Scientific Journals Management System

---

Stories and narration have been among the rewarding achievements of poets and writers throughout the history of Persian literature. Accordingly, the popular stories with special attraction have frequently been narrated in poems and prose to express and convey the Gnostic and lovely contents. The story of the biography of  Excellency Yousef ( Joseph) which is known as the best stories in the Holy Koran , is one of the most beautiful and attractive stories of the Persian literature which has been repeatedly discussed by poets and writers from different perspectives. Two important narrators of this story are Jamalodin Mohammad Ardestani and Jami in the ninth century who has narrated this story in their poems and prose under the titles of Yousef Nameh and   Yousef and Zuleykha, respectively. Since the similarities and difference in the overall structure and the manner of narrating as well as inferences and results made are so considerable in these two works of arts, this article attempts to compare these two valuable works along with their introductions and highlight the differences and similarities from different perspectives.


 

---

The study of language has been put into focus of attention by many researchers in literature and philosophy and several outstanding works have been composed in Persian and Arabic languages. The previous studies in this area helped to establish the science of language among Persian speakers and consequently necessary terms for most branches of this science, such as syntax, stylistics, semantic, rhetoric and phonology, were coined. On the other hand, Language in the recent century welcomed the modern way of language studies and many books and articles were translated from western languages, and new words and terms were devised irrespective of local studies. The present study is an attempt to investigate the terms devised in modern branches of linguistics and common terms of local studies and in this way makes a comparison and a link between the old and new achievements.

---

Foucault’s discourse theory implies that man is not the origin of a discourse since he is not considered to be a creature of will and decision, but a mere "subject" whose identity, profession and position in the society are formed by different discourses and the power relations and rules of those discourses. In Edward Said’s view, Orientalism is a discourse with colonizing imperatives under the dictates of which and in accordance with its rules, power relations and colonizing purpose, orientalists present a superficial, stereotypical and distorted picture of the Orient. Edward Brown and George Nathaniel Curzon are contemporaneous orientalists who have common grounds in some important aspects of life. Hence, it is expected that both be under the influence of the dominant imperialist discourse of the Victorian age and write in line with its colonizing purpose. However, this expectation is not realized about Brown. He is diametrically opposed to Curzon and criticizes his bestial policies toward Iran. Rare orientalists like Brown, who live in the heart of the dominant discourse but are not affected by it and even go against it, pose a big challenge to the definition of Orientalism as merely a discourse. The present study is an attempt to evaluate Said’s reliance on Foucault’s discourse theory and its efficacy in his definition and analysis of Orientalism as a discourse by presenting the biographies of these two Iranologists and the reasons why they took completely different approaches to Iran in their travelogues and other writings. This evaluation shows that it is impossible to analyze the activities and writings of those orientalists like Brown, who defend Iranians' rights humanistically and benevolently, based on Foucault's discourse theory which belongs to Nietzsche's anti-humanistic tradition.
 

---

Different and sometimes contradictory definitions are mentioned in rhetorical books to explain the irony industry - which by examining and classifying them, two general concepts can be considered for this technique: in the first definition, which belongs to the pre-Jorjani period, The irony is "to cover the speech and leave the meaning". In this sense, irony is mixed with other rhetorical techniques (such as permissible, simile, metaphor, theory, etc.) and has no definite limits. In another sense, irony, which begins with Jorjani, is a structured and ironic industrial allusion to other techniques. In this definition, irony does not simply mean "covered with speech and leaving out the meaning", but has a specific framework and it is "necessary mention and necessary will". Therefore, if a word is mentioned even covertly, but the element of "necessary" is not observed in it, it is not considered an irony in post-Jorjani definitions. In the present study, by descriptive-analytical method and using library tools, while analyzing the two concepts of irony (before and after Jorjani), the recent literature (post-constitutional) perception of the concept of this industry in practice and its field of application Investigated. The results of this study show that most recent researchers in the discussion of irony have a tendency to a concept that was common before Jorjani.