Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences

Investigating the effect of Tehran city morphology on the formation of heat islands with emphasis on air performance

zahra hejazizadeh

Considering that urban land-use change in metropolises such as Tehran has been increasing in recent decades; Therefore, the formation of the thermal island phenomenon in the city can be studied as one of the environmental problems. Increasing construction, density, and building heights will change the complexes' geometry and shape, followed by changes in climatic conditions and micro-urban climates. Therefore, in this study, we tried to investigate urban geometry's effect on forming a thermal island in Tehran. The study region in this research includes regions one, two, and three of Tehran.
The methods used in this research included (1) Oak's numerical equation and algorithm design to simulate the intensity of the heat island. In the first stage, digital GIS data including building blocks (parcels) in polygon format and street widths, which were prepared and prepared by Tehran Municipality based on the 2016 detailed audit plan, were used. (2) Modeling was performed in Envi-met software to study the effect of city geometry on wind. The results of the studies showed that the two factors of building height and street width (ratio (H/W)) play an important role as two key factors in studying urban geometry; therefore, in studying the intensity of the heat island, the factor of building height and high-rise construction can play an important role in the formation of the heat island. However, the higher the height of the building compared to the width of the streets, the more it acts as a barrier against the heat island. The intensity of the heat island adjusted with the Oak equation showed that the factor of building roughness coefficient can be an important factor in adjusting the intensity of the heat island. Spatial analysis of images and outputs of the Envi.met model showed that the two main factors of construction density And the height of the building has a greater impact on wind speed transmission than the slope and topography of the area. Therefore, in the study of urban design for future studies, appropriate planning and proper management of resources are needed for the climatic comfort of residents, which can be designed to be beautiful and safe cities by considering the principles of architectural safety.

Spatial analysis of development in the western border areas of the country (Case study: health and service indicators in border cities of Kurdistan province)

Samira Motaghi

In the domain of spatial planning for border areas, it is imperative to adopt a macro-perspective view of geography to effectively identify the potentialities, capabilities, and limitations inherent to these regions. This approach aims to mitigate tensions and challenges arising from unbalanced development, deprivation, and spatial heterogeneity. The research methodology employed in this study is applied in purpose, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of method. Specifically, a combination of multi-criteria decision-making techniques, including the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and the Shannon entropy coefficient, has been utilized to evaluate the distribution and development of spatial development indicators within the health service sectors of Kurdistan Province. The border cities of this province have been classified according to their levels of these indicators. The central research question of this study is: What is the state of the cities in Kurdistan Province concerning the spatial distribution of health and service indicators? Preliminary findings suggest that the level of access to health services in each of the border cities in Kurdistan Province does not meet the desired standards. The results indicate that, despite its strategic geopolitical significance, Kurdistan Province remains one of the most deprived regions in the country. Furthermore, there exists a notable imbalance and heterogeneity in the distribution and development of facilities and indicators across the border cities of the province. An analysis of 13 indicators pertaining to spatial organization across four border cities reveals that Saqez and Baneh are classified within the semi-privileged (semi-deprived) group, while Marivan and Sarvabad fall within the deprived category. Consequently, the findings underscore that the spatial organization in the border cities of Kurdistan Province is markedly heterogeneous, positioning these cities at a middle to lower level in terms of health service development. It is essential to afford particular attention to this border province to ensure the enduring security and well-being of its citizens.

Analysis of Slope Dynamics and Determination of Active Landslides in Qazvin Alamut River Basin with Radar Data

Amir karam

Slope hazards and landslides annually inflict substantial damage in the mountainous regions of Iran, particularly within the eastern Alamut area of Qazvin province. Recent advancements in radar technology have facilitated the detection of ground surface movements, including slow slope motions and active landslides. The present study employs Sentinel 1A satellite descending data from 2018 to 2020, utilizing the Small Baseline Subset (SBaS-InSAR) methodology alongside digital elevation model (DEM) difference techniques. This approach aims to extract slope movements and Earth surface displacements, serving the critical objective of identifying new and active landslides while updating the landslide map to enhance landslide risk prediction. The results indicate that the SBaS model, which was corroborated with GPS data, field investigations, and Google Earth imagery, demonstrated a commendable level of accuracy (AUC = 0.78). The average annual movement over the study period was estimated to range from -48.6 to 40.2 mm, leading to the identification of fourteen landslide zones in the region, several of which continue to exhibit activity. Specifically, the landslide that transpired in Khobkuh on April 3, 2020, was assessed using the DEM difference model, which estimated surface changes between -1.62 and 2.75 meters. Conversely, the differential interferometry model calculated the displacement rate in this area to be between -25 and 70 mm. These methodologies offer significant advantages for estimating Earth surface displacement, subsidence, and landslides, facilitating the identification of vulnerable areas in mountainous regions and contributing to the mitigation of financial and human losses.

Sustainable Regeneration of Neighborhoods and Reform of Urban Poverty Structures with a Futures Research Approach; Case, Worn and Inefficient Textures of the Ahvaz Metropolis

Khalaf Anafjeh

This article aims to identify and analyze the five strategic drivers of the urban poverty system in the target neighborhoods of the study. These drivers can be effectively managed, manipulated, and tracked through the implementation of anti-poverty policies, thereby improving the overall condition of these neighborhoods. Recognizing the critical need to organize economically-focused spaces, the article seeks to reform and reconstruct the urban poverty structures in the target areas through a futures research approach. The research is applied in nature, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology that aligns with contemporary normative futures research practices. Following the development of a questionnaire for equilibrium analysis of interactions, a comprehensive assessment of potential states and their classifications (uncertainty scenarios) was conducted. This enabled the extraction of qualitative insights from 30 experts regarding the interrelationships within the network, facilitated by a Delphi survey and algorithmic data analysis using the CIB method in the Scenario Wizard software.Given the matrix size of 15x15, the Scenario Wizard software analyzed 3,657 combined post-scenarios based on the questionnaire data, yielding five strong or probable scenarios, 14 high-compatibility scenarios (believable scenarios), and 28 weak scenarios (possible scenarios). After expert validation, four scenarios were descriptively named: M-A, M-Sh, H-HA, and Z-S.J. Finally, by employing thematic macro-trends as technical tools for future-oriented economic interventions in the regeneration process, tailored poverty alleviation policies were formulated and proposed for each driver, presented as thematic measures based on the desired scenarios to reform the urban poverty structures of the Ahvaz metropolis.

Analysis of factors affecting the sustainable management of agricultural water resources in the rural areas of the central part of Ardabil County

kiomars khodapanah

Water resource management, during the development of its conditions and scope, is subject to various dimensions and constraints. Therefore, identifying the contributing factors for sustainable water resource management is essential for optimizing its use. This research focuses on the central rural areas of Ardabil County, examining farmers' perspectives on the factors influencing the management of sustainable water resources (including Sharif Baigloo, Hakim Gheshlaghi, Sham Asbi, Vakil Abad, Omidche, Pirghavam, Aghbalagh Rostamkhani, Gharelor, and Gilandeh). This study employs a descriptive-analytic approach with an applied focus and utilizes quantitative methods. The statistical population consists of heads of farming households in the central region of Ardabil County. Seven dimensions were considered, encompassing 72 components, with a calculated sample size of 349 participants. The sample distribution across the villages was conducted randomly and proportionally to the size of farming household heads in each village. Smart PLS software was utilized for analysis. The initial assessment of the measurement model demonstrated a good fit, with 68 components exhibiting impacts above the factor of 0.5. The results of the structural model indicated significant structural relationships between sustainable management and economic, social, productivity, technical, educational, and institutional factors. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R²) exceeded the threshold of 0.26 for all dimensions, indicating strong relationships. Specifically, the lowest R² for the economic dimension was 0.299, while the highest value for the productivity dimension was 0.511. These findings suggest that revising perspectives on agricultural water management, with a shift towards an integrative, participatory approach focused on optimal management while considering economic, social, technical, educational, and other relevant dimensions, is crucial for achieving sustainable water resource management.

Check of virtual space in the tourism development of Konarak County

Hamidreza Rakhshani Nasab

One of the contemporary approaches to tourism involves leveraging virtual spaces and information technology, which have transformed tourism perspectives and eliminated boundaries between physical and digital environments. This research investigates the potential of virtual spaces in promoting tourism development in Konarak County. The study is classified as "applied" in terms of its objective and "descriptive-analytical" regarding its nature and methodology, utilizing "documentary and survey (questionnaire)" data collection techniques. The target population comprises expert professionals, with 35 individuals selected using a two-stage Delphi sampling approach. The content validity of the questionnaire was established through professional evaluation, while reliability was confirmed via Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.852). Data analysis employed t-tests, path analysis, and DEMATEL methodology. T-test results indicated that virtual spaces (M = 4.22) surpassed the baseline threshold (3), demonstrating a significant impact on tourism development in Konarak County. Path analysis revealed that information technology infrastructure had the greatest influence (factor = 0.608), while e-commerce exhibited the least effect (factor = 0.250) on tourism development. DEMATEL analysis indicated that the telecommunications platform index (5.971) displayed the highest level of interaction, whereas the information index (5.671) showed the lowest interaction. The social network index (1.402) emerged as the most effective factor, and the telecommunications platform index (2.088) was identified as the most influential factor.The findings suggest that establishing technological infrastructure and promoting Konarak County's attractions through media platforms (television, news websites, etc.) represents a significant advancement toward the county's developmental objectives.

Investigating the climatic parameter of enviroment temperature using oxygen 18 isotope analysis and carbon13 in Jazmurian playa

arefe shabani eraghi

Reconstructing paleoclimate, particularly environmental temperature, plays a crucial role in understanding both current and future climate patterns. The aim of this research is to investigate the climatic conditions and estimate the ambient temperature during the Holocene period based on two sediment cores extracted from the Jazmurian Basin. Paleotemperature reconstruction was conducted using several methods, including the calculation of the standardized coefficient of variation of oxygen-18 and carbon-13 isotopes. For this purpose, the isotopic analysis of oxygen-18/oxygen-16 and carbon-13 was performed. In Jazmurian core 1, the initial temperature was estimated at 46°C. A decreasing trend of approximately 10°C was observed down to a depth of 175 cm, distributed across eight stratigraphic levels. At 175 cm, the temperature shows an increasing trend, followed by a decline at the subsequent level, and then a return to an increasing and stable trend in the next two levels. In Jazmurian core 2, the initial temperature was approximately 50°C. A sharp decrease in temperature is observed between depths of 80 to 125 cm. Subsequently, there is a slight increase of about 1°C, which remains relatively stable until a depth of 170 cm. Beyond this point, the temperature decreases again in the final two layers. The concentration of carbon-13 in core 1 ranges from 0 to 25.6, while in core 2 it varies between 25.9 and 27.1. In core 1, six carbon -13 isotope samples show a value of zero, indicating an absence of carbon-13 in those sediment layers. In contrast, core 2 displays a narrower range of variation in carbon-13 values. The isotopic and temperature variations observed in these sediment cores reflect different climatic phases during the Holocene in the Jazmurian region. Such climatic changes are often linked to cultural shifts, and the decline of ancient civilizations has frequently coincided with environmental transformations. The findings of this research may be of significant value to archaeology researchers, particularly those studying ancient Iranian civilizations.

Temporal and spatial monitoring of drought using remote sensing technique (case study of Khuzestan province)

Reza Borna

Widespread and frequent droughts in recent decades in Khuzestan province have become one of the most important challenges of this province. The use of remote sensing products in temporal and spatial monitoring of drought can play a key role in managing this risk and reducing and adjusting its destructive effects. The main goal of this research is to provide a remote sensing index for temporal and spatial monitoring of drought in Khuzestan province and its validation using station meteorological drought indices. In this research, by using the products of vegetation (MOD13C2) and land surface temperature (MOD11C3) of MODIS sensor, a drought index based on vegetation called VHI plant health index was produced. SPI Meteorological Drought Index, which was based on station rainfall data during the statistical period of 2000-2012, was used to evaluate and quantify this index. The comparison of VHI drought index with three-month SPI meteorological drought index values showed a significant correlation between 0.68 and 0.75. By identifying 4 years with widespread and relatively severe drought in Khuzestan province (based on both VHI and SPI indices), which included the years 2000, 2005, 2012, 2015, the spatial distribution pattern of meteorological drought and VHI plant drought to In general, it indicated that the northern parts of the province were generally involved in mild to moderate droughts and the southern parts were generally involved in moderate to severe droughts. The spatial correlation matrix based on the number of 2500 pixels with dimensions of 5x5 km, which included VHI and SPI values of selected drought years, indicated the existence of a significant spatial correlation between the two mentioned indicators. In the widespread drought of 2000, at the level of Khuzestan province, two drought indices VHI and SPI, the correlation was equal to 0.47, and in 2005, equal to 0.35, and

Evaluation of transportation-oriented development potentials in urban deteriorated fabric (case study: Safa neighborhood of Tehran)

Esmaeil Aghaeizadeh

Today, in many developing countries, Simultaneously with the rapid growth of urban areas beside of the population growth, countless issues and problems has been created, which sometimes led to the structural and functional deterioration of urban fabrics, and sustainable urban development has been proposed as a solution to such problems in cities. Transportation-oriented development, as an approaches of smart urban development focusing on transportation systems and the centrality of pedestrians in stations, can be an appropriate solutions in the urban system to deal with the issues and problems that are bothering most of the deteriorated areas of big cities, including Tehran. In this research, Safa neighborhood as one of the neighborhoods of Tehran metropolis, which is located in deteriorated fabrics of this city has been studied in order to its shortcomings and strengths to achieve a favorable approach to organizing the fabricdue to its place near public transportation stations.
Transportation-oriented development, as an approaches of smart urban development focusing on transportation systems and the centrality of pedestrians in stations, can be an appropriate solutions in the urban system to deal with the issues and problems that are bothering most of the deteriorated areas of big cities, including Tehran. In this research, Safa neighborhood as one of the neighborhoods of Tehran metropolis, which is located in deteriorated fabrics of this city has been studied in order to its shortcomings and strengths to achieve a favorable approach to organizing the fabricdue to its place near public transportation stations. in order to investigate its shortcomings and strengths. Also with a practical purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature, through field investigations and quantitative findings obtained from the statistical blocks of 2016 Iranian statistics, the findings were analyzed by GIS software and spatial statistics analysis models. The results show that this area has good potential for the implementation of the plan base on TOD and in the meantime, the 17 Shahrivar station has the most compliance with this approach according to the five investigated indicators.

Investigating the local community's awareness of supporting the development of ecotourism case: Damavand city

Saeedeh Fakhari

Investigating the awareness of the local community towards the development of ecotourism is very important and necessary for future planning. Ecotourism in any region affects the lifestyle of local people and their economic-cultural conditions. On the other hand, ecotourists are also influenced by the culture of the host society and its values. Therefore, this study examines the local community's awareness of supporting ecotourism development in Damavand City. Due to the preservation of unique biological diversity, climatic conditions, and the frequent visits of tourists and ecotourists to this region, the local community needs to know about ecotourism, which made this research necessary. The target community of this study is the local community of residents of Damavand city. Therefore, using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, which was used to determine its validity, in addition to seeking opinions from experts (face validity), convergent validity was used. To calculate its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method and composite reliability were used. The results of the inferential statistics that were conducted using confirmatory factor analysis (Smart PLS software) showed that the four components of the research (local community awareness, economic poverty, cultural poverty, and ecotourism development) have homogeneity and reliability, and the awareness of the local community It has a significant relationship on the development of ecotourism with the mediating role of cultural poverty with the test statistic value of 4.195 and economic poverty with the test statistic value of 5.397. The results showed that the awareness of the local community on the development of ecotourism with the test statistic value of 2.032 indicates the low level of awareness of the local community towards the development of ecotourism.

Evaluation and measurement of healthy city ideas with smart city approach in Shiraz city

Samaneh JaliliSadrAbad

A healthy city concept aims to prevent the development of various diseases through effective urban design and land use. Shiraz city and Fars province have the highest incidence of road and pedestrian accidents. Additionally, depression among the elderly serves as a precursor to other health issues, necessitating enhanced social and healthcare initiatives to raise awareness, improve life expectancy, and foster a sense of community belonging. This study aims to measure indicators and elucidate healthy urban spaces through a smart city approach in Shiraz. It is practical in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and methodology. The statistical population was drawn from a group of university experts and municipal employees to gather insights on health-oriented urban development within the smart city framework. Data collection was based on comprehensive library research. To analyze the data, inferential methods were employed, including the single-sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Scheffe's post hoc test, and factor analysis. SPSS software was utilized for data analysis. The results indicate that the indicators examined are complementary and contribute positively to the health of citizens. Furthermore, 11 factors have been identified as critical dimensions for a healthy city aligned with the smart city approach: air quality, social interaction, safety, social participation, climatic comfort, social security, access to water, sewage and waste management, social justice, urban green space, education, poverty, and employment. Ultimately, the research hypotheses have been confirmed.

Investigating the Impact of Destination Image and Quality of Services on the Competitiveness of Tourism Purposes: Tabriz City

Qassem Rahimifard

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of destination image and service quality on the competitiveness of tourism destinations, specifically focusing on Tabriz city. This research is classified as applied in terms of its purpose and analytical in terms of its descriptive methodology. The statistical population comprised incoming tourists to Tabriz, with a sample size estimated at 384, calculated using Cochran's formula for an infinite population. To gather field data, a researcher-developed questionnaire was employed, the validity of which was confirmed by subject matter experts. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, with the results affirming the questionnaire's reliability. Data analysis was conducted utilizing SPSS and LISREL software. The findings indicated that both destination image and service quality exert a positive and significant influence on the competitiveness of tourism destinations. Furthermore, the path coefficient analysis demonstrated that the impact of destination image on the competitiveness of tourism destinations was greater than that of service quality.

Structural analysis of effective drivers of the future development situation of ILam province

Hamidreza Varesi

The application of structural analysis to development drivers facilitates a more nuanced understanding of the developmental landscape of provinces and enhances regional equilibrium in decision-making processes. This study examines the ten cities within Ilam province through a comprehensive assessment of 44 combined development indicators. Methodologically, this research is classified as applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing contemporary futurology techniques. Theoretical data were gathered through documentary methods, while empirical data were collected via surveys. Development drivers were identified through documentary analysis and environmental scanning, complemented by empirical data obtained through the Delphi method. Data processing employed the structural interaction analysis method using MIC MAC software. Findings from the interaction analysis reveal a dispersion of propulsive forces within a complex and intermediate context of impact and effectiveness; the clustering of drivers illustrates the concentration of both effective and regulatory forces. Among the 44 identified development drivers, the borders of Ilam province and managerial decision-making processes emerged as significant effective drivers. The results indicate that development in Ilam province is characterized by pronounced imbalances, with a trend towards increasing inequality. It is suggested that only through improved and more comprehensive planning can these disparities be partially mitigated.

Evaluation of the impact of urban fabric typo-morphology component on thermal comfort in open public spaces in neighborhood scale (Case study: the historical part of region 3, Isfahan)

Bahador Zamani

Increased temperatures in urban areas due to high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are some of the problems of today's cities. Urban open spaces in hot and arid climates experience this problem more in summer. The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between morphological components of the urban fabric and thermal comfort through integrated analysis. In this study, urban fabric types were extracted by considering ground space index, floor space index, open space ratio, average height, streets orientation, streets organization, and type of plots according to their configuration of mass and space. To study thermal comfort, a field study was carried out in five neighborhoods in the historical context, for five continuous days in summer. Environmental variables including air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, and wind speed were measured, and the physiological equivalent temperature index was calculated using ENVI-met software; thermal comfort in the neighborhoods with different morphological characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that more than half of the data during the day in the hot season in all five neighborhoods are in conditions of extreme heat stress. Comparison of neighborhoods with different morphological features indicated that two neighborhoods with higher open space ratios, despite the difference in the orientation of the streets and the type of plots, have lower thermal comfort compared to other types. A neighborhood with a higher ground space index and a lower open space ratio has a lower average physiological equivalent temperature.

Detection of the effect of microphysical properties of flood-producing clouds in Lorestan province using MODIS cloud sensor products

Amir Gandomkar

The torrential rains that occurred in April 2017 in Lorestan Province exemplified severe precipitation that inflicted substantial damage on agricultural, urban, transportation, and communication infrastructures. This study aims to investigate and elucidate the relationship between the physical structure of clouds responsible for two waves of heavy rainfall in April 2017 within the Doroud catchment area of Boroujerd. In this context, the statistical characteristics of two precipitation events on March 25 and April 1, 2019, were analyzed. The microphysical properties of the clouds generating these two heavy rainfall events were examined utilizing the Madis superconductor product and MOD06. Four microphysical factors contributing to the formation of clouds during these two rainfall waves in the Doroud-Borujerd basin—including cloud top temperature (CTT), cloud top pressure (CTP), optical cloud thickness (OCT), and cloud cover ratio (CFR)—were analyzed. Statistical assessments indicated that the first wave of heavy rainfall, occurring on March 25, 2019 (5 April 1398), accounted for 15% of the total annual rainfall, while the second wave on April 1, 2019 (12 April 1398) contributed 20% of the region's average annual rainfall within these two days. The findings from the analysis of the microphysical structure of the clouds producing these two precipitation waves, based on data from the MODIS cloud sensor product, revealed a significant spatial correlation between the four microphysical factors and the recorded precipitation values of these two heavy rainfall events. Specifically, the cloud top temperature and pressure, indicative of vertical cloud expansion in the area, exhibited a significant inverse relationship with the precipitation amounts in the basin. Conversely, the cloud cover ratio and optical thickness demonstrated a direct and significant spatial correlation with the recorded rainfall values. The results of this study thus establish a significant and robust relationship between the microphysical structure of clouds and the precipitation amounts recorded in the region during these two heavy rainfall events.

Futures Studies of Shia Political Islam Trends in Iran’s Political Geography

Fereshteh Nasrollahi

Shia political Islam, centered around Iran, is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has undergone numerous transformations in recent decades. Understanding the future trends of this intellectual and political movement is of great importance to analysts, politicians, and the general public. This article employs a futures studies approach to examine the trends of Shia political Islam within Iran's political geography. This foresight approach allows us to look beyond the current situation and outline various scenarios for the future of politics and society in Iran. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, utilizing library and documentary sources, including qualitative and quantitative analysis of historical data, expert interviews, and content analysis of media and religious texts. The research findings indicate that Shia political Islam in Iran's geography is undergoing a period of transformation, influenced by various factors such as demographic changes, social and economic developments, and geopolitical shifts. Several potential scenarios for the future of Shia political Islam in Iran's political geography are presented, including: the Continuity Scenario, the Reform Scenario, the Radicalism Scenario, and the Secularism Scenario. Considering these scenarios, the analysis of probable trends and events in the scenarios, and political and security developments with a view to challenges and opportunities in the Middle East region, the Islamic Republic of Iran, adhering to the Continuity Scenario along with the Reform Scenario, aims to strengthen republicanism (religious democracy) while emphasizing the preservation of independence and indigenous Islamic identity in the region, and to have a more prominent presence in the Middle East.

Investigation of land use changes and its relationship with groundwater level Case study: Meshginshahr plain

MAHROOKH GHAZAYI

The depletion of surface water resources has necessitated uncontrolled groundwater abstraction in various regions worldwide, resulting in substantial reductions in groundwater table levels. As populations continue to expand, the extraction of these essential resources has intensified, posing a significant threat to natural reserves. This study aims to monitor groundwater levels through the analysis of satellite imagery and to investigate the correlation between these levels and land use patterns. To accomplish this objective, relevant satellite images were acquired and subjected to appropriate pre-processing. An object-oriented methodology was employed to generate land use classification maps for two distinct years, alongside a land use change map covering a fifteen-year period from 2000 to 2015. Moreover, groundwater level maps for the study area were produced for both years utilizing the Gaussian method, recognized as the most accurate approach. The findings indicate a robust and significant relationship between land use and groundwater levels, revealing that areas with higher vegetation exhibit lower groundwater levels compared to other regions. This phenomenon can be attributed to the hydrological dynamics that facilitate the movement of water from higher potential zones to these areas. Additionally, irrigated agricultural practices demonstrated the most pronounced average decline in water levels relative to other land uses, underscoring the excessive reliance on groundwater for irrigation in the study area. The results further illustrate that the conventional kriging method with Gaussian variance surpasses other techniques in estimating groundwater table depths across both statistical periods. Analysis through conventional kriging reveals a general decline in groundwater levels throughout the majority of the plain during the study period, with a maximum decrease of 40 meters and an average reduction of 15 meters.

Analyzing the effective environmental factors in the selection of sports products (Study area: Tehran city)

zahra Asgari Gandomani

Green marketing has emerged as a significant area of interest, particularly among sports consumers who express concern regarding environmental issues and demonstrate a willingness to purchase eco-friendly products. Nonetheless, the actual sales of such green products remain below expectations. Consequently, this study aims to examine the influence of environmental factors—including attitude, concern, and sense of environmental responsibility—on the purchasing intentions of environmentally conscious sports consumers. The present survey study gathered data from 384 Iranian students through a seven-point Likert electronic questionnaire comprising 27 items. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. A total of 390 questionnaires were distributed, with 384 deemed valid for analysis. The data were analyzed using PLS software to assess the reliability and validity of the model, as well as to test the hypotheses of the structural model. Findings reveal that environmental attitude serves as a significant driver of consumers' green purchasing behavior. Furthermore, a statistically significant relationship was identified between environmental responsibility and green purchasing behavior. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between environmental concerns and green purchasing behavior. Additionally, the relationship between individual green values and environmental attitude, environmental concerns, environmental responsibility, and green purchasing behavior was statistically insignificant. To leverage these insights, companies should cultivate a positive image of environmental responsibility for their products through strategic branding initiatives. This approach could enhance consumer support among those who prioritize the purchase of environmentally friendly products.

Investigating the Factors Affecting the Political Organization of Space in Alborz Province Using the Grand Theory Method

Ata aleh Abdi

This study aims to identify the determinants influencing the political spatial organization of Alborz province. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this research utilizes qualitative data derived from library investigations and field studies. The methodology encompasses authentic document analysis and expert interviews to identify and examine factors affecting political spatial organization in Alborz province through grand theory application. Analysis revealed that determinants influencing political spatial organization in Alborz province encompass 50 contextual factors, 22 causal factors, 55 strategic factors, and 56 consequences. Predominant contextual factors include justice, social equity assurance, citizenship rights, national spatial political management, appointment of political administrators in divisional units, government-public communication, responsibility emphasis, and accurate recognition. Societal culture and geographic positioning represent primary causal factors, while strategic insight and educational-research strategy formulation constitute essential strategies. Administrative, military-security, and economic factors emerge as consequential elements impacting political spatial organization in Alborz province. The provincial state system operates as an open system, wherein constituent elements exhibit synergistic relationships and demonstrate temporal enhancement potential. Researchers synthesized findings into a comprehensive model demonstrating that optimal factor utilization within the system facilitates success, whereas inadequate implementation results in systemic failure within Alborz province's state management framework.

Explanation of the continuity of the feeling of relative deprivation and hydropolitical relations:A case study of the Ma'ashureh Dam (Gavshomar) in Lorestan province

Ahmad Rashidi nejad

Water scarcity is widely regarded as a fundamental contributor to underdevelopment and poverty, significantly influencing individuals' and societies' perceptions of deprivation. This study seeks to elucidate the relationship between the "feeling of relative deprivation" and "hydropolitical relations," particularly in the context of the Gauvshomar Dam construction process in Lorestan Province. The primary research question addresses how the absence of dam construction impacts the development of a sense of relative deprivation among local populations. Employing a descriptive-analytical research methodology, this study adopts both quantitative and qualitative approaches, utilizing documentary and library research alongside field observations. A questionnaire serves as the primary measurement tool, with SPSS employed for data analysis. The research indicators encompass economic, social, cultural, environmental-physical, and political-security dimensions. Findings indicate that the lack of dam construction has exacerbated feelings of relative deprivation across these dimensions, contributing to a general sense of dissatisfaction among the residents of the study area.

Investigating the process of physical development of the new city of Sahand using Landsat satellite image

Mostsfs Basiri

The emergence of new cities can be attributed to the significant increase in the population of urban areas. Over the past two decades, numerous new cities have been established in proximity to the country's metropolises, with the new city of Sahand serving as a pertinent example. The primary objective of this research is to elucidate the physical development trajectory of Sahand, utilizing Landsat satellite imagery spanning the statistical period from 1373 to 1401. To this end, satellite images corresponding to four distinct statistical periods (1373, 1383, 1393, and 1401) were acquired from the Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellites. By applying a band calculation function to the images captured by the Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors, the physical changes in the urban fabric of Sahand during the specified temporal intervals were quantified and analyzed. The findings of this research indicate that the physical growth and development of Sahand commenced in 2013, at which point the urban area encompassed 282 hectares, representing a 28-fold increase since that year. In the subsequent decade, the urban area expanded to 570 hectares, reflecting a 100% growth relative to the previous decade. Ultimately, during the final decade under review, the urban area reached 850 hectares, exhibiting a growth rate of 50%. Notably, District 6 of Sahand, which constitutes approximately 35% of the city's physical fabric, emerged as one of the fastest-growing regions between the years 1393 and 1400. Moreover, a statistically significant correlation was identified between population growth and the physical development of Sahand during the statistical period from 1380 to 1400, with a confidence level of 0.95 (P_value=0.05) and a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.91. Consequently, the regression model fitted to the relationship between population growth and urban fabric expansion, when incorporating the projected population density following the implementation of Mehr housing policies (which anticipates a population of 185,000), suggests that the area of Sahand's physical fabric will increase to 1,181 hectares in the forthcoming decade, indicating a growth rate of 38%.

Providing climate design solutions in hot and dry climates of Shiraz

afshin afshin ghorbani param

The climatic conditions of various regions in Iran are critical parameters in the design and provision of thermal comfort within residential architecture. This study aims to develop appropriate climate-responsive design models for Shiraz, grounded in thermal comfort indicators. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing advanced modeling software, specifically the Grasshopper plugin, for simulation purposes. Climatic data for the city of Shiraz has been extracted using the Ladybug plugin, with the relevant EPW file incorporated into the analysis. This data was then employed to simulate climate tables, generate diagrams of flowerbeds, and determine optimal building orientations, in addition to creating psychrometric diagrams to identify the most effective design solutions aligned with the local climate. The findings indicate that Shiraz falls within the climate comfort zone during the winter and spring months, notably in February, March, and April. However, it is important to note that the temperature during these months, with the exception of April 13-16, often exceeds the comfort range. Consequently, it is recommended to position the majority of windows on the southern façade and to incorporate auxiliary heating systems. Conversely, during the months of June, July, August, and September, temperatures surpass the comfort level; thus, the integration of materials with high thermal mass, appropriate shading devices, and the utilization of evaporative cooling systems are essential to alleviate internal conditions and maintain indoor comfort levels.

Climate change and the need for urban green space adaptation (Case study: Sabzevar city)

Mohammad Motamedi

Based on climatic model simulations, global temperatures can be expected to rise by 1 to 5.5 degrees Celsius by 2100. Given the consequences of climate change, recognizing this phenomenon is important in order to have a specific strategy to reduce its effects. In order to study the trend of climate change using Kendall Mann method was evaluated and according to the selected criteria affecting green space and weighting by AHP method, green space adaptation index for Sabzevar city until 2040 was calculated. Changes in urban green space were assessed using satellite imagery and the NDVI index. The decrease in the area of green space along with the expansion of the urban area in the period under study is clearly visible (during the statistical period under study, which corresponds to the historical period of climate models and observational data of Sabzevar). This study also shows that the increase in temperature in the next decade (2030-2021) will continue with greater intensity. In the next step, the per capita urban green space was calculated. According to the results of studying climate data, creating green space in proportion to climate change can play an effective role in adapting the city of Sabzevar to climate change. The use of climate-friendly green space and its changes will reduce greenhouse gases and provide a more suitable climate for humans and their activities. Due to the horizontal growth of the city and the rate of population growth, the amount of adaptation will decrease from 0.48 (in the basic period) to 0.32 in the period 2030-2021. A total of 15 indicators in four cultural, managerial, technological, ecological and plant criteria or each other in ArcGIS software were combined based on the coefficients of importance obtained by experts in the Expert Choice software

An analysis of stakeholder conflicts in Tehran's urban regeneration programs (a comparative study of projects of 30Tir and Sharbagh)

A viable solution to address the challenge of urban poverty in the worn and inefficient contexts of the metropolis of Ahvaz is to reform its structures by integrating poverty-reducing policies into urban planning for the future. Sustainable regeneration has been identified as one such strategy. The premise that substantial capital investment in neighborhood regeneration can enhance the overall conditions of the neighborhood poverty system underscores the critical need to organize economically focused spaces within targeted poverty zones.
Utilizing the normative futures study method, three types of uncertainty scenarios—critical, middle, and desirable—were developed through a Delphi survey for each of the five strategic drivers of the research that can be managed, modified, and monitored throughout the sustainable regeneration process. The sustainable regeneration plan for urban neighborhoods was conceptualized with poverty-reducing policies tailored to each of these five strategic drivers, guided by thematic macrotrends.For each technical area, the key impacts of future-oriented economic interventions aimed at regenerating the targeted neighborhoods were identified and outlined. Based on these dimensions, policies were proposed in the form of thematic actions aligned with desirable scenarios to enhance the status of the five strategic research drivers. This, in turn, aims to reform the structures of urban poverty and improve the overall conditions of the poverty system in the targeted neighborhoods.as a result, The failure of Iran's urban regeneration programs in resolving stakeholder conflicts is rooted in many structural weaknesses related to the procedures and methods of preparation and implementation of these programs. Therefore, a mechanism should be provided in the process of preparing urban regeneration plans, which, in the first step, should pay attention to the dynamic, multidimensional and complex nature of conflicts in the stages before, during and after the implementation of the project, and then identify the conflicts of the beneficiaries in the very early stages. to control.

Analyzing the internal coherence of the conceptual construct of traditionalist and rationalist religiosity on Social Network

mohammadreza rasouli

This study explores the cultural geography and styles of religiosity among Iranian users on Instagram, with a particular focus on how virtual spaces shape religious expression. Adopting an inductive approach, the research utilizes netnography (online ethnography) as a qualitative method. Instagram pages with religious content and significant follower counts—managed by influential figures in the religious sphere—were selected as the study sample. In total, 14 Instagram pages representing diverse religious orientations were analyzed. The posts, comments, and other published content on these pages served as the units of analysis, and data coding was conducted using MaxQDA software. Findings revealed that after the ritual dimension, the moral dimension was the most frequently recurring theme. Through analysis, nine distinct types of religiosity were identified among users, highlighting the influence of virtual geography on religious behavior and perceptions. Each user embodied a unique form of religiosity within the "soft cities" of the digital space, shaped by their environmental context and accumulated spatial experiences within the religious marketplace of Instagram. Among the dominant types were ritualistic religiosity, characterized by an emphasis on practices and ceremonies, and traditionalist religiosity, which aligns closely with official religious discourse. Other identified forms included rational, self-referential, epistemic, mystical, mixed, emotional, and fundamentalist religiosity. These categories reflect the pluralism of religious identities, values, and behaviors in Iranian society as manifested in cyberspace. Ultimately, the study underscores the profound impact of virtual cultural geography on contemporary religious culture and its diverse manifestations in digital environments.