition, institutional and economic resilience are in a bad situation. Also question factorization, 13 factors for social dimensions, (behavior during the crisis, crisis awareness, crisis preparedness, knowledge, cooperation, trust, assistance, reliance, interaction, accuracy, attitude, first aid, and necessary measures); 3 factors (Damages, Compensation and ability to return) for economic dimensions; 5 factors (performance of public institutions, the performance of semi-public institutions, institutional communication, institutional measures, and institutional context) for institutional resilience; 4 factors (open space, building resistance, public access and Relief access) for physical resilience and 3 factors (environmental, nutritional and soil factors) for environmental resilience. Finally, the modeling of resilience indicators for Parsabad city was presented.

Evaluating the efficiency of physical organization plans in the old part of Urmia

Mir Saeed Moosavi

Today, the old fabric of cities has been severely dominated by unwanted developments due to increased construction and dependence on vehicles. This issue has caused many problems in urban issues. Therefore, physical reorganization plans are on the agenda as a solution to reduce these problems. Imam Street, which is located in the old part of Urmia, is one of the main and important streets of the city. One of the proposed projects in the strategic plan of the worn-out structures of Urmia city was the project of organizing and urban design of Imam Street, most of which has been implemented. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of physical organization projects in the old part of Urmia. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the obtained data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test in SPSS program and also structural equation modeling using AMOS software were used. The average obtained from the T-test in measuring the satisfaction of businessmen and residents located in the old part of Urmia, which was more than 3, indicates that people living in this area and market acquisition are satisfied with the results of physical organization projects.

Defining the Conceptual Framework of central part of Urban regeneration based on Environmental Quality

mahsa faramarzi asl

Abstract
Urban Regeneration is the one of Restoration function that imports to four dimensions of Form, Economy, Society and Ecosystem. Environment Quality is the one of objects of Urban regeneration. On the other hands lack of peoplechr('39')s interest to live and spending leisure time, the quality of city center decreases and it is more important to increase quality of city center. Environment quality is general subject and, in this study, we use creative model place for describing quality factors of environment. Golkar`s model “sustainable place” which comes from Canter`s Model “Place” is the one of most complete models for assessing the qualities of environment; It imports to four dimensions of form, activities, imaginations and ecosystem after that eventually we can obtain the Conceptual Framework of central part of Urban regeneration based on Environmental Quality. By means of content technique, various ideas and views about environment qualities from global theorists, Experiences of regenerating city center and national restoration document were collected then calculate average of them for selecting most important of them. Finally define Measures for all these important qualities to draw Conceptual Framework. The result show that legibility and Visual character are the most import qualities of empirical-aesthetic factor, Permeability and Socio petal space and Quality of public area and Vitality are the most import qualities of functional factor and Compatibility with nature is the most important quality of ecological factor. These 7 qualities which are among the most important qualities must be considered in regeneration of city centers.

Evaluation and detection of water footprints in the green space of Tehran metropolis Case study: Laleh Park

joan amini

Green spaces have a key role in moderating urban micro-climatic conditions, beautifying urban landscapes, citizens' leisure time, and also reducing noise and air pollution and absorption of Aerosols. In addition to the significant advantages of green space, water consumption and irrigation needs is one of the main limitations of green space development in Tehran that nowadays faced to critical water shortage. Calculating water footprint in green spaces, as the total amount of fresh water required to maintain green space throughout the year, is one of the indicators by which the compatibility of tree and plant species with climatic conditions can be assessed. The main object of this study is to estimate the water footprint of Laleh Park in Tehran province of Iran. The Green space soil water balance (SWB) model was used to calculate water footprint in this park. The required data that including: average daily temperature, total precipitation and moisture depth of zero to 30 cm of soil, were obtained from the Geophysical meteorological station of Tehran for 2018. Data related to soil water drainage were also estimated based on standard laboratory samples of green space soils. The results indicated that in the warm months (June to September) of the year, the total water footprint of Laleh Park in Tehran was 4 to 5 thousand cubic meters per month (m3/m), while the winter months (December to March) total estimated water footprint were less than 1400 cubic meters per month. The generalization of 30 Centimeters depth soil moisture data of the geophysical meteorological station to Laleh Park, released that, in the warm month of the year, Green Water (groundwater or surface water) had the largest portion (more than 90%) in the water footprint of Laleh Park, While in the winter months (December and to march), the green water (water from snow and rain) is main participant in providing soil moisture, more than 90% of the total water footprint of Laleh Park has related to this source.

Study of urban livability with emphasis on security index (Case study: Bojnourd city)

Ezatollah Mafi

Nowadays, addressing approaches such as livability for today's cities as concepts that play an important role in reducing social, economic and environmental problems of cities is an inevitable necessity. In fact, livability is a concept with all angles and mental and objective dimensions Is concerned with human beings and seeks to create a healthier and more livable urban environment for current citizens of future generations; Therefore, livability is a new concept and approach in the paradigm of sustainable urban development, which some consider one of the greatest ideas of urban planning in modern times. In livable city, the goal is not only to meet the physical needs of urban society, but also to create a sense of citizen satisfaction According to this, the main purpose of this research is an analysis of urban livability in Bojnourd with emphasis on security index.

The purpose of the present study is applied and in terms of method: descriptive-analytical. Using GIS software, maps related to the status of each of the objective sub-indicators based on Bojnourd city police stations have been drawn. For mental indicators that have 8 items, a questionnaire The sample size in the whole city of Bojnourd is 383 people. The results of this study show that police station area 13 of Bojnourd (in region one) is the best area in terms of security index. The worst area in terms of security is related to police station area 12 (area two) in terms of index. It is security.

Assessing the rate of land subsidence and the role of groundwater level and land use in its occurrence (Case study: Ardabil plain)

Fariba Esfandyari

One of the dangers that has occurred in many areas in recent years is the dangers of subsidence. Iran's geographical location has put many of its regions at risk. High precision radar interferometry technique is one of the most suitable methods for detecting and measuring subsidence. In this study, in order to identify and measure subsidence in Ardabil plain, the Sentinel 1 radar image interference technique of 2015 and 2020 has been used. In order to verify, the data of piezometric wells and land use maps in the area were used. According to the results, the maximum subsidence rate in 5 years in the region is estimated at 17 cm. The results also showed that the highest subsidence rates in the period 2015 to 2020 are in the next categories of rangeland uses with a value of 17 cm, soil value of 14 cm and rainfed agricultural and residential areas with a value of 13 and 12 cm. respectively, 12 cm subsidence for residential use can be due to demolition and construction of large buildings. Also, the relationship between subsidence and changes in groundwater level showed that in a period of 5 years, the groundwater level has decreased by 4 meters. This drop in groundwater level has led to land subsidence in the study area.

Ranking the criteria affecting the physical resilience of the studied cities: Shirvan

mohammad Mohammad

From the time of human life until now, disasters have had a negative impact on human life; In response, individuals and communities are trying to mitigate the consequences of these disasters and establish scales to assess the initial effects; Also respond to the post-disaster needs and return to baseline. To address these challenges and, as a result, improve the quality of life in cities and metropolises, the need for long-term planning and decision-making in solving these problems is more necessary than ever. Therefore, dealing with new urban theories, each with the aim of solving urban problems, improving the quality and quantity of life of citizens in cities, improving the quality of the city environment, city management, advancing the city to become more desirable, and so on. , Is more important than ever. In recent decades, to solve these challenges and reduce its effects on metropolises and large cities, various solutions and perspectives have been proposed, one of which is to pay attention to the concept of resilient city. The present study is descriptive. - It is analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts and professors familiar with the topics of the city. 35 university professors and experts in the field of research determined the sample size intended to complete the questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the criterion of physical characteristics of tissue with the highest D-R value (0.672) is at the top of the chart and shows that this criterion is the most effective criterion. Also, based on the calculated D + R value, the building quality criterion is the most important criterion. Also, the urban infrastructure criterion was considered as the most influential criterion due to the fact that it has the lowest D-R value.

Measuring effective indicators in improving neighborhood-based participation (case study of Zahedan city)

Gholamreza Miri

Utilizing neighborhood capacities and redefining the role of citizens at the urban neighborhood level has led to a new approach called neighborhood-based participation; Because many urban challenges are rooted in the lack of citizen participation. The city of Zahedan is no exception. In order to achieve neighborhood-based participation, it is very important to pay attention to and strengthen some indicators. The purpose of this study is to measure the effective indicators in improving neighborhood-based participation to improve urban services in the city of Zahedan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection in the field through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of 587730 citizens living in Zahedan. The sample size was calculated using the Cochranchr('39')s formula of 322 people. Examination of 5 variables of reliability, accountability and responsibility, reliability, empathy and attention and tangible and tangible factors show that all 5 variables were significant at the level of less than 0.05. Examining the difference between the mean and t-test statistics confirmed that citizens do not trust the performance of the municipality and managers. Also, one-sample t-test shows that the indicators of transparency, empowerment, economic base, value bases and sense of place are equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05 are significant. This article points to the impact of these indicators on improving neighborhood-based participation. Based on the results of the structural equation model, the greatest effect is related to the transparency index with 0.19, then the sense of spatial belonging with 0.15. Also, one-sample t-test shows that voluntary contributions (mean difference of 0.510), financial (mean difference of 0.611) and intellectual (mean difference of 0.486) with a significance level of less than 0.05 can have a great impact on Improve neighborhood-based participation and improve the quality of municipal services.

Temporal-spatial analysis of hail for optimal location Anti-hail system in Ravansar city

hamzeh alizadeh

Kermanshah province, especially Ravansar city is one of the important regions of the country in the agricultural and horticultural sector, most of the time the hail phenomenon causes significant damage to these sectors. One way to reduce this damage is to install an anti-hail system. To achieve this goal, 37 station hail data were clustered and three main clusters were obtained representing hail days; Each of the clusters has been plotted and analyzed in terms of geopotential height of 500 hPa, moisture level of 700, and map of 1000 to 500 hPa of temperature and omega. The results of the study of hail patterns show; A low-altitude system is essential in the Middle East; To direct hot and humid air from the southern offerings to the region; At the same time, it is necessary to have high instability and weak static stability in the atmosphere on the surface of the earth, as well as the presence of sufficient moisture that can provide showers. Hierarchical analysis (AHP) method was used for location in GIS environment and parameters such as (slope, slope direction, temperature, humidity ...) were evaluated. These criteria were classified as operating maps, each separately and were scored according to the degree of priority in establishing the device. The final map shows the location of the system: Parts of the northwest of the region (Mansour Aghaei and Ghori Qaleh) and northeast of the central part of Ravansar and parts of the southwest of the area due to the appropriate geographical conditions and appropriate to them, sufficient temperature and humidity and the direction of the southwest slope, and having Favorable conditions for severe instability followed by hail; Anti-hail system is very important for construction in these areas. In general, about 32.6 square kilometers have relatively favorable conditions and about 3 square kilometers have very favorable conditions for the construction of the system.

Analysis of affecting factors on Durability of low-income housing by Structural Equation Modeling(Case study: Sirjan housing Mehr)

Azam Abbaspour

In todaychr('39')s world, housing and shelter have overshadowed many aspects of human life. Providing adequate housing, especially for low-income urban groups, is one of the most important issues and challenges facing all countries. The desirability of the environment of residential complexes built for low-income groups has always been a challenging issue. In the programs and plans prepared for these groups, due to the huge flood of applicants and also the limited resources and credits, quantitative goals have often been pursued and qualitative goals have been abandoned. A study of the housing pattern of this group in cities shows that attention and application of effective indicators of housing sustainability is one of the categories that should be considered in the process of housing planning. This article, with the aim of analyzing the factors affecting the housing survival of low-income groups, has reviewed the theoretical literature and tested research hypotheses. The statistical population of the study is the residents of Mehr dwelling in Sirjan. After distributing the questionnaire, data analysis was used at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. The validity of the structure was confirmed by factor analysis. The reliability of the instrument was also calculated using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient test of o.7. Data analysis was performed from Sstructural Equation Modeling using Smart PLS software. Findings indicate the relationship between quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing on durability. Quality index with cultural and social criteria and components such as security, privacy, sense of place, user participation has the greatest impact on Durability of low-income housing in Sirjan.

Analyzing the Effective Geographical Processes in Shaping the Forms in Islamic-Iranian city (Case Study: Historical Neighborhoods of Isfahan City)

Hamidreza Varesi

از مسائل مهم حاکم بر مدیریت و برنامه ریزی شهرهای ما، نگرش فرم محور است؛ یعنی می خواهند مسائل شهرها را عمدتاً از طریق تغییرات کالبدی حل کنند و در مطالعات خود بر ویژگی های فیزیکی تاکید دارند. در مقابل این نگرش، دیدگاه فرایند محور قرار دارد که سعی می کند فرایندها را بیشتر مورد تحلیل قرار دهد زیرا این فرایندها هستند که فرم ها را به وجود می آورند. هدف پژوهش این است که بر روی فرایندها و علل در محلات تاریخی شهر اصفهان تاکید شود و نگرش فرایند محور به عنوان حلقه مفقوده برنامه ریزی شهرهای ما مورد توجه ویژه خواهد بود. پژوهش حاضر به روش ترکیبی انجام شده است تا از این طریق از مزایای هر دو روش کیفی و کمی بهره گیریم. در روش تحقیق کیفی، داده ها از روش های مصاحبه، مشاهده و مطالعات کتابخانه ای جمع آوری شده است و در روش تحقیق کمی از آزمون تی تک نمونه ای استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد فرایندهای جغرافیایی موثر در شکل گیری فرم ها در محلات تاریخی شهر اصفهان عبارتند از: «وجود حیاط مرکزی در مساکن»، «امکان ارتباط با عناصر طبیعی مانند درخت، آب و نور طبیعی»، «امکان تماشای آیات الهی مانند آسمان، خورشید، ماه و ستارگان»، «اهمیت منابع آبی مانند زاینده رود، قنات و مادی ها در آفرینش فضاها»، «هماهنگی با اقلیم گرم و خشک»، «اهمیت باغ های خصوصی و خانگی» و «رعایت حریم عناصر طبیعی مانند حریم چاه، قنات، مادی و غیره». از میان فرایندهای مورد مطالعه نیز «اهمیت منابع آبی مانند زاینده رود، قنات و مادی ها در آفرینش فضاها» با میانگین 4 بیشترین میانگین را به خود اختصاص داده و مهم ترین فرایند موثر در شکل گیری فرم ها در محلات تاریخی شهر اصفهان می باشد.

Housing planning model for vulnerable and low-income strata in metropolitan areas, case study: Tehran

majid vali shariat Panahi

Due to the many complexities, housing planning, especially for vulnerable groups, in a city as large as Tehran, requires a model to simplify the process and speed up calculations, which does not currently exist. With the aim of solving this problem, the present study proposes a model with the following steps: 1) Explaining the objectives 2) Estimating the housing needs of the target community 3) Identifying expandable areas 4) Proposing construction patterns 5) Proposing dispersion patterns 6) Calculations and patterns Financial and 7) suggest operating patterns. The information required to implement the model was collected from two questionnaires and data from the Statistics Center. In this model, three housing models with minimum, optimal and average areas and three types of existing housing construction, 100% infrastructure and freeing up the yard space were used as public urban space. The proposed zoning was adapted to the 22 districts of Tehran Municipality due to compliance with the available data. Sales price and financial calculations were calculated based on the internal rate of return of 20% and contract subsidies, and finally 4 free transfer models, lifelong lease, lease on condition of ownership in the program areas were proposed. The results show that one of the problems in this sector is the lack of appropriate decision-making structure and planning tools that can provide a comprehensive and complete review of the current situation, comprehensive and comprehensive solutions. Therefore, according to the model and using the indicators used, regions 2, 6 and 13 have the lowest and regions 19 and 22 have the highest potential for housing development of low-income and vulnerable groups, and finally, the model has suggested the most housing in regions 22, 4, 19 and 11.

Assessing the quality of life in informal settlements in Miandoab

rahim sarvar

Recognizing and measuring the quality of life in urban areas that are the result of the actions of urban management and other public and private institutions is a very vital issue. Due to the lack of quality of urban life in informal urban settlements, it is possible to provide a roadmap for urban management and awareness of responsible institutions of the current situation and action to achieve the desired situation. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of life in informal settlements in Miandoab. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection in the field through a questionnaire. The validity of the instrument and its reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70. The statistical population of the study consists of 11545 citizens living in informal settlements in Miandoab. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula, 313 people. The test results show that four indicators of social, economic, physical and environmental quality of life in informal settlements of Miandoab were significant at a level of less than 0.05. Examination of the direction of significance indicates the inappropriateness of the indicators. The ANOVA test also confirmed that the 10 neighborhoods studied in terms of social, physical and environmental indicators are significantly different at the level of less than 0.05, but in the field of economic indicators (significance level equal to 0.094) there are the same conditions. Assessing the effect of urban management on improving the quality of life through structural equations also confirmed that the rate of explanation for the social index is equal to 0.97; For economic index equal to 0.48; It is equal to 0.93 for the physical index and 0.55 for the environmental index. Therefore, the greatest effect of urban management is on the social index and then the physical.

Calculation of fractal dimension and its relation to some morphometric characteristics of Iranian landforms

Mitra Saberi

many geomorphic landforms have fractal structures and their formation and transformation can be explained by mathematical relations. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the fractal behavior of landforms of macro geomorphologic regions of Iran,as well as studying and analyzing topographic and landform characteristics based on fractal relationships, and also, analyzing the characteristics of dominant geomorphologic processes based on the theory of fractals. In this study, the contour lines of different landforms of Iran (according to the territorial types) including mountains,hills, plateaus, Plain Domains, Fan Breakout, fan alluvial, for pixel sizes of 30,90,200 m, were drawn and their fractal dimension was estimated by using the box-counting method. The morphometric characteristics of the landforms and their fractal dimensions with indexes (max, mean and standard deviation) related to the five variables (height, gradient, profile curvature and planar curvature of the metric) were analyzed by Arc GIS software at each layer.After investigating their correlation with the fractal dimension, the regression analysis was performed binary and the relationship between the fractal dimension,topography, landforms and processes was analyzed. The fractal dimension has the highest correlation coefficient with the gradient and the standard deviation indices, and the lowest coefficient with the profile curvature and the mean index Moreover, for larger pixel sizes, the correlation coefficient decreases between the indices and the fractal dimension.This research can provide a ground for further research on fractal geometry in geography, geomorphology, geology, environment and other Earth sciences.

Factors affecting the increase in the attractiveness of ecotourism and geotouriasis of Khorramabad Township

Mostaf Hadavand Mirzaei

The development of nature-based tourism is dependent on the introduction and attention to the attraction of natural tourism attractions. In fact, identifying the factors affecting the increase in the attractiveness of ecotourism and geotourias places is among the most important issues in the development of tourism and naturalization of an area. According to this, the purpose of the present paper is also to investigate the factors affecting the attractiveness of tourist and geotorrhean locations in the study area. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of its method, descriptive-analytic. The data collection tool and information questionnaire and interview are. The statistical population of the research is experts and specialists in Tourism in Khorramabad in Lorestan province. In this research, 50 experts and natural tourism specialists were selected as samples. The research results indicate that four factors of ecotourist and geotourist tourism products, natural assets, and development of tourism infrastructure and create opportunities of nature-centered tourism boom are the most important factors in increasing the attractiveness of tourist places and geotorrhea. Also, the results showed that the strengthening of regional tourism infrastructure, private sector investment in tourism and the recognition of natural tourism capacities and tourism attractions, and planning for its development, are the most important strategies for development of natural tourism in Khorramabad.

An Analysis of the Interdependence of National and Water Security in Hydropolitic Complexes A Case Study of Mesopotamia and Hirmand Drianage Basins

Ahmad Rashidi nejad

Security complex represents a unique group of countries where the process of "security building" and "making insecure" or both for this group of countries are increasingly related with each other. In other words, their main security concern is so intertwined that their security problems cannot be solved independently. Thus conceived, "hydropolitic complexes" include those countries which are geographically the owner and from technical point of view, are the user of part of the shared river. In fact, a group of the countries which are considered to be part of a region due to their water resources (rivers, lakes and aquifers), would have no common geographical borders but their "national security" and "hydropolitic security" are so interrelated that their security and hydropolitc problems cannot be resolved without their cooperation. The methodology of current descriptive-analytic study focused on Mesopotamia and Hirmand drainage basins (in parts of Iran), is grounded on the hypothesis that in a hydropolitic complex in the same way that the threatening of water security of each one of the member states might lead to the threatening of national security of other members, some threats can be posed against the water security of each one of the member states due to the threatening of the national security of other members. The data required for this research have been collected using library sources (books, journals and internet). The results of this study showed that how hydropolitic security is endangered following the eruption of insecurity in Afghanistan. At Tigris and Euphrates Basin, the climate changes and Turkey's inattention to hydropolitic security of Syria (by closing the floodgates of the dams) provided the ground for the emergence of internal crisis in Syria, and its reverberations posed serious threats against the security of Turkey, Iraq and Iran.

The effect of social indicators of public spaces on the mental health of citizen’s Case study: Ardabil city

dariush sattarzadeh

Abstract
Providing suitable urban spaces, especially open and natural spaces, has an undeniable effect on achieving health-oriented cities and especially ensuring the mental health of citizens. The aim of this study was to investigate and explain the effect of social indicators of public spaces on the mental health of citizens. This research is applied in terms of purpose type and descriptive-analytical method. A survey method (questionnaire) was used to collect research data. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Ardabil. The sample size was estimated to be 384 using the Cochran's formula. The research hypotheses were tested through structural equations using Amos software. The results showed that social factors have a positive and significant effect on the mental health of citizens in public spaces of the city. The value of the path coefficient obtained for the effect of the social factor on the mental health of citizens is equal to 0.52 so that this factor is able to predict 0.27 of the variance of the dependent variable, ie the mental health of citizens. The results also showed that social indicators, namely security, social relations and sociability of urban public spaces have a positive and significant effect on the mental health of citizens. Among social indicators, security index has the highest coefficient of path.

Analysis of synoptic patterns of hot wave generators in Tehran And its effect on bioclimatic risk

Gholamrezaa Janbaz Ghobadi

Temperature is one of the basic elements of climate, so its sudden or short-term and long-term changes can change the climate structure of any place. Intense heat waves are one of the most important climatic disasters that have far-reaching effects on various human activities and when they are of high intensity and frequency, they can produce major problems. In this study, to investigate the trend of 49-year frequency series (1970-1970) of hot wave events in Tehran, from two indices of hot days and hot waves (hot days lasting 2 days or more), non-parametric statistics of Sens trend analysis were used. All stations indicate an increasing trend both in the number of hot days in Tehran and in the frequency of hot wave events in 5 stations in Tehran. In this study, two hot waves were identified in Tehran, the first wave in 2010 covered a large part of the central and western parts of the country and the second wave in 2013, which was in all stations of Tehran and even many provinces. Are registered in the country. The results of spatial analysis of hot wave temperature in the statistical blocks of Tehran showed that generally the central areas of Tehran, including areas 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 4, 7, and 19 significantly It has been affected by the critical temperatures caused by the warm wave rule, while the northern parts of Tehran have been affected by the lower intensities of the hot wave.

Explain the components of urban resilience against natural hazards with emphasis on floods (Case study: Behshahr city)

Sadroddin Motavlli

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life and their number and diversity are increasing every day, are a major challenge to achieve sustainable development of human societies. Hence, the prevailing view of focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience to disasters has shifted. The purpose of this study is to explain the components of urban resilience against natural hazards with emphasis on floods in Behshahr. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and in addition to documents and library studies, a questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population of the present study includes two groups of citizens living in the neighborhoods around the four rivers of Behshahr. After collecting field information that was completed using a questionnaire tool, from SPSS, MINITAB and PLS software and using multi-criteria decision making (SAW) methods to investigate the situation and explain the components of urban resilience in Against natural hazards such as floods and GIS software was used to zoning areas based on flood resilience. The results show that among the dimensions of resilience, the economic dimension has the highest weight and is in the first place and the physical, infrastructure and environmental dimension has the lowest weight and is in the last place. Neighborhoods around the rivers of Behshahr city are ranked based on flood resistance status, which shows that Shahed neighborhood is in the first place and Borzoo neighborhood is in the last place.

An Investigation of Climate Change Education in Sistan and Baluchestan

mahnaz sadeghi

The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and flexibility towards climate change and its effects on the environment through education. In the first step, to achieve the reproduction of climatic data and compare the scenarios of the general circulation model of the atmosphere, three important climatic parameters including precipitation, minimum temperature and maximum temperature were used and also SDSM software was used to predict the data. In this study, two stations of Zabol and Chabahar were used during the statistical period of 1961-2005. Three scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the period 2020-2050 were used to compare the results of the CanESM2 general circulation model, which is mentioned in the fifth IPCC report. The results of CanESM2 model showed that the minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation in the studied stations will have an increasing and decreasing trend in the future, respectively, in other words, the effects of climate change will be more obvious. In the second step, a questionnaire was distributed to teachers and students in Zabol and Chabahar in the education department; The results of validation of Cronbach's alpha test indicate that this questionnaire had good validity and reliability. The selection of the statistical population was purposeful; That is, from all the related schools, schools were purposefully selected at the discretion of the professors and were also evaluated and questioned. Analysis of the results of questionnaires related to teachers and students showed that the research hypothesis was confirmed according to T-Test.

Analysis of Qom metropolis level based on urban branding indicators

Farzaneh Sasanpour

Today, cities are looking for advanced ways to improve their individual personality and one of the most important strategies is to characterize the characteristics of city branding, which can be a solution for the development and improvement of the city. Qom metropolis, as one of the religious and historical cities of Iran with a cultural-religious role at the national level, hosts a large number of tourists every year, but the tourists who stay in the city are very few and it seems that the city can find a solution. Have. development of the city. This research analyzes the composition of branding of Qom in metropolitan areas and finally determines the position and level of the metropolis based on branding ranking. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and research method. The researcher's self-made questionnaire was used in the field method. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts (30 people). The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha formula in SPSS 19 software equal to 0.76. TOPSIS method was used to rank the regions and Arc GIS 11 was used to produce the maps. Based on the obtained results, the 4th region of Qom city is in a favorable condition and the 2nd region is in an unfavorable condition, and the city of Qom is in an average condition in terms of management, physical and social, and in an unfavorable condition in terms of economy. Since the commercial and economic indicators of Qom metropolis are in a bad situation, paying attention to the increase of capital in the city can improve the urban environment, which as a result can be achieved as a resistance economy. From a physical point of view, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the elements and symbols of the city are permanent in the minds of the beneficiaries of the city.

Analyzing vulnerability of Kuhdasht physical components against earthquake

Habibollah Fasihi

Among the many kinds of natural hazards, earthquake is one of the rare events that human science has not yet been able to control or even predict. Physical structure conditions of human settlements play an important role in vulnerability to this natural disaster. The purpose of this article is to investigate natural and physical characteristics of Kuhdasht in terms of earthquake vulnerability. The city with a population of 90,000 and an area of about 540 ha, locates in the west of Lorestan province, Iran. The data are provided from GIS file of 2016 Iranian Public Census of Population and Housing, GIS files of Kuhdasht land use and GIS files of Iran faults and lithology. A few layers have been added to these files through observation. It is used Arc-Map 10-8 to combine layers and produce maps. Then we used Excel software to do statistical analysis on data tables. Findings showed that the site of study area locates in a middle risk zone of earthquakes, but its close distance to active faults can be a warning for occurring destructive earthquakes. High proportion of non-resistant buildings, high density of buildings in some parts of the city and the presence of two gas stations in the middle of residential buildings, are the most important components of Kuhdasht vulnerability. In contrast, plenty of open spaces, high proportion of non-apartment houses, low population density and permeability of passages are important strengths in this regard. The central part of the city from which the city originated, is more vulnerable than the other parts. Due to the existence of the trade centers here, it is necessary to pay more attention to in future plans.

Developing an urban brand focusing on explaining the brand of a tourist destination in Zanjan city

Elham Nazemi

Recognizing the benefits and advantages of tourism development has created a kind of competition to attract these benefits among cities. To achieve these benefits, urban policymakers have focused on new tools in their planning strategies and taken steps to use new concepts such as branding goals. Such conditions have made the position of destination branding as an influential factor in the development of urban tourism important and vital. Urban branding is a powerful tool in the hands of governments to attract visitors and investors and thus economic growth and prosperity. Of course, it should be noted that establishing an urban brand strategy is not an easy task. The most important problem in relation to tourism and urban branding is the tourism infrastructure and socio-cultural identity of today's cities, which affects tourism destinations. The purpose of this study is to develop the brand of Zanjan city with a focus on tourism destinations. In this regard, using a set of quantitative and qualitative tools and questionnaire and interview tools, an attempt was made to introduce a city brand appropriate to the identity and tradition of Zanjan. Based on this, the urban brand "Zanjan, the pristine city of culture and religion" was selected as the tourism brand of this city, and finally suggestions and policies were presented to promote tourism in Zanjan. The results and achievements of this research lead to providing a sustainable model for the establishment, promotion and protection of the tourism brand of Zanjan city and middle scale cities.

Investigation of maximum temperature trend and its dependence on remote bonding patterns (Case study: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province)

amir gandomkar

Teleconnection patterns represent large changes that occur in the pattern of atmospheric waves and tornadoes and affect temperature patterns in large areas and are also used to predict average weather conditions over time periods, usually several months or annually. In this study, the effects of 26 Teleconnection patterns with the average monthly maximum temperature on a quarterly and annual basis were investigated. In this study, 4 synoptic stations of Borujen, Shahrekord, Lordegan and Koohrang in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were analyzed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that the patterns of PNA, WP, NAO, SOI, TNA, TSA, WHWP, Niño 4, NP, Trend, AO, AAO, AMO, AMM, NTA, CAR and GMLO have a positive relationship with all stations studied and The patterns of EA WR, Niño 3, ONI, MEI V2, Niño 1 + 2, Niño 3.4 and TNI had a negative relationship with all studied stations.

Elaboration of effective strategies to optimize energy consumption in residential blocks (case example: Rushdieh neighborhood of Tabriz)

Morteza Mirgholami

Considering that more than one third of energy consumption is related to residential areas, proper planning and design of neighborhoods according to the climatic conditions of each region can be an effective step towards reducing energy consumption. It aims to optimize energy consumption in the residential blocks of Rushdieh neighborhood in Tabriz. Investigating and understanding the energy consumption situation in Rushdieh neighborhood of Tabriz, its capabilities and bottlenecks in planning is very important, if they are not paid attention to and there are no efficient strategic plans, it will lead to an increase in social, economic and environmental instability. According to its nature, the research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. It is related to the intended goals of the research, the statistical population of the research is the professors, experts and elites of urban planning, which has been used to examine the indicators and strategies. The method of selecting people was targeted and snowball. Finally, the results showed that the formulation of policies, practical measures to improve the design of main roads and local accesses in the direction of neighborhood air conditioning should be emphasized as the most important strategy. In order to reduce energy consumption, the development of neighborhood design policies and residential blocks with the goals of using wind energy to reduce energy consumption have been placed in the second and third ranks of this prioritization, respectively.

Explaining the quality criteria of Tehran urban environment according to the components of biophilic urban planning

Pouyan Shahabian

The quality of the urban environment is one of the important indicators of the development of any city. In this regard, the type of pattern that can be used in cities can have a great impact that biophilic urban planning is one of the most important patterns due to its relationship and centrality with nature. The purpose of this study is to explain the environmental quality criteria of Tehran according to the components of biophilic urban planning. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through survey method. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the elite community and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient greater than 0.70. The statistical population of the study also consists of urban experts and specialists, including academics and experts in Tehran. Due to the lack of statistics in this area, coronary and cost constraints, 120 experts were selected as the sample size. The results showed that the structural-functional, content and physical-spatial indicators of the quality of Tehran's urban environment based on biophilic urban planning were significant at a level of less than 0.05. The study of the mean and significant direction indicates the weakness of these indicators and lack of attention to biophilic urban planning in the planning of this city. Also, the results of structural equation modeling confirmed that the structural-functional, content and physical-spatial indices of biophilic urban planning can be effective in improving the quality of Tehran's urban environment. . Therefore, biophilic urban planning has not been emphasized in the planning model of Tehran, but the results indicate their effectiveness in improving the quality of the city's environment if used.

Statistical and synoptic analysis of warm cloud temperatures and its effect on wheat yield in Kermanshah area

Hassan Kharajpour

Considering the undeniable impact of agricultural plants on climatic and regional changes, it seems necessary to conduct regional research to understand the reaction of each agricultural plant in different stages of growth in relation to weather elements. If the temperature of the air along with the warm cloud is lower or higher than a certain threshold, its development will stop. Between the two limits, there is an optimal temperature where the plant grows the fastest. Temperature and clouds are both the most important climatic elements in agriculture. Both climatic parameters together cause stress in wheat and lower the productivity of the product. Considering the strategic nature of wheat, in order to increase the level of production, in the present research, while taking advantage of the experiences and methods and models used in foreign and domestic researches, it was practical in Kermanshah province due to the extent of the land under wheat cultivation and The significant amount of production, which has a special place in this field at the level of the country, the determination of the statistical threshold and the synoptic analysis of warem cloud temperatures on the performance of the wheat crop are investigated. According to the investigations and consultations with agricultural engineers, the maximum temperature along with cloudy days causes the phenomenon of greenhouse and excessive heat, which causes the fall of flowers, rot, sterility of pollen grains, fruit reduction, Premature aging and poverty become seeds, and this phenomenon occurs mostly in the months of May and June.

Estimation of Instability of Mountainous Slopes in Alamut River Basin Based on Soil Texture with Remotely Sensed Data

Amir karam

Abstract
The catchment area of Alamut River in Qazvin province is witnessing numerous landslide hazards and landslides every year, which cause significant economic and sometimes life-threatening losses. Diagnosing the unstable areas of slopes through soil texture characteristics is a difficult task due to the difficulties of obtaining soil samples in mountainous areas. For this reason, in the present study, by using Sentinel A1 radar data, by determining the percentage of clay and sand in the soil, the soil texture map at the depths of 10, 60, 100 and 200 cm with two random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms was produced in the eastern Alamut region, which was verified with soil profile samples. The results indicated that the Kappa index was more accurate in the RF model at three depths of 10, 60 and 100 cm. Then, by extracting the soil moisture map from Sentinel 2 data, at the same time as examining the internal friction angle of the types of soils in the region, comparing the slope and profile of the slopes and the shape of the convex (divergent) and concave (convergent) slopes, the unstable areas of slope movements, RF and SVM models were specified and validated with GPS data, field visits and Google Earth. Research findings show that the instability map resulting from the RF model has a higher accuracy (AUC=0.93) than the instability map resulting from the SVM model (AUC=0.90) and there is more instability in areas with medium to high slope and with soil texture of sandy clay loam and sandy loam. . This method has many advantages in preparing the soil texture map, determining the unstable areas of the slopes against mass movements and landslides, determining the vulnerable areas in mountainous areas and reducing financial and human losses.

Statistical analysis of Iran's heavy rains during sudden stratospheric warming

behrooz nasiri

sudden stratospheric warming has an obvious effect on the Earth's surface climate. In this research, the changes in precipitation during the occurrence of this phenomenon have been investigated. For this purpose, after revealing the warmings that occurred during the studied period (1986-2020), 18 warmings were identified. The 5th decile and 9th decile of precipitation were calculated for the precipitation data of 117 stations. And the size of the difference from the normal rainfall was checked in two ways. First, the precipitation at the time of warming was compared with the long-term average, and then the trend of changes in precipitation at three times before thewarming, at the same time as the warming, and after the warming was finished. Finally, these results were obtained. Warmings according to the month in which they occur; They have a different effect on the amount of precipitation. In the sudden stratospheric warming that occurred in December, January and February, the northwest experiences the most rainfall changes and is above normal, and the probability of rainfall above the 9th decile increases up to 65%. Western and southwestern regions also have higher than average rainfall and the probability of heavy rainfall is high. Precipitation on the shores of the Caspian Sea shows an inverse relationship with sudden stratospheric warming, so in all the investigations of this research, the lack of precipitation at the time of warming in these areas is significant. Southern regions have less than normal rainfall in all sudden stratospheric warming events. The center of Iran has higher than average rainfall in the sudden stratospheric warming months of March. Eastern Iran also has heavy rains compared to normal during the sudden stratospheric warming months of March.

Explanation of the Small Scale Agents in Development of Great Scale Geopolitical Events (Case Study: Caucasian Khans)

Ataalah Abdi

In geopolitics literature, small and low-endowment states that compound lesser geopolitical potentiality and weight are considered as the trivial scale agents in comparison with the first and second level powers. These agents, in spite of the local geopolitical codes but sometimes can effect on the regional and even global events of geopolitics. The Caucasian region, historically, have had a field for appearance and exposition of sub-khans that their overall actions and agencies effected the events of the region and due to its cultural proximities to Iran, have effected in Iran’s geopolitical functions in national scale. The present paper with descriptive-analytical method, have studied historical role of the local agencies in geopolitical events of the Caucasia and their impression on the great scale events. Secondly, the paper has studied the quality of the chosen countries of the region in current circumstances of the global system. Results indicate that the Caucasian countries act according to their historical legacy as a small-scale agents among the great scale actors.

Analysis of Spatial quality Components and Urban Regeneration Services for People with Disabilities and Motor Disabilities (Case study: Tehran 6th region)

ali shamai

In recent years, urban regeneration has been proposed as an approach for modernizing the urban environment. Sustainable urban regeneration is a comprehensive approach to restore social, physical, economic and environmental development to urban areas. Considering the important effects of urban space optimization on the quality of life of citizens, especially people with disabilities in public places, sustainable urban development is a necessity. In this study, spatial quality of Tehran 6th region has been analyzed due to physical limitations of people with motor disabilities. In order to collect data, library and survey methods have been used. The statistical society of this study is immobile and aquadroplasia patients. For this purpose, a questionnaire has been completed by patients with aquadroplasia and motor disability. Using single-sample T-test, spatial quality component analysis and urban regeneration services were performed in the form of physical-spatial, functional-service, content characteristics indices. Then, using Pearson correlation analysis and regression, the relationships between indices and their impact on the quality of urban environment in district 6 were identified. The results of single sample T-test showed that the quality and satisfaction of the urban environment of district 6 are not at a high level in terms of immobility residents. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that at the level of physical-spatial characteristics, in the sub-index area of access and roads organization has the greatest effect of B=0.518 on citizens' satisfaction. At the functional-service characteristics level, social welfare services sub-index (B=0.531) has the greatest impact. At the content characteristics level, environmental health sub-index =0.680 and B=0.627 have the highest effect. The importance of indicators varies from person to person and from neighborhood to neighborhood according to their individual abilities and needs, but as the findings suggest, for the needs of people with disabilities in district 6, some measures have not been taken to optimize the urban environment of this area for social comfort, environment.

Investigating the variability of the Siberian high pressure intensity in relation to the anomalous winter circulation of the atmosphere

atefeh rezaei talei

The role of regional and extra-regional forcings causes changes in the Siberian high-pressure cyclonic circulation every year. In this regard, an attempt was made to investigate the variability of the intensity of the Siberian high pressure in relation to the abnormal winter circulation of the atmosphere. For this purpose, gridded data of sea level pressure, geopotential height, orbital and meridional wind components of Center for Environmental Prediction/Atmospheric Sciences (NCEP/NCAR) between the years until 2020 (December to February) were used. After applying the Siberian high pressure intensity index, the extreme periods of this high pressure in winter were extracted. Next, the development of this system and the systems affecting the Siberian high pressure were investigated using the quantity of relative Vorticity advection. The results showed that during the winter period, the high pressure center of Siberia has undergone changes and has taken on a growing trend between 4 and 6 hectopascals. On the other hand, it was observed that the role of atmospheric systems such as dynamic ridges on the Siberian region along with advection The negative relative humidity, the location of the Siberian region in the east of the ridge, and the formation of omega bands play an important role in strengthening this system, which has caused this high pressure to develop from east to west or north to south. On the other hand, the role of the polar vortex in the cold advections of the region and the displacement towards the equator has caused the Siberian high pressure to sometimes increase by more than 11 hectopascals compared to its long-term average. Finally, it was observed that the atmospheric circulation in mid-latitudes plays a transitional role in the high pressure changes in Siberia and the polar and subpolar currents.

Analyzing the trend of widespread hot days in the coasts of the Persian Gulf

Mansureh Taheri

One of the climatic characteristics of temperature is the occurrence of extreme temperature. In the present study, the trend of hot days with extreme temperature associated with the coastal plains of the Persian Gulf was investigated. Two environmental and atmospheric databases were used. Environmental data include the average of daily maximum temperature reported from 12 synoptic stations in Persian Gulf coastline (Khuzestan, Bushehr, and Bandar Abbas Provinces) from 1961 to the end of 2018. The extreme temperature for each day temperature was defined to be higher than the average of 75th percentile of the observations at each station and on the same day. Also, the ‘day with extreme temperature’ was applied to a day when the extreme temperature occurred in at least 50% of the stations. The number of hot days with extreme temperature in the study is 554 days, of which 291 days occurred in the warm season and 263 days in the cold season. These days were classified into six groups by performing cluster analysis on sea-level pressure in hot days. Then, for each group, the trend of hot days was examined. In general, it can be concluded that the slope of the line in all groups except the fourth and sixth groups were positive and, as a result, hot days with extreme temperature were increasing.

Assessment and Prediction of Atmospheric PM₁₀ Pollution in Ahvaz City Using Statistical Methods and an Artificial Neural Network

Atefeh Bosak

Air pollution has significant impacts on human health, environmental quality, and the sustainable development of cities. This study aimed to evaluate PM10 using meteorological data from the city of Ahvaz through statistical methods and artificial neural networks. Daily meteorological data and air quality control station data for 4485 days (from 2011 to 2023) were obtained from the National Meteorological Organization and the Khuzestan Department of Environment. Initially, the data were processed and refined, and their normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Given the non-normality of the data, Spearman's and Kendall's Tau-b methods were employed to examine their correlations. The time series and statistical information of the data were obtained using Python programming language. Furthermore, to predict future PM10 levels, the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network method was utilized. The results of these analyses indicated a significant correlation between meteorological variables and PM10. The Spearman and Kendall Tau-b correlations showed that PM10 had a positive and significant correlation with wind speed (0.094 and 0.061) and temperature (0.284 and 0.187) at a 99% confidence level. Conversely, PM10 exhibited a negative and significant correlation with visibility (-0.408 and -0.300), wind direction (-0.048 and -0.034), precipitation (-0.159 and -0.125), and relative humidity (-0.259 and -0.173) at the 99% confidence level. For future PM10 predictions, the MLP neural network was used. The model was of the Sequential type with an input layer consisting of 6 neurons, three hidden layers of Dense type with 16, 32, and 64 neurons, and an output layer with a linear activation function. The mean squared error (MSE) for the training set was 0.0034, and for the validation data, it was 0.0012. For the test set, the obtained validation accuracy was mse_mlp=0.0048 and val_loss=0.0012. The results indicate a significant direct or inverse correlation between meteorological data and PM10. Additionally, the outcomes of the MLP neural network demonstrated that the network provided satisfactory performance and acceptable predictions for PM10 data in Ahvaz.

Evaluation of urban spatial-physical development management quality using good governance approach (case study: Shahryar city)

Ali Shamaei

One of the problems of the cities around the capitals in the third world countries is that urbanization overtook urban development and this issue has created many problems in these cities. The lack of characteristics such as transparency, accountability, rule of law, participation, efficiency and the like in the urban management system also adds to the severity of the issues. The aim of the present research is to investigate the quality of urban physical-spatial development management with a good governance approach and to provide optimal strategies for the city of Shahryar. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of developmental and practical purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Data collection was done based on documentary and survey methods, and the tools of interview letter and questionnaire were used. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests, MICMAC software and SWOT model have been used in data analysis. The statistical population includes the city's citizens and the group of experts. Validity assessment was done using construct validity and reliability assessment using Cronbach's alpha method. The results show that the overall average status of physical-spatial development management in Shahryar city from the point of view of good governance indicators is equal to 2.006, which is in an average situation based on the Likert spectrum. The findings of the investigation of the influential factors on the quality of governance of this city with the help of MICMAC software show the stability of the system. Finally, the examination of the strategies for realizing the model of good governance in the urban management system shows the predominance of the strategy (Strengths and threats) in the urban management system of Shahriar, which is based on increasing the level of supervision, developing the capacity of the audit system and the headquarters to fight against corruption and violations. The administration emphasizes the fight against mafia and lobbying in urban management, the development of plans and programs for the renovation of worn-out city structures, the development of electronic technologies and tools, and the improvement of economic and human indicators of urban management.

Investigating changes in temperature and precipitation trends and their effect on the discharge of Karun's tributaries

mohammad radman

In order to comprehend the water flow characteristics and variations of the Karun River, we examined the Zaz, Bazoft, and Beshar sub-basins from its main branches. The reason for choosing these basins was the proximity to the catchment centers of the Middle Zagros and their location upstream of the dams.
Iran Water Resources Management Company provided all the required data (from the water year
1356-57 to 1395-96), and we analyzed them using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, data skewness, skewness, and Pearson correlation. Then, we performed the linear regression test to determine the effect of temperature and precipitation on river discharge, and they conducted the Mann-Kendall test to identify the trend and jump points. The results of the data analysis showed that all of them are in normal conditions, although they have some elongation and skewness. The Pearson correlation test revealed a correlation between meteorological and hydrometric data.
The regression model used shows the changes in precipitation and discharge (unlike temperature and discharge) well. The significance number of all stations in the model is less than 0.05, which shows that the changes that occurred between predictor and dependent variables are significant. We see the high performance of the model in explaining the changes in discharge compared to precipitation. According to the regression charts, the decreasing trend of precipitation and discharge and increasing temperature are clear in all three basins.
The Mann-Kendall test reveals a significant trend of increasing temperature in Bazeft and Bashar basins, a decreasing trend of discharge in Bazeft and Bashar basins, and a decreasing trend of precipitation in Zaz and Bazoft basins.except for the temperature of the Zaz basin, all variables show mutations in mutation basins.

Monitoring and analysis of drought behavior using remote sensing data in Kermanshah province

Mohammad Hossein Nasserzadeh

Drought is one of the natural disasters whose long-term effects affect the economy and society. This phenomenon is considered a challenge in arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran. Nowadays, the use of remote sensing methods can help us in understanding the drought behavior of vegetation. In order to monitor and analyze the behavior of drought in Kermanshah province, the data of Sanjande Weathers products (VIIRS) and AVHRR data indexed by NOAA STAR were used. In this study, the Vegetation Health Index was used in the period of 1982-2021 in a seven-day format with a spatial resolution of 4 x 4 km. After extracting the data in the Kermanshah area, the vegetation drought trend was investigated on 65,387 cells using the Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that in the winter season, the trend of vegetation cover in the western areas of the province was decreasing and significant at the level of 0.05. While in the northern, central and eastern regions of the province, the trend is increasing and significant. In the spring and summer seasons, especially the months of June, July, August and September, which correspond to the dry months of the year, the size of the areas with a significant decreasing trend of vegetation cover has increased, while in the autumn season, with the beginning of the water year, the size of the areas with a decreasing trend has decreased.

Evaluating the relationship between two indeces of crop water stress and the SEBAL algorithm for estimating evapotranspiration using satellite images (Study area: agricultural lands of Dasht Abbas district, Dehlran city)

Mostafa Kabolizadeh

There are various indicators to monitor and management of agricultural water resources in arid and semi-arid countries including Iran, some of which can be extracted directly in situ, and some can be retrieved using remote sensing technology and satellite images. Aim of this study is to propose the most appropriate and efficient indicators of agricultural water resource management for achieving maximum production and maximum water efficiency using remote sensing technology, therefore, Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and Surface Energy Balance Algorithm (SEBAL) were used to estimate Evapotranspiration (ET). In the first step, ET rate was calculated using SEBAL algorithm for six Landsat 8 satellite images related to the wheat growth period. Then, zoning of this index was done in the range of zero to one, in four categories of very low, low, medium and high, which respectively indicate the lowest to the highest amount of ET. In next step, CWSI was calculated based on Idso equation, and its results show different changes both in cold season and in warm months. Comparison of ET and CWSI shows a significant relationship between these two indices in warm months, while in cold months, no significant relationship can be seen. These findings along with the established relationship between ET and CWSI can inform water management strategies in arid environments for sustainable crop production.

Drought Projection in Aras watershed based on the output of CMIP6 ‎models

Majid Rezaei Banafsheh Daragh ‎

Climate change is a significant threat to water resources, potentially altering precipitation patterns and increasing the likelihood of droughts in certain regions. This study aims to project future drought conditions in the Aras Downstream Watershed for the period 2025-2050, employing CMIP6 climate models (NorESM2-LM, CanESM5, and MPI-ESM1-2-HR) and the CMhyd software. Historical daily precipitation data from the selected models were compared with data from five stations (Parsabad, Aslan Duz, Jafarabad, Dasht, and Shorgol) within the study watershed. The comparison was conducted using statistical metrics (R2, MAE, MSE, and RMSE), and the results indicated the superior performance of the MPI-ESM1-2-HR model in precipitation estimation. This model was bias-corrected using the LS method in the CMhyd software, and future precipitation was projected based on the outputs of three scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was employed on a three-month timescale to assess drought conditions. The findings revealed that the overall region will experience normal conditions based on SPI classifications. However, there will be a relatively higher potential for drought in the southern part of the watershed under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios compared to SSP1-2.6. The analysis of the network station averages indicated that the optimistic scenario suggests favorable conditions for the watershed, while the intermediate and pessimistic scenarios suggest‎ a contrasting picture, with drought becoming prevalent across the entire region in the coming decades.

Analysis of the relationship between facts and perceptions in the context of reducing the physical vulnerability of problematic urban tissues (case study of Region 4 of Urmia city)

keramat ollah ziari

One of the issues raised in the developing countries of the world is the issue of reducing damages caused by natural and man-made hazards. Various theories and paradigms such as crisis management and resilience have been proposed to reduce the level of risk vulnerability. Among the mentioned vulnerabilities is physical vulnerability. Now, the most important question that is raised in this research is whether according to the various studies that have been done in the field of physical vulnerability, apart from objective measures, the level of satisfaction of the residents has also been examined and whether it exists. Is there a relationship between objective and subjective indicators in this field? The case study studied in this research is Region 4 of Urmia City, which has a problematic context. This research is of an applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical, to examine this objective and subjective relationship of physical vulnerability, first objective variables were examined using spatial analysis and then subjective variables were examined using a Likert scale. questionnaire. And finally, this relationship has been measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The research results indicate that according to the correlation coefficient of 0.623 between subjective and objective variables; There is a significant relationship between the objective view (reality on the ground) and the subjective view (satisfaction of residents) in the field of urban physical vulnerability indicators.

Understanding Wildfire Regime and Mapping Wildfire Hazard in the Protected Areas in Guilan Province

Roghayeh Jahdi

Every year, wildfires burn large areas in the Hyrcanian forests, of northern Iran. This study aims to know the fire regime and assess fire risk in protected areas in Guilan province (256,488 hectar). Fire ignitions and frequency/frequency of burned areas from 1992 to 2022 were identified. Then fire behavior modeling was done to simulate burn probability and fire intensity (i.e. conditional flame length) using the FlamMap modeling system based on fire weather information, topography maps, local fuel models, and historical fire data. By combining maps of simulated burn probability and conditional flame length, a fire hazard map was prepared in the protected areas. According to the obtained results, 8% of the number of historical fires in the period occurred in the protected areas, although most of these fires have very small sizes and limited burned areas (including 0.1% of the burned areas in the province). Frequent fires (fire frequency more than 1) cover 60% of the protected areas, and 11% of these areas are highly likely to ignite. The changes in the burn probability and fire intensity reflect the diversity of fire activity in the protected areas, especially in the south-central parts, which catch the highest values of burn probability (more than 1) and conditional flame length (more than 3 meters). Finally, the fire hazard mapping showed that 77.7% and 4.8% of the protected areas are classified as very low and low fire hazards, respectively. On the other hand, 12.4% and 5.2% of these areas were placed in high and very high hazard classes, respectively. The quantitative results of this research provide scientific criteria for identifying high-priority areas in protected areas where management efforts can help reverse the increasing fire risk of protected forests.

Analysis of socio-economic effects of religious events tourism on rural households (Villages of Neishabur and Zabarkhan county)

Hamdollah Sojasi qedari

Religious events in a region show the beliefs and sanctity of that place by humans; Rituals and celebrations can have economic and social benefits for the region. Therefore, by examining and analyzing the economic and social effects of events, it is possible to help organize better and more diverse events and tourism in the region. Therefore, in this research, the main goal is to evaluate the impact of religious events tourism on the social and economic dimensions of villages. The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population studied consisted of 323 heads of households living in 6 selected villages that organize religious events in Nishabur county and new county of Zabarkhan. SPSS software was used to analyze the findings. The findings of the research show that the highest average belongs to the social dimension with an average of 1.94. Also, the analysis of factors using chi-square (x2) and inferential statistics, normality, one-sample t-test, analysis of variance, Friedman, independent t-test were used. The tests showed that the social and economic effects of tourism of religious events in the studied villages are low, and the people of the region considered the ideological and spiritual nature of the event and did not pay attention to its tourism characteristics. Therefore, it is suggested to provide the necessary infrastructure for holding religious events in rural areas as well as possible, and to conduct more researches in this connection, as well as to create a suitable economic environment and increase employment during events, to prepare brochures or resumes for introduction. area or local event to be addressed.

Identification of Factors Affecting the Realizability of Service Land Uses with a Futures Studies Approach (Case Study: Zanjan City)

Hossein Tahmasbi Moghadam

Land use planning is one of the essential aspects of sustainable urban development, aiming to balance land use in urban areas. This study seeks to identify the factors influencing the realizability of service land uses in Zanjan city through a futures studies approach. Data collection employed a combination of library and field methods. In the field phase, the Delphi method was used, engaging 35 experts in urban planning, urban management, and housing, who assessed key factors across two rounds of questionnaires.
A total of 36 factors were identified across five dimensions: legal, economic, socio-cultural, physical-spatial, and managerial. The data were analyzed using MICMAC software. The results indicated that "urban land use laws and regulations" and "service location and spatial distribution" scored the highest direct influence values (85 and 82, respectively), playing the most significant roles in realizing service land uses. Key barriers identified include weak institutional coordination, inappropriate physical development policies, and lack of effective citizen participation. Cross-impact matrix analysis revealed a 55.32% fill rate, indicating a system of interdependent and mutually influential factors that contribute to the instability of service land use realizability. The study proposed solutions to improve the current situation, including: Revising urban laws and regulations, Strengthening institutional coordination among relevant bodies, Utilizing modern technologies such as GIS for proper service location planning, and Enhancing citizen participation culture in urban planning. The findings not only identified key influential factors but also emphasized the importance of considering multidimensional and sustainable aspects in service land use planning. This research provides a foundation for sustainable development and spatial justice in Zanjan city.

Evaluating the Impact of Urban Management Performance on Quality of Life and Behavioral Intention to Use Urban Electronic Services with an Emphasis on Citizen Satisfaction (Case Study: Mashhad Metropolis)

Aliakbar Salaripour

In today's world, due to the pervasiveness of the Internet and electronic information, one of the tasks of urban management is to improve the quality of life of citizens, their access, and the optimal use of urban electronic services. These services can help improve the geographical situation of the city due to reducing the need for physical movement of citizens, reducing
traffic and pollution and increasing access to services.
However, if the urban management fails to use and implement this type of service properly, there will be a negative attitude towards e-services for citizens. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of urban management performance on the quality of life and the behavioral intention to use urban electronic services with an emphasis on citizen satisfaction in Mashhad metropolis. In this research, through library studies, literature review and previous researches, 67 indicators (items) have been extracted and categorized in the form of 19 components. After calculating the statistical sample size of the research through Cochran's formula, 478 questionnaires were distributed among the citizens of Mashhad. Finally, the components were evaluated using structural equation modeling with partial in Smart PLS3 software. Findings indicate that the citizens of Mashhad are moderately satisfied with the components and study subjects. The results obtained from structural equations show that The "Communications" component with a path coefficient of 0.87 affects the performance of urban management and the "Work facilitation" component with a path coefficient of 0.841 affects citizens' satisfaction with electronic services. The performance of urban management with a path coefficient of 0.717 affects the citizens' satisfaction with electronic services. Also, these two factors affect the quality of life with 0.58 and 0.252, respectively, and satisfaction with electronic services affects behavioral intention with 0.757. The urban management of Mashhad can pay attention to the results obtained from this research to achieve a city with desirable and satisfactory electronic services.

Investigating the temporal and spatial evolution of desertification using the combined desertification monitoring index of DMI and Spectral indices in the time period of 1990 and 2023 (study area: Sirjan Plain)

mehdi feyzolahpour

“Desertification is a form of land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid regions caused by climate change and human activities. The purpose of this research is to investigate the desertification situation in the Sirjan Plain region in the period from 1990 to 2023. Desertification in this area threatens human settlements. The purpose of this research is to combine several indicators to evaluate the state of desertification, and for this purpose, several spectral indicators are combined with each other to select the best indicator. In this research, based on albedo, MSAVI and SFI indices, desertification monitoring index (DMI) was proposed and the spatial and temporal distribution of desertification in the west of Sirjan was estimated in 1990 and 2023. To classify the results obtained from the DMI index, Jenks classification methods and quantitative index were used. Based on the results of the Jenks index, it was observed that the areas with very low desertification in 1990 were about 59.7 square kilometers, which decreased to 127.5 square kilometers in 2023, and 47.68 percent of the area has desertification. It has been very little. Areas with high desertification have faced a significant change and have reached 118.6 square kilometers in 2023 from 465.7 square kilometers in 1990. The results showed that Jenks classification method has a higher ability than the quantitative index with an overall accuracy of 82% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.86 in 1990. Finally, it was observed that the albedo index had the highest positive correlation compared to the DMI index. So that the correlation between these two indicators in 1990 and 2023 was estimated at 0.71 and 0.82, respectively.

Explaining the future scenarios of Iran's affected by the Zangzor Corridor

Hossein Rabiee

Qarabagh region and consequently Zangzor Corridor is of special importance for Iran due to its geopolitical and geoeconomic capabilities. This practical article is devoted to the explanation of the future scenarios for Iran caused by the Zangzor Corridor. The methodology governing the research is descriptive and analytical. The required data has been collected by library and field methods and analyzed using Micmac and Scenario Wizard software. The results of the research showed six variables: Israel's presence in the Karabakh region, the location of the Karabakh region in the orbit of the US and the West, Iran's gas export, especially to Turkey, Iran's territorial integrity (especially the Turkic provinces), Iran's transit role in international transportation, and Iran's geopolitical position. They were chosen as the key influencing variables of Zangzor Corridor on Iran. In this regard; The possible situations related to six scenarios with strong compatibility showed: the situations that describe the scenarios facing Iran as critical due to the impact of the Zangzor Corridor, include the most possible possible situations. On this basis, the scenario of geopolitical collapse was formulated and it was concluded that the future of Iran's security in the Caucasus depends on its ability to create an effective strategy for managing challenges and exploiting opportunities. Only by strengthening regional cooperation and adopting prudent policies, Iran can take steps to protect its national interests and ensure stable security in this region

Evaluation of the synergogy rhythm of curriculum planning of place-based of Gography

alireza Daviran

“Synergogy is a method whose principles are based on group participation and comprehensive structural synergy in the learning process. In the meantime, the content of location-based courses (such as geography) is intertwined with spatial data, and its stabilization requires memorization and mental imagery. Experience has shown that learning these subjects in traditional ways has not been effective and has not been able to stabilize the learning content. This research is written with the nature of the applied method and with the aim of investigating the synergistic rhythm of the place-based curriculum of geography. The statistical population was 60 students of the final year of geography at Farhangian University, who collected data using the library and field method (Choo and Bowley evaluation model) and entered it into SPSS software, and analyzed the data with the rhythm analysis model and the structural equation model of path analysis.The results Examining the components of group dynamics, doing work, feedback and the variables of place, time and classroom space arrangement shows that the synergistic rhythm of place-based courses has a linear, continuous, regular and gradual growth, which is important in regular linear practical courses and in sinusoidal theory courses. Is. At the same time, in the structural equation, the effect of time-spatial variables and space arrangement on the synergism of the place is continuous and they are in continuous relationship with the positive direction. It is more desirable to conduct the synergy method of place-based geography lessons with the priority of workshop classes, technology site and smart classes. Holding synergistic classes in the morning (9 to 11) is considered the most suitable time.The direct and indirect effect of the sum of all variables on synergy has relative favorability.

Analyzing the hydropolitical challenges of the river basins of Lorestan province using the future research approach

Morad Kavianirad

The water transfer of Lorestan province to desert areas, mismanagement of water resources, lowering of underground water level and reduction of surface water have created many hydropolitical challenges in this province and Lorestan is facing hydropolitical challenges in its basins. He has built a river in front of him. Identifying these challenges now and in the future can prevent future problems and crises. In the current research, the aim is to analyze the hydropolitical challenges of the river basins of Lorestan province using the future research approach. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed method (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical community was experts/experts in water, economic, political issues and geographic and social science researchers. Using the non-probability sampling method, 30 experts were selected by targeted sound and theoretical saturation. To collect the data, the questionnaire of mutual effects of future research was used. Structural model and MICMAC software were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed the forced migration of young people to industrial and desert areas (+23), the creation of conflicts in virtual networks regarding water resources and its transfer (+23), the decrease in the production of products due to water scarcity (+15), the increase Conflict between individuals and water exploiting groups (farmers, government, industry) (+13), occurrence of local and ethnic conflict and strife over water resources (+13), decrease in political security (+13), imbalance in the protection of The environment (+11) and the quantitative and qualitative decline of surface and underground water resources (+6) are the most important hydropolitical challenges of the river basins of Lorestan province. In line with the research, suggestions were given for the current research and future research. The enlightenment of this research, unlike previous studies, is the identification of hydropolitical challenges from the perspective of river basins and the future research approach.

Assessment of indicators for the creation of healthy and sustainable cities with an emphasis on the 2023 Agenda of the United Nations (Case Study: Shush Danyal City)

Sadegh Allahyari

A healthy city is a city where the quality of life of citizens is high in all areas, including physical and mental health, social welfare, economic development, and environmental protection. This study evaluates the indicators of a healthy city in Shush Daniel using the Healthy City Index from the perspective of the United Nations' 2023 Agenda. The research is applied in purpose and quantitative in nature, conducted through a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population included experts, planners, urban researchers, and specialists with comprehensive knowledge of Shush city, from which 30 individuals were purposefully selected to answer the questions. Binary logistic regression was employed to analyze the data and information. The results revealed that among the six main components, economic density and investment had the highest impact with an influence coefficient of 0.210, followed by health, welfare, and healthy citizens (0.203), creation of neighborhoods, infrastructure, and healthy housing (0.191), and a healthy environment (0.186). These factors had the most significant influence on creating a healthy and sustainable city in Shush. Out of 38 indicators, the 10 most important ones were identified, with the top three being physical and mental health of citizens (0.393), low levels of stress and anxiety in society (0.382), and provision of urban infrastructure and equipment (0.328). These indicators were found to be the most critical in establishing a healthy and sustainable city in Shush Daniel

The effect of Caspian Sea water level fluctuations on the changes of the coasts of Gorgan Bay in the period of 1955-2021

sara Kiani

Gorgan Bay is considered a geological landscape and a coastal sedimentary environment in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. The hydrodynamics of the coasts of this region is subject to the general hydrodynamics of the Caspian Sea. Due to the low slope topography of these beaches, the slightest change in the sea level will lead to hundreds of meters from place to place in the coastline of this area. Changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea is an environmental and coastal management problem, and today the decreasing trend of the water level of the Caspian Sea during the last few decades has caused destructive effects such as land formation on the coasts of Gorgan Bay. In order to investigate the effect of changes in the level of the Caspian Sea on the southern shores of Gorgan Bay in a period of 66 years, existing reports and studies have been used and field surveys have been used, and the coastlines of the studied area have been monitored through the processing of aerial photos from 1955 and Landsat satellite images. MSS, TM, ETM and +ETM have been carried out in the years 1975-2021 in Arc GIS and ENVI software. Coastal changes were processed during 4 periods. During this period, the level of the Caspian Sea water level fluctuated between -26.5 and -28.7 . Based on the results obtained from satellite images and field visits of Gorgan Bay, 1 stage of water level increase in the period of 1995-1985 by the amount of 131 square kilometers and 3 stages of water level decrease in the years 1955, 1985-1975 and 2021-1995 by the amount of It has covered 246 square kilometers.

Investigating the role of natural elements in the military geography of combating goods and currency smuggling (Case study: border regions of Iran)

Hamidreza Karimi

Goods and currency smuggling is a widespread issue in Iran, disrupting economic, political, and social planning. While not limited to border regions, these areas are particularly vulnerable due to their unique geographical conditions. This research focuses on the natural factors influencing smuggling in border areas, examining the roles of topography, vegetation, climate, and water resources.

The study aims to determine the extent and mechanisms by which each of these natural factors affects the control of goods and currency smuggling in the country's border regions. This is a fundamental-applied study using descriptive-analytical and quantitative methods. Data were collected through surveys of military and border guard personnel stationed in border regions and analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and path analysis modeling.

The results indicate that topography, vegetation, and climate have the most significant impact on hindering the operations of military and border guard forces in combating smuggling. The Pearson correlation coefficient (0.620) demonstrates a strong relationship between natural geography and the military geography of anti-smuggling efforts. In regression analysis, the "climate" variable shows the highest impact with a beta coefficient of 0.350, while "water resources" has the lowest impact with a beta coefficient of 0.124. Furthermore, the path analysis model shows that vegetation, topography, and water resources, influenced by climatic conditions, affect the quality of anti-smuggling efforts in the country's border regions, thereby creating challenges for military and border guard forces in controlling, monitoring, and combating smuggling.

A Geopolitical Analysis of Water Diplomacy in Iran’s Border Rivers: An Approach Based on Converging Theories in International Relations

Abed Golkarami

Water diplomacy, as one of the effective tools in the management of shared water resources—particularly in regions with transboundary rivers—plays a crucial role in reducing tensions and strengthening regional cooperation. This study, employing an applied approach and a descriptive–analytical method, provides a geopolitical analysis of water diplomacy in Iran’s border rivers. To better conceptualize the issue, three converging theoretical frameworks in international relations—neoliberal institutionalism, liberalism, and constructivism—are utilized. Accordingly, the main research question explores how these theoretical approaches can contribute to an effective analysis of water diplomacy in Iran’s transboundary river basins. The central hypothesis posits that an integrative application of these theories can lead to a more accurate understanding of geopolitical relations, reduction of regional tensions, and enhancement of cooperation mechanisms between Iran and neighboring countries in managing shared water resources. The findings—drawn from the application of these approaches to three case studies (Helmand, Harirud, and Aras rivers)—indicate that despite their theoretical differences, all three frameworks emphasize institutional capacity building, economic interdependence, and the formation of shared identities and norms. These elements, in turn, can provide a solid foundation for enhancing water diplomacy across Iran’s borders. The study also highlights that adopting a synthesized approach can significantly assist policymakers in formulating comprehensive and multi-dimensional strategies for the sustainable management of transboundary water resources.

Modeling Evaporation from Eyvashan Dam Lake: Implementing the SEBAL Algorithm and Cloud Computing on Google Earth Engine

Ali Haghizadeh

Evaporation is considered a critical factor in water balance systems, accounting for substantial water loss from lakes. With advancements in remote sensing technologies and computational algorithms, the estimation of evaporation from water surfaces has undergone significant transformation. This study employed the SEBAL algorithm within the Google Earth Engine platform to estimate evaporation from the Ayvashan Dam reservoir. Landsat 8 satellite imagery was processed in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to compute pixel-level evapotranspiration using the SEBAL algorithm. The results revealed that across all three study dates (10/07/2024, 04/08/2024, and 26/08/2024), the evaporation rate near the center of the dam reservoir was consistently higher than in peripheral areas. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that implementing the SEBAL algorithm in the Google Earth Engine platform maintains reasonable accuracy despite challenges such as limited access to pan evaporation data and the 11 km distance between the meteorological station and study area - a finding supported by statistical metrics (RMSE = 2.4 and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.83). Calculated evaporation rates for July, August, and September were 9.15 mm, 12.7 mm, and 9.34 mm respectively, indicating substantial water loss from the reservoir. These findings underscore the algorithm's effectiveness in evaporation estimation even under constrained ground data conditions. Given that precipitation in the study area occurs primarily as short-term episodic events with predominantly dry conditions throughout the year, water conservation during arid periods becomes particularly crucial.

Evaluation of Iran's Foreign Policy Strategies toward Geopolitical Evolutions in the South Caucasus after the Karabakh War

AliAkbar Jafari

The South Caucasus is a semi-mountainous region located between the Caspian and Black Seas which has always enjoyed a geopolitical and geostrategic position throughout history. The conflicts between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia in the South Caucasus, which led to remove the seizure of the disputed territory of Karabakh by the Republic of Azerbaijan, have made it difficult to reach a lasting peace in the South Caucasus due to some fundamental differences such as how to access Nakhchivan region. The Republic of Azerbaijan wants unhindered extraterritorial access, which Armenia and Iran strongly oppose due to the severance of land communication between the two countries and the creation of a geopolitical bottleneck. Given the importance of the South Caucasus and the impressionability of Iranian policies from any geopolitical changes and developments in the region, the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question: "What strategies has the Iranian foreign policy apparatus adopted since the beginning of the conflicts to manage the post-Karabakh war developments in order to prevent any border changes and becoming it into a lasting geopolitical bottleneck?" The result of research show that the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been a combination of declaring a firm position in oppositing to any border changes and while avoiding tension and increasing cooperation in order to prevent any change in the geopolitical situation to the detriment of Iran's interests, especially in the North-South Corridor. These policies have been pursued at various economic, military, and political levels in interactions with the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia.

Explaining the Role of Facilitation Office Performance in Local Participation and the Development of Informal Settlements in Tabriz Metropolis

Mohammad Shali

Informal settlements, as one of the most important challenges of urban management in Iranian metropolises, require the adoption of new approaches with an emphasis on public participation and a community-based approach in the field of local planning and development. Within this framework, facilitation offices have been established in some informal neighborhoods with the aim of raising awareness and empowering residents, strengthening the relationship between official institutions and the local community, and improving social, economic, and physical indicators. However, the effectiveness of these offices in practice has been less evaluated structurally and empirically. The present study aimed to analyze the performance of facilitation offices in four neighborhoods of Tabriz metropolis, focusing on its relationship with empowerment, social participation, and physical, economic, and social outcomes.The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. Data were collected in the field using a researcher-made questionnaire from 396 residents of neighborhoods with facilitation offices in 1401 and analyzed using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS software. The results showed that the performance of the offices had a direct effect on empowerment with a coefficient of 0.907 and on local participation with a coefficient of 0.636. Participation also played a significant mediating role in improving social indicators with a coefficient of 0.438, economic indicators with a coefficient of 0.294, and physical indicators with a coefficient of 0.266. Also, educational measures, transparent information, and interaction with local institutions were among the most important influential factors in the neighborhood development process. Accordingly, the research findings can be a basis for reviewing urban policies and creating participation-based institutions in the process of recreating and developing informal settlements

Investigating the impact of artificial intelligence on rural management performance with the mediating role of environmental dynamics in rural areas of Kermanshah county

Masoud Safari Aliakbari

In the current situation, artificial intelligence can improve rural management performance through optimizing resource use, predicting environmental changes, and making intelligent decisions.The aim of the present study is to investigating the impact of artificial intelligence on rural management performance with the mediating role of environmental dynamics in rural areas of Kermanshah county. This research is descriptive in terms of method, applied-practical in terms of purpose, and correlational in terms of nature. The statistical population includes 1300 village heads and council members in the villages of Kermanshah city. The sample size using the Morgan table is 297 people and the sampling method is simple random. The research tools include standard questionnaires for artificial intelligence from Carl Albrecht (2003) with 21 items, for measuring environmental dynamics, the Vera and Crossan questionnaire (2009) with 5 items, and for measuring performance, the Patterson questionnaire (1970) with 15 questions. The validity was confirmed by face, content and construct methods and the reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha at 0.861. The collected data were analyzed based on structural equation path analysis in PLS software. The results showed that artificial intelligence had a positive and significant effect on rural management performance with an impact coefficient of 0.889 and a T value of 217.42, artificial intelligence had a positive and significant effect on environmental dynamics with an impact coefficient of 0.876 and a T value of 0.044, and environmental dynamics had a positive and significant effect on rural management performance with an impact coefficient of 0.273 and a T value of 4.938. Also, the results of the Sobel test showed that artificial intelligence had an effect on rural management performance with a mediating role of environmental dynamics with a T value of 9.361. Therefore, artificial intelligence can play a very important role in rural management performance, especially in optimizing resources, improving public services, environmental management and increasing agricultural productivity.

Comparative evaluation of Tehran Metropolitan Municipality regions from the perspective of creative city indicators

Azad Rahimzadeh

A creative city is a vibrant place that fosters cultural and intercultural learning, where every resident feels confident in their knowledge, skills, and cultural awareness. A creative city emphasizes characteristics that make the city more appealing to its residents. The objective of this research is a comparative assessment of Tehran’s metropolitan districts based on creative city indicators. This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and applied in terms of purpose. Data collection was conducted using a documentary-library method across four dimensions: quality of life, human capital, social capital, and innovation. The WASPAS decision-making model was used for ranking the districts, and the entropy model was applied to weight the indicators. The innovation of this research lies in its use of a comparative approach and a new model for identifying and evaluating creative city indicators at the urban district scale (Tehran metropolis).The results from employing the WASPAS decision-making model reveal differences among the 22 districts of Tehran concerning creative city indicators. The ranking of districts in terms of being a creative city shows that seven districts (6, 1, 12, 3, 4, 2, and 7) have favorable conditions. Eight districts were found to have moderate conditions, while seven districts (19, 18, 16, 21, 17, 10, and 9)respectively, were in unfavorable conditions and prioritized for urban development planning. Moreover, the findings showed that the economic dimension of the creative city had the highest number of districts (17) in unfavorable conditions.

Qualitative meta-analysis of research related to the impact of climate change, water security, and land subsidence in the Zayandeh-Rud watershed

Morad Kaviani-Rad

Land subsidence negatively affects infrastructure, humans, and the environment. Since climate change intensifies the hydrological cycle and the severity of climate extremes (floods, droughts, and fires) and poses a serious threat to the security of water resources, the study of the interaction between these important factors became important. In recent years, despite the issue of climate change and its impact on water security and land subsidence being raised in scientific, political, and media circles, the dimensions of this issue have remained unknown and have yielded different interpretations. The present study, which is of an applied nature and the required data were collected through a library method with the aim of achieving qualitative knowledge about the dimensions and angles of the climate change cycle, water security, and land subsidence in the Zayandeh Rood watershed, aims to identify the gaps in this field in addition to specifying the content and methodological features using a qualitative meta-analysis method. This study, using the qualitative meta-analysis method, examined 45 studies conducted between 2005 and 2014 in the form of domestic scientific research articles, theses and dissertations, and articles in reputable international journals. The results of the study showed that no comprehensive study has been conducted that has examined and analyzed the various dimensions of the climate change cycle, water security, and land subsidence in the Zayandeh Rood watershed. In this regard, the lack of accurate and real data is one of the shortcomings of the research conducted in this field.

Exploring the Role of Environmental Psychology Components in Promoting the Quality of Urban Spaces (Case study: The New Fabric of Ardabil City)

Ata Ghaffari Gilandeh

New urban fabrics in our country, despite previous planning efforts, often face quality crises. In this context, the present research evaluates the quality of urban spaces in the new urban fabric of Ardabil, emphasizing the components of environmental psychology. Initially, through a review of the theoretical literature, the effective components of environmental psychology on the quality of urban spaces were identified, comprising 20 components across three dimensions. These components were then assessed through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes residents of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Sabalan Township, Rezvan Township, Sina Township, and Zaranas Township that its population is about 198644 people. The sample size is 384 individuals. The validity of the questions was confirmed by three university lecturers and experts in this field, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.845 indicated the reliability of the questionnaire. For the analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaires, all statistical calculations were performed using SPSS and LISREL software, employing structural equation modeling and second-order confirmatory factor analysis methods. The results from the model fit indicated the correlation between latent variables and observed variables, as well as the calculated T-values for all first-order and second-order factor loadings, demonstrating the external validity of the research model. According to the findings, the environmental health component with a factor loading of 0.75 in the content factors category, the spatial readability component with a factor loading of 0.80 in the physical factors category, and the accessibility to daily commercial services component with a factor loading of 0.58 in the functional factors category have the most significant impact on improving the quality of urban space in the new fabric of Ardabil. The research findings indicated that the average quality of the components of environmental psychology, according to respondents, reflecting the moderate level of these components in the studied area.

The Use of Mineral Resources in AI Technologies and the Geopolitical Competition of Great Powers over Their Acquisition

Marjan Badiee Azandahi

In recent decades, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technology and its expanding applications in human life have brought about extensive transformations across various sectors, particularly in the economic sphere. This has significantly heightened the importance of developing this technology for major global powers. Mineral resources serve as the essential raw materials for manufacturing AI-related hardware; consequently, access to these resources is crucial for nations and companies active in this field. Within the geopolitical competition to acquire these mineral resources, the means of controlling and accessing them can be utilized as leverage to exert pressure and impose restrictions on the development of AI technologies. Consequently, countries possessing these resources are pursuing stockpiling and even exploiting resources from other nations to not only increase their own influence and control but also to secure their future access to these materials.
This study is applied research conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. The main research questions are: What role do mineral resources play in the development of AI technology, and how does the geopolitical competition among great powers for acquiring these resources unfold? Based on the research findings, mineral resources, as critical raw materials for manufacturing equipment and a source of capital, significantly impact the production of AI technology hardware. The competition among great powers for these mineral resources often manifests through strategies such as stockpiling, price manipulation, and resource processing. The results indicate that access to, control over, and supervision of the mineral mines used in AI hardware production enable major powers like the United States and China not only to influence the global trajectory of this technology's development and utilization but also to prevent the entry of rival actors into this arena or diminish their potential role.

Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Maximum Temperature in Iran Using ERA5 Data

Seyyed Abolfazl Masoudian

Global warming is one of the most challenging climatic phenomena of the current era, accompanied by a rise in the average temperature of the Earth's oceans and land over the past few decades. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the temporal and spatial changes in Iran's maximum temperature over the last four decades, using ERA5 reanalysis data.

Daily maximum temperature data was extracted from ERA5 products in HDF5 file format and processed using the Python programming language. For data analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used for dimensionality reduction, and Ward's clustering method was employed to determine homogeneous climatic regions based on the similarity of weather elements. The long-term mean maximum temperature for the country during this period was estimated at 24.2∘C, with a range of variation from −0.4∘C to 53.7∘C. The results from smoothing the data's time series showed a significant temperature jump around the year 1998, which led to an increase in the mean maximum temperature from 23∘C to 25∘C. In the spatial dimension, the maximum temperature was directly influenced by topography, altitude, and latitude. The southern and southeastern regions were identified as the warmest, while the high-altitude areas of the west, north, and northeast were the coolest. The results of the PCA showed that the first two components explained more than 78% of the spatial variance and 93% of the temporal variance, respectively. This indicates the existence of consistent and interpretable climatic patterns. Additionally, the Ward's clustering analysis, which divided the data into five distinct clusters, reflected the diversity of temporal behavior of the maximum temperature across the country.

Evaluating the Political-Economic Impacts of National and Regional-Scale Companies and Industries on Integrated Urban Management (Case Study: Ahvaz Metropolis)

afshin karami

In centralized political systems, the government-municipality or government-local governance relationship follows a hierarchical structure, where the independence of municipalities is overshadowed by their financial dependence on the government or state-affiliated organizations. In Ahvaz, the metropolitan area under study in this research, in addition to this type of governmental dependence, urban management may be subject to another form of financial dependency. The prominent presence of companies and industries operating at regional and supra-regional scales – such as Khuzestan Steel Company, petrochemical industries, the National Iranian Oil Company, and its affiliated organizations in Ahvaz and Khuzestan region – and their interactions with urban management can significantly influence municipal performance. This research seeks to examine the political-economic effects of regionally and nationally scaled companies and organizations on spatial-political management and urban governance. In other words, it aims to answer the question: To what extent can the financial dependence of urban management on one or more national/regional companies affect the optimal performance of municipalities? This study employs the policy network model as its research framework. The policy network was visualized using Gephi software, followed by network analysis. The research findings indicate that the political economy of these corporations' presence can be summarized in two dimensions: a) Positive economic impacts b) Urban management challenges.

A comparative view on the level of attaining sustainable affordable housing in different urban areas of Urmia

saeed Zanganeh Shahraki

Official statistics show that the housing situation in many countries of the world, including Iran, cannot be defended. Despite global issues in the field of housing and the environment, the necessity of developing "sustainable affordable housing" has been widely accepted among urban thinkers. This necessity is intensified with the expansion of urbanization and population growth. To realize this, there is a need to identify the components of affordable-sustainable housing, which has been investigated in this study in the neighborhood, which is the most important place of residential use. In this research, the aim is to investigate sustainable affordable housing indicators in different urban areas. Using Cochran's formula, the number of samples in various locations is determined and finally, sampling is done using the systematic sampling method. The validity of satisfaction questionnaires that include the perceptions section has been confirmed by 5 professors and its reliability has been measured using Cronbach's alpha. The resulting studies show that 36 quantifiable indicators in the field of attaining affordable housing can be identified from various articles using the synthesis method, and by examining them in different planned areas, the program unplanned and old in the city of Urmia, it can be concluded that Urmia's neighborhoods with an average score of 3.87 have a good status in the social sector and with an average score of 2.23 in the economic sector, they have an unfavorable situation and the environmental indicators and Physically, they have different statuses between the localities and have marked the differences. In this way, the planned neighborhoods have a good situation in obtaining affordable housing, and the old and unplanned neighborhoods are placed in the next position.

Analysis of decadal changes in the Iran-directed of Siberian high-pressure outbreaks over the last half century

Gholamreza Barati

The Siberian High-pressure (HP) has various effects on Iran’s climate. Climate warming, especially in the last century, has raised the possibility of changes in the Outbreaks of the Siberian High-pressure extending toward Iran (OSH). In this study, to test the mentioned hypothesis, daily sea level pressure maps for 50 years (1972 to 2021) during the month in which the SH appeared more strongly in the monthly composite maps were downloaded from the NCEP/NCAR atmospheric data reanalysis database. The selection of this month was based on the highest central pressure intensity of the high (intensity index) and its greatest spatial extent (spatial index) compared to the other six months. The axes of the OSHs extending toward Iran were classified into four categories: “continuous and reaching,” “continuous and non-reaching,” “discontinuous and reaching,” and “discontinuous and non-reaching.” The design of their synoptic patterns showed a clear decrease in the frequency of “continuous and reaching” OSHs. Continuity refers to the directness of the OSH, and a reaching OSH is one that extends to the borders of Iran or penetrates into the country. Using two criteria— “the integrated advance of cold and dry air from the high-pressure center toward Iran” and “verification of the OSH entering or reaching Iran’s borders”—it was found that cold and dry air travels from Central Asia toward Iran through three main pathways: 1. The pathway of cold and dry air transfer from the western slopes of the Altai Mountains, then across the Turan Plain, and finally into central Iran. 2. The pathway of air transfer from the Dzungarian Plain in western China, then along the Tian Shan Mountains, through Afghanistan, and finally into the north of Sistan-va-Baloochestan Province. 3. The pathway of air transfer from the Kazakh steppes, through the Caucasus corridor (west of the Caspian Sea), reaching Azerbaijan, and extending along the Zagros Mountains. The frequency of OSHs has indicated a decline in five separated decades along all three pathways during the past half century. This decrease is more evident in the third pathway, namely the Caucasus corridor, which already had a lower frequency from the beginning.

Strategic planning for sustainable urban regeneration in underdeveloped neighborhoods, case study: Nasiriyah city, Iraq

Ali Sadeghi

In the city of Naseriyah, uneven urban development trends—caused by weaknesses in the planning system, unequal distribution of public services, and the concentration of investment in central or specific areas—have led to deep spatial disparities between neighborhoods. Consequently, spatial inequality acts as a structural barrier to sustainable development. This study seeks to propose appropriate strategic approaches for achieving urban sustainable development and spatial justice using a combination of SWOT and QSPM tools. Accordingly, in line with the research objective, this study is descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection was carried out through both documentary-library and field methods. The statistical population includes experts and university faculty members active in the field of urban planning and management. A total of 30 participants were selected as the research sample through purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was conducted using the combined strategic analysis model (SWOT) and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The results showed that based on the final score of 2.276 in the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix and 2.537 in the External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix, the selected strategy falls into cell (V) of the strategy matrix, indicating a "conservative strategy" approach. Additionally, results from the QSPM model revealed that, based on the attractiveness weight scores, the top strategic priority is “designing and implementing a comprehensive urban plan to achieve sustainable urban development.” This is followed, in order of priority, by “reforming the structure of urban management,” “enhancing public services,” “economic sustainability with an emphasis on spatial justice,” “rebuilding waste and sewage infrastructure,” and “developing heritage-based tourism utilizing local capacities.” Achieving urban sustainability requires simultaneous attention to economic, social, environmental, and cultural dimensions, as well as strategic planning and targeted interventions.

Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and Thermal Comfort in Climate-Responsive Architecture: A Case Study of Zahedan

Taghi Tavousi

This study aims to evaluate the indoor environmental quality of urban buildings and their compatibility with the local climate of Zahedan. To this end, faculty housing units at the University of Sistan and Baluchestan were selected as case samples. Climatic data—including temperature, relative humidity, wind, and solar radiation—were analyzed over the period from 1982 to 2024. Solar angle, altitude, and intensity were calculated using mathematical functions, forming the basis for a monthly bioclimatic calendar of Zahedan, developed according to three criteria: air circulation within buildings, physical activity, and clothing type. The findings indicate that by adjusting factors such as window position and clothing, thermal comfort can be achieved throughout the year. In colder months, solar radiation and warm clothing contribute to indoor comfort, while in warmer months, gentle airflow through open windows enhances livability. Designing residential interiors in harmony with the local climate not only improves occupant comfort and health but also offers economic benefits by reducing energy consumption.

Social Analysis of Water Conflicts (Living in the Shadow of Water Scarcity: Lived Experience in Eastern Mazandaran)

Sadegh Salehi

“In recent years, the water crisis in Iran has gone beyond an environmental concern and has evolved into a multidimontion issue. Eastern Mazandaran, despite having relatively abundant surface water resources, faces local conflicts over access to and distribution of water between upstream and downstream villages. These conflicts, beyond the mere scarcity of resources, reflect perceived injustice, the breakdown of trust, and transformations in social bonds.This study aims to understand and interpret people’s lived experiences of social conflict over water in this region, using an interpretative phenomenological approach and seeks to analyze the effects of water conflict on perceptions of justice, security, and local identity. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 people (15 residents of the villages involved in the water dispute and five technical experts), and analyzed using a three-level thematic analysis. Thematic network analysis was employed, and through a six-step analytical process, a thematic network was constructed.Within this network, fifteen basic themes were condensed into three organizing themes-“Injustice in the flow of water and distrust in relationships,” “Environmental anxiety,” and “Social rupture and collapse of local solidarity”-and one overarching global theme, “Social conflict over water.”These themes indicate that conflict over water serves not only as a source of material disputes but also as a catalyst for profound transformations in the sense of belonging, coexistence ethics, and social trust. Accordingly, the findings highlight the necessity of rethinking water resource management policies, emphasizing perceived justice, inter-village dialogue, and the integration of Sociological and cultural dimensions in adaptation plans for water scarcity.

A Comparative Study of Environmental Policies in Iran and Arab League Countries؛ Responsible Regionalism and Its Comprehensive Impact on Sustainable Development

Hassan Heidari

In recent decades, environmental crises have become one of the fundamental challenges for developing countries, and the need to adopt coordinated and regional policies to address these crises has become increasingly evident. Iran and the Arab League member states possess significant capacity for environmental cooperation due to their geographical, climatic, and economic similarities. However, differences in their environmental policies and practices necessitate a careful comparative study. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the environmental policies of Iran and eight selected Arab League countries (Egypt, Algeria, Iraq, Yemen, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait), with an emphasis on responsible regionalism and its impact on sustainable development. For this purpose, official UN data for two points in time, 2020 and 2024, were used as the basis for the analysis, and 31 key indicators were extracted within three dimensions: environmental, social, and economic. The research method is mixed, combining quantitative analysis (using Shannon entropy to weight indicators and the TOPSIS model to rank countries) with qualitative library research. The findings are presented in three stages: first, an assessment of environmental policies in 2020; second, a review of developments up to 2024; and third, an analysis of indicator trends in Iran and the eight selected Arab League countries. The results show that, based on the TOPSIS model, Iran ranked fifth among the countries studied in 2020 with a Ci value of 0.339, and second in 2024 with a Ci value of 0.452, representing the most significant development advancement with a three-rank improvement. This advancement was associated with increases in the weight of certain social (such as managed drinking water), economic (such as GDP per capita), and infrastructure indicators, although challenges such as rising greenhouse gas emissions and biological threats persist. The study highlights the need to strengthen environmental policies and design regional cooperation mechanisms to achieve sustainable development.

A review of the urban heat island effect and methods for its mitigation

Ahmad Jameei

The expansion of urbanization and the replacement of natural surfaces with artificial materials lead to temperature rise and the formation of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, which results in consequences such as increased energy consumption, intensified air pollution, and threats to public health. This study aims to identify the factors influencing UHI and propose strategies to mitigate its impacts. The research was conducted using a systematic review and descriptive-analytical approach. To this end, relevant scientific articles and studies were examined, and the collected data were analyzed and categorized. The findings revealed that the key factors intensifying UHI include dense urban geometry, neglect of sustainable green facades and rooftops, improper and inefficient building mass design, use of materials with high thermal capacity and low albedo, reduced quality and efficiency of transportation infrastructure, loss of vegetation cover and surrounding natural ecosystems, shortage of water bodies, and ineffective natural ventilation in urban fabrics. The proposed strategies are divided into two scales. At the urban scale, optimizing urban design by regulating the height-to-width ratio of streets, creating wind corridors, and developing sustainable transportation infrastructure play a significant role in improving ventilation and reducing temperature. Expanding green and blue spaces through evapotranspiration processes and preserving natural ecosystems around cities help moderate environmental temperatures and improve air quality. At the building scale, the use of cool materials with high albedo, effective thermal insulation, green roofs and walls, and double-skin facades reduces heat transfer and enhances energy performance. Overall, the results indicate that integrating modern technologies, local strategies, and sustainable urban management can simultaneously reduce environmental temperatures, optimize energy consumption, and improve the quality of urban life.

Explaining the Duality in the Spatial Structure of the Tehran Metropolis

Taher Parizadi

Space is socially produced, and the duality of urban space reflects the multidimensional duality of urban society, posing a major challenge to urban development and spatial justice in metropolitan areas. In Tehran, uneven growth and the concentration of development and urban amenities in specific areas have produced unequal quality of life and a socially stratified urban space. Accordingly, this study examines the spatial manifestations of urban duality in the Tehran metropolis and identifies spatial patterns of inequality across municipal districts. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach and covers the 22 municipal districts of Tehran. Data for 45 indicators were obtained from the 2016 National Population and Housing Census and the Statistical Yearbooks of Tehran Municipality (2019–2022). District-level development was evaluated using the CORASO multi-criteria decision-making method, while spatial relationships were analyzed through Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index. The results reveal a pronounced north–south spatial divide in Tehran. Based on the CORASO scores, northern districts—particularly District 6 (0.25313), District 1 (0.17013), and District 3 (0.12703)—exhibit the highest levels of development, whereas southern districts, especially District 17 (−0.25313), District 10 (−0.23450), and District 18 (−0.22924), are among the least developed. Moran’s I value (0.433510) indicates significant spatial autocorrelation and a clustered spatial pattern, with developed districts forming clusters of prosperity and less developed districts forming clusters of deprivation in southern Tehran. This pattern reflects the historical concentration of resources, services, and investments in northern Tehran and the persistent relative deprivation of its southern districts.

Landslide Susceptibility Modeling Using PSO-GA-Based Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Weighting in Northern Tehran Basin

heeva elmizadeh

Landslides represent a critical natural hazard in the Northern Tehran Basin, posing significant threats due to its complex geological setting, rugged topography, and anthropogenic activities such as road construction. This study introduces an innovative hybrid framework incorporating dynamic weighting based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) for landslide susceptibility zonation. Unlike conventional methods (e.g., Frequency Ratio [FR], Statistical Index [SI], and Shannon Entropy [SE]), which employ static weights, our approach dynamically adjusts factor weights (e.g., distance to rivers, slope, lithology) using PSO, accounting for temporal variables such as seasonal rainfall and human activity. We compiled rainfall data and 150 landslide events (2005–2024) from local meteorological stations and geological databases. Input parameters included eight key factors (distance to rivers, distance to roads, slope, lithology, elevation, aspect, distance to faults, and land use) alongside seasonal rainfall. Results demonstrate that dynamic weighting improves prediction accuracy by 15% (AUC-ROC = 0.923 for PSO vs. 0.804 for FR), particularly during high-rainfall seasons where river proximity weight increased (vj = 8.2 vs. 7.21 in static models). The PSO-GA hybrid outperformed traditional models, with PSO (AUC-ROC = 0.923) and GA (AUC-ROC = 0.917) showing superior precision. Dynamic hazard maps accurately identified high-risk zones (e.g., near rivers with vj = 8.23 during rainy seasons). This approach offers a robust tool for landslide risk management in urbanized mountainous regions like Northern Tehran and serves as a replicable model for similar environments globally.

Allometry and morphometry of glacial cirques in Dana highlands

Abdullah Safe

Glacial cirques are considered as an important indicator in tracing the paleoclimate. Accurate identification and morphometric and allometric analyzes of cirques will separate and clean them from other pseudo-cirque symptoms. The purpose of this research; Identification, classification and analysis of morphometric and allometric parameters of glacial cirques of Dana heights in Kohkiloye and Boyer Ahmad provinces. After identifying 27 glacial sub-basins, 77 glacial cirques were identified in the region and were drawn on the classified slope map in two formats, linear and polygonal. The operation of classifying circuses was carried out based on the methods of Wilburg and Rodberg, Evans and Cooks. For the morphometry of these cirques, parameters such as (L), (W), (H), (L/W), (L/H), (W/H) and the size of the cirque were used and its morphometric characteristics. has been checked. According to the research results, there are 37 N1 category circuses, 15 N2 category circuses, 20 N3 category circuses, and 5 N4 category circuses in these heights. The coefficient b on the longitudinal and transverse axes of N3, N2, and N1 categories is greater than one. As a result, allometric and isometric behavior in these altitudes is positive for circuses of this category. Also, the average coefficient b on the longitudinal axis of N4 category circuses and the average coefficient a on the transverse axis of circuses of this category is less than 1. As a result, in these irregularities, the coefficient is B>1 and A<1 for both. As a result, the allometric and isometric behavior in these altitudes is negative for N4 category cirques.

Afghanistan and geopolitical competitions between global and regional powers

reza shahbaznejad

Due to its geopolitical position, Afghanistan has always been at the center of competition among global powers. Following the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 2021, the country has become a battleground for rivalry among China, Russia, the United States, Iran, India, and Pakistan. Using the theories of Balance of Power and Mackinder’s Heartland Theory, this study examines the role of these rivalries in Afghanistan’s security, economic, and political developments. The research seeks to answer the question: how have geopolitical rivalries among global powers affected Afghanistan’s security, politics, and economy after the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 2021?
Geopolitical competition among global powers (China, Russia, the United States, Iran, India, and Pakistan) has led to increased economic dependency, intensified proxy rivalries, and greater complexity in Afghanistan’s domestic politics, becoming a major obstacle to sustainable stability in the post-2021 period. China, through large-scale investments and the inclusion of Afghanistan in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), seeks to strengthen its economic influence and secure its strategic interests. Russia emphasizes security aspects and counterterrorism measures and maintains a cautious relationship with the Taliban. In contrast, the United States aims to prevent further empowerment of the Taliban and the growing influence of China and Russia through economic sanctions, diplomatic pressure, and cooperation with regional actors. Meanwhile, Iran, India, and Pakistan pursue different objectives in Afghanistan, further complicating regional interactions.
The findings of this research reveal that global power rivalries have increased Afghanistan’s economic dependency, intensified proxy conflicts, and created new challenges within the Taliban’s domestic political structure.

Optimizing Tourist Routes in Tehran’s District 12 Using Open TSP and GIS Network Analysis

Saeedeh Fakhari

Tehran’s District 12, as one of the capital’s cultural and tourism hubs, hosts a collection of prominent cultural institutions and museums that serve as major attractions for domestic and international visitors. However, the absence of systematic planning for routing between these centers leads to wasted time and energy for tourists and diminishes the quality of their visitation experience. This study aims to optimize museum visitation routes in Tehran’s District 12, focusing on minimizing travel time and distance, by selecting 22 active and significant museums in the area as case studies. To achieve this, the mathematical model of the Open Traveling Salesman Problem (Open TSP) was applied within the framework of network analysis in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Precise spatial data—including the geographic locations of museums and the local street network—were imported into ArcGIS software and processed using the Network Analyst tool. Travel cost matrices (based on time and distance) between all museum pairs were calculated, and optimal visitation routes were extracted and ranked using heuristic Open TSP algorithms according to the criteria of minimum time and shortest distance. Findings indicate that applying the Open TSP model within network analysis leads to the identification of significantly more efficient routes compared to conventional patterns or unplanned visits. Quantitative results show that, under normal (non-optimized) conditions, visiting all 22 museums covers a distance of 25.91 km with a travel time of 310 minutes, whereas the optimized proposed route requires only 9.896 km and 118 minutes of travel time. This improvement represents a 62% reduction in both distance and travel time. The study demonstrates the high efficiency of integrating combinatorial optimization models with GIS spatial analysis capabilities for urban tourism planning and can serve as a model for intelligent management of tourist visitation routes in other urban areas. The results enable informed decision-making and optimal planning for both group and individual visits, significantly enhancing the tourism experience by reducing time and physical costs.

The Impact of Environmental Parameters (Temperature and Air Pollution) on Behavioral Abnormalities (Aggression and Impulsive Behaviors) in Autistic Children Aged 4 to 13 in Khorasan Razavi Province

Alireza Entezari

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between specific climatic parameters, namely ambient temperature and air pollution, and behavioral abnormalities—including aggression and impulsive behaviors—among children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The research was carried out in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, and the statistical population comprised children with ASD aged 4 to 13 years who attended daily educational–rehabilitation centers dedicated to individuals with ASD. From this population, a total of 186 children were selected through convenience sampling. Data on behavioral variables were collected using three standardized instruments: the Shaheem Children’s Aggression Questionnaire (2006) to assess levels and dimensions of aggressive behavior; the Hirschfield Impulsivity Scale (1965) to measure impulsivity traits; and the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (1994) for confirming ASD diagnosis and severity. Simultaneously, climatic and air quality information—covering daily ambient temperature and concentrations of key air pollutants—was obtained from reliable local meteorological and environmental monitoring stations. The results demonstrated statistically significant relationships between both temperature and air pollution levels with the severity of aggression and impulsive behaviors in children with ASD. Higher temperatures and increased air pollutant concentrations were associated with elevated behavioral abnormalities. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating environmental and climatic considerations into the clinical management, educational planning, and rehabilitation program design for children with autism. Furthermore, they highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to develop strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse behavioral impacts of climatic and environmental stressors on vulnerable pediatric populations.

Analysis of carbon footprint effects on the sustainability of Tehran metropolis

Farzaneh Sasanpour

The metropolis of Tehran has developed on the basis of modern urbanization and in the last decade, it has witnessed transformations such as the reduction of the biological capacity of the region, uncontrollable socio-economic effects, exorbitant costs in the direction of health protection and also the treatment of the diseases that have arisen. is the aim of the research being to analyze the effects of carbon footprint on the sustainability of Tehran metropolis. The current research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Library and field method (questionnaire) was used to collect information. The statistical population of this study is Tehran metropolis with a population of 8,693,706 people, and Cochran's formula was used to select the sample, and 384 people were determined and completed by simple random sampling. Information processing was done with SPSS software, and the results of the questionnaire were analyzed with structural equation method and PLS software. The findings of the research showed that the situation of the carbon index in Tehran is in an unfavorable situation. The highest factor loading or standardized regression coefficient for the low-carbon planning index and the lowest for the low-carbon society index is 0.218. Also, it was found that low-carbon planning had the greatest impact on carbon reduction in Tehran metropolis. After that, the indicators of low-carbon urban development, low-carbon environment, low-carbon economy, low-carbon transportation, low-carbon construction and low-carbon society in the reduction of carbon in the city of Tehran respectively have There were different effects.
Key words: carbon footprint, sustainability, sustainable development, Tehran metropolis.

Analysis of Tehran's Urban Ecological Resilience Based on Regulating Ecosystem Services Using the MGWR Model

Farzaneh Sasanpour

Urban ecological resilience in the Tehran metropolis is one of the most important focuses of urban policy-making due to climatic and environmental challenges. The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing Tehran's ecological resilience based on regulating ecosystem services and environmental and human variables. To this end, the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model and the eleven-fold City Resilience Index (CLI) were employed.
The results showed that vegetation cover (NDVI), with a positive coefficient and small dispersion, has a uniform and determining effect on the CLI, confirming the importance of greenery in enhancing urban ecological resilience. The per capita green space showed a small positive coefficient, indicating a limited but significant impact on resilience, which suggests its unbalanced distribution across neighborhoods. Geomorphological variables, such as land slope and the rate of land subsidence, showed a consistently negative effect on the CLI. Transportation infrastructures, particularly the distance from the metro and BRT (Bus Rapid Transit), had a positive relationship with the CLI, although this relationship likely reflects population density and economic activities along high-traffic corridors.
In terms of air quality, showed a significant negative effect, while and had a slight positive effect on the CLI; showed no significant impact. Pearson's correlation results indicated no correlation higher than between the variables and the CLI, suggesting the complementary and multi-factorial role of environmental and physical indicators in shaping urban resilience.
In total, the findings suggest that enhancing Tehran’s urban ecological resilience requires a systemic and multi-dimensional approach. Policy-making in this area should focus on inclusive greenery development, redesigning compact urban fabrics, and developing green and sustainable transportation.

Scientometric Analysis of the Conceptual Structure and Research Trends of Tactical Urban Planning from 2000 to 2025

Hamid Saberi

Tactical urban planning, which depends upon quick and participatory interventions within small-scale areas, creates a platform for citizen creativity and, by reinforcing neighborhood resilience, redefines models of urban sustainability. This study aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of the composition and research trends within the area of tactical urban planning from a bibliometric perspective. Based on data from 764 papers listed in the Web of Science database between 2000 and 2025 and utilizing VOSviewer software, three bibliometric maps (network, temporal, and density) were created and analyzed. The findings indicated that tactical urban planning, as an innovative and participatory strategy, occupies the center of the theoretical network of urban planning and urbanism scholarship, with deep connections to concepts such as public space, urban policy, and innovation. The temporal trends of papers indicate a significant increase in concern with issues such as participatory design, smart urbanization, and urban resilience in recent years. Moreover, the density map indicated that priority of investigations is assigned to the axes of tactical urban planning interaction with sustainable development, and citizen involvement. Identifying thematic clusters, scientific collaboration networks, and knowledge gaps, this article provides an overall view of the existing status and further research directions within the area. Researchers and urban policymakers can use it to improve urban quality of life and promote sustainable development.

Assessment of Regional and Global Teleconnection Impacts on Snow Cover Variability across the Maroon River Basin

kAMAL Omidvar

Teleconnection patterns play a crucial role in modulating large-scale atmospheric circulation and significantly influence regional climatic variables, including snow cover dynamics. This study aims to examine the impacts of 29 regional and extra-regional teleconnection indices on the spatial and temporal variability of snow cover in the Maroon River basin, a key water-supplying region in southwestern Iran that has experienced severe hydrological extremes in recent decades. Daily snow cover data derived from the MODIS sensor onboard the TERRA satellite for the period 2001–2022 were processed using the Google Earth Engine platform. Snow-covered areas were identified using the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) with a threshold of 0.4, and the data were aggregated at monthly and cold-season scales. Teleconnection indices—including ENSO-related indices, NAO, PDO, TSA, TNA, EPO, SCA, AAO, and SOLAR—were obtained from the NOAA database. The relationships between snow cover variability and teleconnection patterns were quantified using Pearson correlation analysis, considering both simultaneous and lagged effects.The results indicate that indices such as TSA, EPO, TNA, ESPI, PBO, and OSI exhibit strong negative correlations with snow cover, reflecting suppressed snow accumulation during their positive phases. In contrast, PDO, PNA, MEI.v2, and several Niño indices show significant positive correlations, particularly during the cold season, while the SCA pattern enhances snow cover during spring. Overall, snow cover variability in the Maroon Basin is governed by the combined influence of ocean–atmosphere oscillations and solar activity, with the strongest responses occurring in cold and transitional seasons.These findings highlight the value of integrating teleconnection-based climate signals into snowpack and hydrological forecasting, providing a practical framework for improving water resource management and climate risk assessment in mountainous regions.

The Role of Ideology Cycles and Discourse Changes of the Qajar Period in the Formation of the Lalehzar - Ferdowsi Neighborhood in Tehran

mohammad soleimani

This study investigates the impact of ideological cycles and changes in political discourses on the formation and spatial transformation of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood in Tehran during the pre-Constitutional and Constitutional periods. The main objective is to identify the contexts and processes through which traditional and modern discourses shaped the spatial and physical structure of this neighborhood. The research is qualitative and exploratory in nature and adopts a historical–analytical approach. Data were collected through documentary sources, including historical documents, maps, official reports, and written records, and were analyzed using a spatial discourse analysis framework. The findings suggest that the emergence and development of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood during the Qajar period were a result of the interaction between two dominant discourses: the traditional discourse of the pre-Constitutional era and the modern discourse of modernization during the Constitutional period. The spatial manifestations of these political discourses materialized through the establishment of various institutions and structures such as the Fārūs Printing House as a symbol of freedom of expression, the formation of the Nazmiyeh and the police as indicators of the rule of law, embassies and state institutions as expressions of state–nation relations, and facilities such as the telegraph office, bank, post, park, and modern streets as signs of modernization. Accordingly, the simultaneous and sometimes conflicting forces of tradition and modernity generated the initial physical form, functional structure, and modern urban identity of the Lalehzar–Ferdowsi neighborhood.