Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences

Quantifying the Heat Mitigation Capacity of Green-Blue Infrastructures in the Metropolis of Tehran

Shamsipour

The aim of this research is to evaluate the heat mitigation index (HMI) in the Tehran metropolitan area using the Urban Cooling Model (UCM) approach in a spatial framework. UCM produces maps of the Heat Mitigation Index. This index estimates the cooling potential of urban green spaces in a given location, taking into account various parameters such as evapotranspiration, tree shading, albedo, rural reference air temperature, urban heat island intensity, air temperature maximum blending, and maximum cooling distance. The assessment of environmental factors influencing the UCM in the study area revealed that the urban heat island effect was least intense in regions 1, 22, and the northern parts of region 4 of Tehran municipality, where there are scattered trees, shrubs, open low-rise buildings, and water bodies. The temperature differences between the city and the suburbs ranged from 0 to 1.3 degrees Celsius. However, the study area's central parts showed the highest intensity of the urban heat island, particularly in regions 21, 13, and 14. These regions have a dense and compact texture and an expansion of impervious surfaces, resulting in the lowest values of the evapotranspiration index (ranging from 0.12 to 0.45) and albedo (ranging from 0.09 to 0.16). Based on these parameters, the study area's HMI index showed that the cooling capacity varies from 0.08 in the central parts of the city to 0.9 in areas affected by green spaces and water bodies. The maximum cooling capacity index is concentrated in areas with dense and scattered tree cover in the region. On average, these areas have been able to neutralise 2.48 degrees Celsius of the urban heat island effect with a cooling capacity of 63%. The methodology employed in this research can be used as a reference for urban designers in integrating urban cooling approaches and heat island mitigation strategies in urban planning and design.

Improving the Temporal and Spatial Accuracy of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Map using Satellite Image Fusion Algorithms

Mostafa Kabolizadeh

In vast areas, accessing satellite images with appropriate spatial resolution, such as Landsat images, is often challenging. dditionally, the temporal resolution of the Landsat satellite does not allow for the examination of short-term changes in phenomena such as vegetation. The aim of this research is to utilize temporal and spatial fusion techniques of Landsat-8 and MODIS satellite images to prepare a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map. For this purpose, six image fusion algorithms—NNDiffuse (Nearest Neighbor Diffusion), PC (Principal Component), Brovey, CN (Color Normalized), Gram-Schmidt, and SFIM—were applied in an experimental area in Khuzestan province. After evaluating the results of these algorithms and selecting the most appropriate algorithm based on statistical indicators (spectral criteria such as the correlation coefficient and spatial criteria such as the Laplacian filter), the spectral and spatial information from the red and near-infrared bands of eight mosaic Landsat-8 images (30 m resolution) were combined with the red and near-infrared bands of one MODIS image (250 m resolution). To investigate vegetation cover, the NDVI was calculated using the fused satellite image for Khuzestan province. The results showed that the NNDiffuse fusion algorithm demonstrated very high accuracy among the tested algorithms in terms of spatial evaluation and spectral quality criteria. Consequently, this algorithm was selected to combine the red and near-infrared bands of Landsat-8 and MODIS images. Compared to the original Landsat-8 image, the NDVI map prepared using this algorithm had the lowest statistical errors, with an RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.1234 and an MAE (Mean Absolute Error) of 0.081.

Urban competitiveness planning with emphasis on tourism for urban branding(Case study: Kermanshah city)

Keramatollah Ziari

Today, due to the conditions of globalization, city branding has become increasingly important due to its tourism potentials. Most regions with strategic planning in this area aim to achieve economic development and reduce deprivation through tourism. In this study, the research strategy is deductive, and its purpose is practical. The required data and information were collected from library resources and surveys (questionnaires and interviews) with experts. The meta-SWOT technique, based on an inside-out approach and a resource-based perspective, provides a framework for enhancing the competitiveness of cities and regions. The city of Kermanshah possesses significant capabilities to attract tourism, enabling it to achieve urban, regional, and global competitiveness. The findings of this study show that among the capabilities and potentials of Kermanshah, the existence of historical and cultural monuments—such as Taq-e Bostan, pillars, historic houses, museums, and its role as a center for handicrafts—as well as cultural similarities with people living in Iraq and Turkey, along with its unique culture, beliefs, and customs, serve as key tourism potentials. These attributes align with the four characteristics of the VIRO framework (Value, Rarity, Imitability, and Organization), making them the most strategic fit with macro variables affecting tourist attraction and urban competitiveness through tourism in Kermanshah. Among the major influential variables, the COVID-19 pandemic, international sanctions against Iran, climate change, natural disasters, and lack of funding have the greatest impact on the urban competitiveness of Kermanshah. Based on the analysis of resources and macro variables, a strategic fit map was developed, and appropriate solutions were proposed.

Subsidence of Critical Prohibited Well Drilling Plains (Study Area: Eshtehard Plain)

Rana Norouzi

In recent decades, land subsidence has emerged as a significant geomorphological hazard and environmental crisis, resulting in extensive and often irreversible damage to the plains of Iran. The primary driver of this phenomenon is the ongoing water crisis. The Eshtehard Plain, a vital industrial and agricultural hub in Alborz Province, has been classified as a critical prohibited zone by the Ministry of Energy due to the severe decline in groundwater levels. Consequently, assessing the rate of subsidence and identifying its causes and influencing factors are essential for effective risk management. This study employed the Differential Radar Interferometry (D-InSAR) technique to analyze subsidence in the Eshtehard Plain, utilizing data from the Sentinel-1A satellite spanning the years 2017 to 2023. During this period, subsidence in the region ranged from -2.08 cm to -2.93 cm. The highest subsidence rate, approximately -2.93 cm, occurred between 2019 and 2020, while the lowest, approximately -2.08 cm, was observed between 2022 and 2023. Notably, subsidence rates exhibited an increasing trend from east to west and in the southern expanse of the plain. The maximum subsidence observed throughout all study periods was concentrated in the Eshtehard aquifer area, which encompasses a significant portion of farmland, villages, the city of Eshtehard, industrial towns (Kosar, Omid, and Eshtehard), agricultural lands, and the highest density of groundwater extraction wells. Hydrographic analysis and interpolation of piezometric well data further revealed a consistent decline in groundwater levels and an increase in water table depth in this area. Moreover, the correlation between land subsidence and changes in groundwater depth was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, indicating that subsidence intensifies as groundwater levels decrease. The subsidence change profiles suggest a complex subsidence pattern within the study area, influenced by a combination of factors, including human activities (such as the intensity and type of land use, as well as excessive groundwater extraction), environmental conditions, geological characteristics (e.g., sediment composition, aquifer thickness, and bedrock position), and the rates of aquifer recharge and discharge. These findings underscore the urgent need for sustainable groundwater management and mitigation strategies to address the escalating subsidence crisis in the Eshtehard Plain.

The study of synoptic-dynamic patterns and trends of snow cover changes in the northeast of Iran

Bohloul Alijani

This study investigates the most significant synoptic patterns associated with widespread snowfall in the eastern half of Iran. To achieve this, weather code data and snow depth records from synoptic stations in the eastern half of the country were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization for the statistical period of 1371-1400 (1992-2021), focusing on the months of October to March. Days with simultaneous snowfall covering more than 70% of the study area were identified as widespread snowfall events. For the synoptic-dynamic analysis of these events, a classification method utilizing cluster analysis was employed. Maps of representative days were generated, including variables such as atmospheric temperature, moisture flux, geopotential height, vorticity, front formation, jet stream location, omega index, and meridional and zonal wind data. Additionally, trend analysis was conducted using the Mann-Kendall test. The results revealed that three primary synoptic patterns are responsible for widespread snowfall in the study area. These patterns include: (1) high-pressure systems over Siberia and central Europe coupled with low-pressure systems over eastern Iran; (2) high-pressure systems over western Iran paired with low-pressure systems over Sudan; and (3) high-pressure systems over central Europe combined with low-pressure systems over eastern Iran and Afghanistan. In all patterns, the intensification of meridional flows in the westerly winds, along with the formation of high- and low-pressure centers, creates blocking conditions that disrupt the westerly flow and promote upward air motion. The concentration of negative omega fields and positive relative vorticity advection, coupled with the positioning of northeastern Iran in the left exit region of the Subtropical Jet Stream, contributes to significant atmospheric instability and widespread snowfall in the region. Furthermore, the trend analysis indicated that, although there is no statistically significant trend in the number of snowfall days in northeastern Iran, the overall number of snowfall days has decreased over time.

Drivers Influencing on the self-organization of villagers and improving sustainable rural livelihoods Ashtian County

Naser Shafieisabet

Villagers' self-organization, as a collaborative process, plays a fundamental role in promoting sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. This study was carried out to identify the driving forces affecting the self-organization of villagers and to improve sustainable rural livelihoods in Ashtian County, Iran. Utilizing a qualitative research design with an analytical-exploratory approach, data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with 30 subject matter experts. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using the Delphi method and MicMac software to identify underlying relationships and patterns among concepts. The findings indicate that the distribution of factors and variables influencing the improvement of sustainable rural livelihoods in the study area is characterized by instability. Additionally, among the 24 primary influential factors, 10 critical drivers emerged as pivotal to advancing villagers' self-organization and promoting long-term sustainability in rural livelihoods. These drivers include innovation and creativity of villagers in agricultural and non-agricultural activities, skills and experience in group activities, and the establishment of local organizations as individual factors; increasing the spirit of entrepreneurship, launching, and promoting new local businesses as psychological factors; increasing participation, cooperation, and a sense of responsibility in agricultural and non-agricultural activities as social factors; empowering villagers by increasing their awareness, social and economic skills, and leveraging new IT and ICT technologies for structural empowerment in the direction of self-organization as education and empowerment factors; access to diverse and reliable financial resources for agricultural and non-agricultural activities as economic factors; delegating authority to villagers in line with local planning and decentralization as planning and management factors; and finally, supporting the creation and development of local businesses, diversifying agricultural and non-agricultural activities, and increasing investment in innovative businesses as socio-economic support factors. These drivers collectively contribute to advancing villagers' self-organization and enhancing sustainable rural livelihoods.

An analysis of cyclonic dominant patterns on cold period precipitation in the mid-western of Iran

Mohammad Hossein Naserzadeh

Extratropical cyclones, characterized by their frequency, duration, and intensity, serve as the primary drivers of mid- and high-latitude precipitation across the Mediterranean during the winter and autumn months. For this research, climatic variables obtained from the ECMWF network, featuring a temporal resolution of 6 hours and a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°, spanning from 1979 to 2016, were utilized. Additionally, precipitation data from four basin stations sourced from the Asfezari database for the same period were analyzed. Initially, geopotential height, temperature, humidity, and jet stream data for rainy days were extracted using MATLAB. Subsequently, a cyclonic center extraction algorithm was applied to identify cyclonic centers from the geopotential height data, based on the conditions that the geopotential height is at a minimum and the geopotential gradient is at a maximum. From the geopotential height matrix of rainy days (361×441×498), four distinct atmospheric patterns were identified through cluster analysis. The temporal and spatial frequency of these patterns, as well as the average temperature of cyclonic centers, were analyzed for the cold season months. The results indicated that the first pattern, identified as the Mediterranean trough pattern, is the most frequent, occurring 42% of the time. This pattern is characterized by the presence of a high-level system acting as a barrier, which deepens the low-level Mediterranean system and extends its axis toward the Red Sea. The interaction between low-level and high-level systems enhances instability, resulting in the highest precipitation levels among the identified patterns. Conversely, the fourth pattern, termed the western wind trough pattern, exhibits the lowest frequency at 10%. This pattern is characterized by a trough over the Caspian Sea; however, a high-level system in the southern region inhibits the entry of low-level systems, thereby confining cyclonic activity to the northern portion of the study area. Consequently, the isobars in the northern region assume a more orbital configuration, leading to a decreased influx of cyclones and, as a result, lower precipitation amounts compared to the other patterns. The analysis further revealed that cold-core cyclones accounted for 60% of occurrences in winter and 40% in autumn, while hot-core cyclones constituted 62% in winter and 38% in autumn. Notably, the frequency of hot-core cyclones increased relative to cold-core cyclones in winter, whereas an inverse trend was observed in autumn. Over the past decade, both the frequency and intensity of cyclones have diminished compared to the preceding two decades. In terms of cyclogenesis locations, the western part of the study area has consistently emerged as the most active region. Moreover, cyclogenesis activity exhibits a gradual increase from autumn to winter as the cold season progresses. These findings underscore the dynamic nature of extratropical cyclones and their significant role in shaping precipitation patterns across the Mediterranean region.

Explanation of different factors of geoculture on Iran-Iraq relations

Majid Rasouli

Iraq is regarded as a pivotal element in Iran's foreign policy. For Iranian policymakers, Iraq represents a more critical and, consequently, a more sensitive operational ground than other nations where Iran extends support to local militia groups. Historical evidence indicates that developments in Iraq can have significant repercussions for Iran's stability. Iraq continues to pose a threat to Iran's national security, which underpins Iran's efforts to influence Iraq's internal policies and strategic orientation. Since 2003, Iran has adeptly infiltrated the Iraqi Shia population by capitalizing on the long-standing common borders and cultural, religious, and economic ties with Iraq. Iran's influence is multifaceted, encompassing access to a diverse array of political and social actors. Hence, this research aims to examine the various geocultural factors in Iran-Iraq relations. To accomplish this objective, a descriptive-analytical method and Wizard software were employed. The findings of the research reveal that the divergent factors in geocultural relations between Iran and Iraq are situated in critical and semi-critical conditions. The robust scenario board comprises eight distinct possible situations. Among these eight scenarios, three are classified as critical, one as semi-critical, one as static, two as semi-optimal, and one as optimal. It is also noteworthy that the majority of Iranian and Iraqi citizens share a common religion, namely Shia Islam. The religious seminaries, or hawzas, located in the religious cities of Qom in Iran and Najaf in Iraq serve as centers of Shiite education; however, they have developed within two distinct and competing traditions. This factor presents an opportunity for potential improvement in the situation.

Futures Studies of Tehran Metropolitan Area Development in the Globalization Process

tajaldin karami

In present society, structural transformations within the economy, rapid advancements in science and technology, constraints on financial and human resources, the interdependence of nations, global competition, and the increasing trend toward globalization necessitate a more profound understanding of "change" and the "future" for governments, businesses, organizations, and individuals. Futures studies play a critical role in assisting policymakers and planners in the development of effective programs by enhancing communication, coordination, and collaboration among organizations and institutions. This research is applied in its objectives, descriptive-analytical in its nature and methodology, and exploratory in its approach to scenario writing. Data were collected through both documentary and field methods. In the field method, a researcher-constructed questionnaire in the form of a cross-impact matrix was administered to experts for scoring the factors. Utilizing the Delphi method, 30 experts were selected, and questionnaires were distributed non-randomly through convenience sampling. The data were analyzed using MICMAC and MORPHOL software. The findings indicate that the urban-regional system of Tehran is in an unstable state. Ten key drivers were identified as influential in the development of the Tehran metropolitan area: dominant ideology, integrated management, expansion of information and communication technology infrastructure, e-commerce, enhancement of economic competitiveness, economic branding, electronic management systems, political transparency, facilitation of multinational companies' entry, and the expansion of urban diplomacy. Ultimately, the scenarios for the future development of the Tehran metropolitan area revealed eight potential outcomes. The first scenario, characterized by nine pessimistic assumptions and one intermediate assumption, was identified as having the highest probability of occurrence.

Correlation between the NAO index and the occurrence of ARs in Iran

mostafa karampour

Atmospheric rivers are one of the atmospheric phenomena that generate heavy rainfall and can lead to significant human and financial losses. Understanding the synoptic mechanisms of water vapor flux and atmospheric river formation in the country's atmosphere, as well as revealing the interaction between the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) zonal component and the creation and intensification of this atmospheric phenomenon, can greatly improve the predictability of torrential rainfall events. The main goal of this research is to investigate the atmospheric river phenomenon in the Iranian atmosphere and its relationship with the phases of the NAO phenomenon. In this regard, data on the zonal and meridional components of wind, specific humidity, and NAO anomalies were obtained from the NOAA database during the statistical period of 1944–2019. The results showed that during the study period, atmospheric rivers have shifted in terms of longitude and latitude, moving toward the southern half of Iran. A high correlation was observed between the NAO index and meridional flows at levels above 600 hectopascals. Additionally, a sigma value of 0.2101 indicated a strong correlation with the NAO in the area where atmospheric rivers enter the Iranian atmosphere. High-pressure centers play an important role in directing atmospheric rivers. These rivers cannot pass through high-pressure centers and typically exhibit meridional curvature at the outer borders of these centers in the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in southwest and northeast orientations. The primary moisture source for atmospheric rivers entering Iran is the Atlantic Ocean, which is further enhanced by water bodies such as the Red Sea, the Sea of Oman, the Indian Ocean, and the Persian Gulf.

Thermal Comfort in Educational Buildings Case Study of a school-Sabzevar

Alireza Entezari

To assess thermal comfort conditions in classrooms, a field study was conducted in Sabzevar. The thermal sensations reported by students regarding classroom conditions were documented at various times throughout the day during the 2009–2010 academic year across multiple classes. temperature and humidity data within the classrooms were recorded simultaneous using a data logger. To analyze differences, both ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test were employed. The findings indicated that the geographical orientation and floor level of the classrooms did not significantly influence temperature and humidity levels. In contrast, significant hourly variations in these parameters were observed. Overall, reports of cooling sensations were more prevalent than those of heating sensations (24% vs. 12%). Thermal sensation exhibited considerable variation across different months, with October recording the lowest frequency of thermal comfort sensations. In all months except October, students expressed a preference for "heating." Although the performance of the heating system was deemed adequate, its operational schedule should be modified to commence closer to the beginning of morning classes in order to mitigate substantial energy waste. While temperature and humidity within the classrooms did not present significant monthly variations, students' thermal sensations varied markedly between months. This suggests that thermal sensation is influenced by factors beyond mere physical characteristics (temperature and humidity). In addition to climatic parameters, individual characteristics such as sex, age, weight, height, clothing, and activity level also play a significant role in shaping perceptions of thermal comfort.

An analysis of the quantity and quality of tourism services in Zanjan province

Hossein tahmasebi moghaddam

The advancement of tourism in any region necessitates a thorough understanding of the area's potential, alongside the provision of requisite facilities and services for tourists. Effective planning at all levels is essential to realize successful tourism development. This research investigates the challenges associated with service provision and ranks tourist destinations based on their tourism potential in Zanjan Province, Iran. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative techniques, with data gathered through interviews and questionnaires. Interview data were analyzed utilizing MaxQDA software, while the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to evaluate criteria, and geographic modeling was employed to assess the spatial distribution of tourist destinations. The findings indicate that Zanjan Province, despite its considerable tourism potential, contends with multiple challenges, including inadequate facilities, inconsistent policies aimed at enhancing tourism services, and insufficient management and planning for tourism development. These challenges have impeded the province's progress in the tourism sector. Two primary concerns identified are the overall low level of services and the lack of coherence in planning and perspectives regarding tourism development. Nonetheless, the geographical distribution analysis identifies several high-potential tourist destinations, including Soltanieh Dome, Gen Chimneys, Angoran Mine, Oljaito Ecotourism Resort, Soltanieh Ecotourism Resort, Boutique Hotel, Zulfaqari Mansion, El Daghi, Seyed Mohammad Bridge, Zanjan Jame Mosque, Khedevi House, and the Colorful Mountains. These destinations, classified within the first cluster, are distinguished by their high tourism potential and accessibility, attributed to their unique features and proximity to populated areas. Consequently, they warrant prioritization in service planning and development initiatives. In conclusion, while Zanjan Province possesses substantial tourism potential, it is imperative to address systemic issues such as inadequate facilities, inconsistent policies, and poor management to foster sustainable tourism growth. Prioritizing high-potential destinations can establish a foundation for targeted development, enabling the province to enhance its tourism services, attract a greater number of visitors, and achieve long-term success within the tourism sector.

The use of the HEC-RAS model to evaluate the pattern of sedimentation variations in areas of the Talar river

Ali Shahnazari

The catchment area of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province is subject to annual flooding events that facilitate the transport of substantial quantities of silt. To investigate sediment transport dynamics within this watershed, samples were collected at five designated sections along an 11-kilometer segment of the Talar River. The sampling intervals were delineated as follows: 24.7–22.4 km, 18.2–20.5 km, 17.5–18 km, 16.75–17.5 km, and 11.5–16.75 km, measured from the urban area of Malakala-Najjarkala to Arab Roshan, with all distances calculated from the shoreline. This study aimed to analyze sedimentation and erosion patterns over a five-year period (2016–2021) employing the HEC-RAS model. Sediment transport and volume were assessed based on long-term data obtained from the Kiakla hydrometric station, with a specific focus on flood conditions associated with return periods of 2, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The findings indicate that the cumulative sediment input at the beginning of the monitored section is 0.9 million tonnes lower than the total sediment at the end. The river exhibits a pronounced tendency towards erosion. In the first section (22.4–24.7 km), the mean sediment height is 11 cm, accompanied by significant sedimentation totaling 6 million tonnes. The second section reflects an approximate deposition of 1 million tonnes. The third section demonstrates a relatively stable sediment pattern. In the fourth section, the conditions for erosion—both in terms of depth and volume—are deemed unsuitable for sediment harvesting. The fifth section (11.5–16.75 km) records erosion amounting to approximately 8.3 million tonnes, with height variations ranging from 10 to 20 cm. Under these circumstances, sediment removal is impractical; However, the implementation of flood management strategies and river engineering interventions is strongly recommended.

Prediction of dust storm using artificial neural networks in Kermanshah

Majid rezaie banafsh

Dust is a phenomenon with significant environmental impacts across various aspects of human life, including agriculture, economy, health, and more. The purpose of this study is to investigate and predict the dust phenomenon in Kermanshah. Meteorological data with a 3-hour resolution for the statistical period (2000–2020) from the Kermanshah station was obtained from the Meteorological Organization. First, the dust data were normalized, and then Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were used to predict dust concentration, while the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was employed to analyze and predict the time series of dust occurrence in MATLAB software. The findings revealed that the maximum predicted dust concentration, related to the minimum dew point with the highest Pearson correlation with dust, was estimated at 3451.23 µg/m³. Additionally, the results of the time series prediction using the ANFIS model showed that the linear bell membership function with grade 3, during both the training and testing stages, was the most effective input function among other membership functions. According to the forecasting models, the highest probability of maximum dust occurrence in the next 20 years in Kermanshah is 94%. Based on the aforementioned studies, sufficient information was gathered to conduct this research. The phenomenon of dust, particularly in western Iran and the city of Kermanshah, has consistently posed significant challenges for the residents of these areas. This phenomenon is influenced by specific atmospheric conditions that cause irreparable damage annually, leading to respiratory issues and deteriorating air quality. Therefore, it is essential to pay serious attention to the issue of dust.

Investigating the evolution of discourse and scientific development during the transition of the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran

reyhane salehabadi

Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution, a new perspective on science and technology emerged in Iran. This scientific discourse was profoundly shaped by the principles of the Islamic Revolution and Islamic ideology, leading to the establishment of new values and objectives for the advancement of science and technology. In the post-revolutionary era, as policymakers recognized science and technology as pivotal drivers of societal progress and excellence, they devised scientific policies and strategies aimed at achieving revolutionary and Islamic ideals. This evolving attitude toward science and technology significantly influenced Iran’s scientific and technological development during this period. Given that the Islamic Republic of Iran has assumed a leading role in scientific leadership within the region since 1979, its contributions to the development of scientific capabilities under successive post-revolution governments are noteworthy. To explore this, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed, utilizing reliable data from both domestic and international sources. The research findings indicate that the prevailing discourse in different governmental periods included a focus on industrialization through import substitution and capital resource allocation (1981–1989), modernization and institutional development with an emphasis on advanced technologies (1989–1997), the promotion of advanced technologies, innovation, export expansion, and social justice centered on knowledge-based industries (1997–2005), the transition toward knowledge-based innovation in the economy (2005–2013), and the enhancement of international cooperation with an emphasis on identity and rationality in policy formulation and implementation (2013–2021). The results demonstrate that, in each phase, measures such as the expansion of higher education and scientific research, the establishment of universities and research centers, and the creation of domestic and international scientific networks were implemented in alignment with the dominant discourse.

Suitable Site Selection for Autumn Sugar Beet Cultivation in Golestan Province

Hossein mohammadi

The aim of this research is to identify potential areas for autumn sugar beet cultivation in Golestan Province, Iran, based on temperature and precipitation parameters. Temperature (daily) and precipitation (annual) data from a 15-year statistical period (2006–2020) were analyzed using methods such as thermal potential diagrams, deviation from optimal conditions, phenology, and zoning of irrigation requirements based on annual rainfall. The results of the temperature evaluation using the thermal potential method, based on thermal thresholds of 0°C, 4°C, and 10°C, revealed that Inche Brun station has the highest cumulative thermal units, while Aliabad Katul station has the lowest. Analysis of the probability of late spring frost at the 95% confidence level showed that frost events occurring at the end of April in the central, eastern, northern, northeastern, and western parts of Golestan Province coincide with the phenological stages of root bulking and sugar accumulation in sugar beet. Based on the deviation from optimal conditions, Inche Brun station exhibited the lowest deviation (-20.64), indicating more favorable conditions for sugar beet cultivation. Phenological analysis identified Gonbadkavus, Bandar Turkman, Kalaleh, Inche Brun, and Bandar Gaz as the most suitable areas for autumn sugar beet cultivation in Golestan Province. Rainfall evaluations using the annual rainfall zoning map of Golestan Province indicated that, while there are no significant limitations in terms of rainfall and water supply for autumn sugar beet cultivation, the recent multi-year droughts necessitate additional irrigation to ensure optimal growth. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential for autumn sugar beet cultivation in specific areas of Golestan Province, taking into account thermal conditions, frost risks, and rainfall patterns. However, supplementary irrigation is recommended to address water shortages caused by prolonged droughts.

An analysis of the physical contexts of crime in urban spaces and the provision of preventive design solutions, case study: Enghelab Street in Tehran

Fatemeh Saffarsabzevar

One of the most effective approaches to enhancing urban security is crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), which focuses on the role of urban design in reducing criminal behavior. This study aims to identify the specific environmental conditions that contribute to anomic and criminal behaviors on Enghelab Street in Tehran and to propose design solutions to mitigate these issues. The research employs a mixed-method approach to achieve its objectives. In the first phase, the Placecheck technique—which includes field surveys, expert checklists, and comprehensive checklists—was used to assess and categorize the environmental conditions of the study area. Based on this analysis, potential solutions to reduce crime were proposed. In the second phase, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was applied to prioritize these solutions and identify the most effective strategies for crime prevention and reduction in the area. The findings of this study reveal that environmental pollution, visual clutter, overcrowding, and inadequate nighttime lighting are the most significant environmental factors contributing to crime on Enghelab Street. The most effective solutions to reduce crime and enhance security in the area include: removing obstructive furniture and elements from pedestrian pathways, clearly defining activities and land uses in ambiguous spaces, installing signage and landmark elements along the route, regulating advertisements, and implementing standardized nighttime lighting to support safe activities. The results of this research demonstrate that even minor environmental modifications can have a substantial impact on reducing crime and improving security.

Analysis of merging polar-front and subtropical jet streams and its effect on rainfall in western Iran from December 12 to 15, 2010

Manuchehr Farajzadeh

In this study, the frequency of merging events between the polar-front jet stream and the subtropical jet stream, along with their impact on precipitation patterns in western Iran, was analyzed over a ten-year statistical period (2010–2019). Utilizing coding in GrADS, 300 hPa jet stream maps were produced at six-hour intervals. Throughout the study period, the axes of these two jet streams merged on several occasions.

An examination of the frequency of merging indicated that, prior to 2015, the frequency of merging in December exhibited an increasing trend. However, this trend diminished in 2016 and 2017, only to experience a resurgence in 2018 and 2019. It is noteworthy that not all instances of jet stream merging resulted in significant precipitation events (e.g., December 2011, 2014, and 2017). For instance, in light of the substantial rainfall of 110 mm recorded at the Dehloran station, the period from December 12 to 15, 2010, was selected for detailed analysis to elucidate the atmospheric mechanisms responsible for the rainfall. From December 12 to 15, 2010, a decline in air temperature over Europe and Southwest Asia prompted a considerable meridional displacement of the polar-front jet stream, resulting in its merger with the subtropical jet stream. On December 12, 2010, as the polar-front jet stream underwent meridional movement and extended into tropical regions, its velocity core merged with that of the subtropical jet stream over the northern Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea, and northeastern Africa. The convergence of these two jet streams led to a vertical expansion of the jet stream into lower atmospheric levels. At the mid-levels of the atmosphere, minimal meridional movement was observed. As a result, the Sudan low-pressure system migrated to higher latitudes, merging with the Mediterranean low-pressure system.

Time series analysis of the subsidence of Esfarayen plain using radar interferometric method

mohammad motamedi rad

The persistent drought conditions and the increasing reliance on groundwater resources over the past decades have significantly expanded the areas affected by land subsidence across various regions of the country, leading to substantial damage. To mitigate the impacts of subsidence, a comprehensive and precise understanding of this phenomenon is essential. In recent decades, the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometric technique has emerged as a widely used method for measuring subsidence. This study utilizes field data, including piezometric wells, groundwater level fluctuations during minimum and maximum periods, and exploitation wells, to calculate aquifer discharge rates using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation. The aim is to analyze the time series of subsidence in the Esfarayen plain. Additionally, radar data from Sentinel-1 images were employed to estimate the subsidence rate during the first eight months of 2023. The findings reveal that subsidence in the study area ranged from 1 to 12 mm over the eight-month period, with 75.2% of the basin area classified as medium to highly critical. This indicates that the Esfarayen plain is in a critical state. The highest levels of water extraction and subsidence were observed in the southern regions of Sankhasat, Kharasha, Arg, Gazan, Jafarabad Kharaba, and Mehdiabad of Kal Beko wells, all of which fall within the highly critical zone. These areas require efficient groundwater management strategies to control and mitigate land subsidence.

Modeling Natural Gas Consumption Demand Based on Climatic Conditions in Zanjan City

Mohammad Mohammadi

Today, energy consumption plays a decisive role in the qualitative and quantitative development of human life. One of the energy sources that aligns with development, economic prosperity, and the acquisition of climatic comfort is natural gas. This energy source, especially in cold regions of the country, is essential for providing thermal comfort and requires proper management. Effective management of this fossil energy source depends on awareness and accurate forecasting of its demand. For this reason, the demand for natural gas in Zanjan city, one of the cold cities in Iran, was studied and modeled. Two groups of data—weather elements and natural gas consumption—over a period of 9 years (2013–2021) on a daily scale were used for this study. CurveExpert software and regression methods were employed to model the demand for natural gas in the city. Based on the most accurate pattern, temperature was selected as the only independent variable in the chosen model. Polynomial regression, with a correlation coefficient of 0.94 (coefficient of determination of 89.03%), was selected as the final model. The analysis revealed that the percentage increase in natural gas consumption per one-degree decrease in temperature varies across different temperature ranges. From 22°C to 16°C, the highest percentage increase in consumption was observed, while from 0°C to -5°C, the lowest percentage increase per one-degree decrease in temperature was recorded. The turning point and the beginning of issues related to natural gas shortages in Zanjan city were identified to occur at temperatures below -7°C.

Comparative Study of Visual Aesthetics of Urban Space in Golestan and Moradab Neighborhoods of Karaj

habib fasihi

Beauty is among the most sublime human needs. Since the time humans began building cities, they have paid attention to the sense of aesthetics. The purpose of this research is to conduct a comparative evaluation of two neighborhoods, Golestan and Moradab, as the two most well-off and least well-off neighborhoods in Karaj city, in terms of the aesthetic indicators of urban space. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection on 14 selected components related to the aesthetics of the urban environment was carried out by direct observation and using an evaluation checklist. Descriptive statistics parameters were used to analyze and compare the aesthetic level of the two neighborhoods, and zoning maps were drawn in the geographic information system and calculations and analysis were performed on the relevant descriptive tables to analyze spatial inequalities. Considering the evaluation of the indicators in the range of 1-10 points and assigning a higher point to a higher level of aesthetics, the findings showed that the average figure of the total indicators in Golestan neighborhood is 6.31 and in Moradab neighborhood is 2.57. Also, in Golestan neighborhood, the median figure is 6.43 and the first quartile figure is 4, while in Moradab neighborhood these figures are 1.78 and 1, respectively. Spatial analysis of the zoning map showed that in Golestan neighborhood, in terms of total indicators, there are no areas that are at the "very low" and "low" levels in terms of aesthetics, while in Mardab neighborhood, there are no areas at the "high" and "medium-high" levels. It can be concluded that Golestan neighborhood is at a high level in terms of aesthetic indicators and there is a lot of spatial inequality within and between the two studied neighborhoods.

America's strategy to contain China's power in the South China Sea

hamid dorj

As China's economic, technological, and military power continues to rise, the United States has grown increasingly concerned about Beijing's expanding influence. Washington perceives China's regional ascendancy as a challenge to its hegemonic ambitions. China's growing military capabilities and political influence in East Asia have sparked concern and suspicion among some of its neighbors and the United States. In response, the U.S. has maintained an active presence in the region, citing reasons such as countering China's rise and supporting freedom of navigation. Washington's efforts to challenge China's maritime sovereignty reflect its broader concerns about China's rise and its determination to maintain hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region. This has led the United States to attempt to create a strategic encirclement against China, aiming to contain its regional influence and prevent a shift in the balance of power in East Asia that could disadvantage Washington. The research question addressed in this study is: What strategy does the United States employ to contain China's power in the South China Sea? The proposed hypothesis is that, given China's economic growth and the expansion of its maritime power are perceived as strategic threats to the region and the United States, Washington seeks to prevent China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia. By countering China's rise, the U.S. aims to shape the balance of power in favor of itself and its regional allies, thereby securing its goals and interests in the region. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine how the U.S. strategy of containing China's power and isolating it regionally contributes to maintaining the balance of power in East Asia, while advancing the influence and interests of the United States and its allies.

Assessing the sustainability of the components emerging from the urban development strategy (CDS) from the perspective of residents (case example: Ardabil city)

mohammad hasan yazdani

Urban development strategy represents a contemporary approach in urban planning and management, offering a framework for achieving sustainable urban development through poverty reduction, citizen participation, and increased investment. Like many cities in Iran, Ardabil faces numerous challenges, including inadequate governance, deteriorating infrastructure, substandard housing, weak public utilities, and insufficient social and health services. These issues underscore the necessity of strategic planning to address urban development effectively. This study aims to evaluate the indicators of urban development strategy in Ardabil. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research is grounded in field investigations. A sample size of 230 participants was determined using Sample Power software. Data analysis was conducted using one-sample T-tests and structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS Graphics software. The results of the one-sample T-test revealed that the status of urban development strategy indicators—livability, good governance, bankability, and competitiveness—in Ardabil is suboptimal, with mean scores of 2.21, 2.6, 2.62, and 2.15, respectively. Second-order factor analysis indicated that among the dimensions of urban development strategy, competitiveness, with a factor weight of 0.93, exerts the most significant influence, while bankability, with a factor weight of 0.62, has the least impact. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that an improvement in the good urban governance index leads to a 0.55 increase in bankability, a 0.76 increase in livability, and a 0.86 increase in competitiveness. These results highlight the interconnectedness of governance quality with other dimensions of urban development, emphasizing the need for integrated strategies to enhance Ardabil's urban sustainability.

The role of women in the good governance of Semnan in the corona and post-corona era

Zeinab Karkehbadi

In recent decades, good urban governance has been proposed as the most effective, least expensive, and most sustainable method for managing the complex and multi-level systems of modern cities. The centrality of this approach in urban management is based on democratic and egalitarian development, aiming to involve all interested and influential stakeholders in the administration of cities while addressing their diverse needs. On the other hand, women, as one of the main and most influential social groups in urban life, play a prominent role in city administration. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the role of good urban governance during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on the women’s status in Semnan. From the perspective of its objective, this research is practical, and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive-survey. A questionnaire was used to collect data and information for this study. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Semnan, with a population of 185,129 people. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, resulting in 383 participants. To analyze the data, single-sample t-tests and multivariate linear regression were employed. Finally, to generalize the results from the sample to the statistical population, structural equation modeling was conducted using Lisrel software. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the t-values for each of the research variables, with averages lower than the theoretical mean, were negative. This indicates that the dimensions of good urban governance in Semnan, as well as the situation of women in the city, are not in a favorable state. Additionally, the results of structural equation modeling in Lisrel software revealed that the justice variable has the strongest and most significant relationship with good urban governance. Finally, the survey results demonstrate that it is impossible to achieve good urban governance without defining and explaining the practical role of women, who represent half of the city's population and are one of the most important and influential groups in city administration.

An analysis of urban regeneration in the historical context (Case study: Dezful city)

Hamidreza Joodki

The historical district of cities is a valuable architectural and urban heritage, reflecting the cultural, economic, and social dimensions of the people who, throughout history, have lived in this part of the city and shaped its cultural identity. These areas have witnessed a decline in urban development, and the limited efforts made toward their improvement or reconstruction have been inadequate. The aim of this analytical research is to explore urban regeneration in the historical (old) fabric of Dezful city. The research method employed in this study is a survey-based approach. The statistical population of the present study includes all residents of the historical fabric of Dezful, which, according to the latest census by the Statistical Center of Iran, has a population of approximately 29,277 people. To achieve a logical sample size, Cochran's formula was used, resulting in the selection of 384 samples through stratified random sampling. The primary data collection tool in this research is a questionnaire; however, due to the specialized nature of the questionnaire, interview and observation methods were also utilized to complement the questionnaire data. The results derived from the SWOT and QSPM models indicate that, out of the five final strategies for the regeneration of the historical fabric of Dezful, the top two strategies belong to offensive strategies. Accordingly, studying and designing the possibility of creating pedestrian pathways in the historical fabric—considering the growing public interest in cultural and historical tourism—and utilizing the space along the Dez River for green space development and designing a green corridor along the river and historical fabric can be considered the most important offensive strategies.