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Parvin Etesami, as one of the poets of the recent century, was affected by the social  structure  of Iran of both Pre-Constitutionalism and Post- Constitutionalism. In her poetry , she dealt with issues which were both reflected in the Iranian traditional culture and affected by the new culture of Iranian society flourishing following constitutionalism and the global society as well. In her later poems, based on her Negating approach, she criticized the contemporary social conditions. In so doing, she was affected by traditions and inspired by modernity. Her poetry, akin to her personality, the primary concern of the present article is the study and analysis of Parvin's sociological thoughts in the light of the social ups and downs in the Iran of late Ghajar dynasty and First Pahlavi.
 


 

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Literary criticism has been one of the most controversial issues in the study of literature in Iran. Some have considered it an entirely Western area of study and therefore imported to the country, while others have traced its history back to pre-Islamic Iran. By distinguishing between the two terms of rhetoric as a premodern subject and literary criticism as a modern area, this paper examines the evolution of literary criticism in Iran from the years of the Constitutional Revolution to the early 2010s. These developments have been studied in four historical periods: from the beginning to 1941, from 1942 to 1978, from the Islamic Revolution to the late 1990s, and from the late 1990s to the early 2010s. The results show that despite the dominance of the discourse of literary criticism in literary studies and its successful examples in the recent decades, the application of this area to reading texts still has a long way to achieve greater success. Meanwhile, the emergence and the prevalence of interdisciplinary and problem-oriented studies in reading texts in the global academic environment have added to the complexity of the situation.