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‘Ta‘vil, (Hermeneutics) has long been one of the widely-debated terminologies particularly in the field  of Quranic research. Drawing upon  the earliest lexicographical documents,  the author argues that the term was originally used to mean, changing from potentiality to practice. Sinc this sens of ‘ta‘vil, goes and collocates with ‘Beginning’ ‘End, "Ultimate goal",  and‘ inward nature, the term has gradually acguired these meanings as well.

Then, attempts are made to show how the frequent applications of ta’vil, in the Holy Quran (17 times) go with the original sense of the key word. Towards the end of the paper, the hermeneutics of Quran is discussed vis ―a― vis its being sent down ; the latter has a descending dirction whereas the former has got an ascending movement.

Hence, hermeneutics facilitates man's journey from the explicit structural meaning of the Quran to its inward and superior word. For economy reasons , the author has deliberately skipped the other scholars’ views on this issue.

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Most traditional grammarians in describing conjunctive make use of metaphoric genitive construction. However, one can see that there is a great difference between the two genitive constructions. The most important difference is the analogical structure which exists in the metaphoric genitive construction but it does not exist in conjunctive. Unlike grammarians who consider that the adjunct in this genitive construction is the main goal in conjunctive, what is considered here is the combination of the adjunct and the governed word and not just either of them alone. In most of the sentences in which there is a conjunctive, if we omit the adjunct or the governed word, the sentence will have a figurative meaning, a meaning which derives from the genitive construction.The strategy that traditional grammarians have suggested for identifying the characteristics of conjunctive is incorrect. Grammarians who have studied the subject from a linguistic perspective also did not explain this properly and they have only paid attention to the appearance of the compound and have neglected the meaning differences. This study concludes that in explaining the conjunctive we should not make a comparison between conjunctive and metaphoric genitive construction. The only resemblance of these two genitive constructions is in the structure “core + e + dependent.” If in examining genitive constructions only the structure is considered, all of the genitive constructions will be put in one group.  But paying attention only to the form of the compound does not complete the grammatical concepts. In grammatical investigations, it is better to consider the structure and meaning at the same time. Having said that the purpose of conjunctive is the figurative meaning of this kind of genitive construction and is not the adjunct or the governed word alone.

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The time, life, poetry, literary and critical theories of William Wordsworth, the pioneer of Romanticism in English literature, and Nima Youshij, who is often regarded as a Romantic in some part of his literary career, share many similarities. Both poets lived at a time of revolution and turmoil and both revolted against the dominant literary conventions of their time with their efforts accordingly leading to revolutions in the poetry and literary theory of their land. After delineating the accepted tenets of the Romantic Movement, this article highlights the analogous biographical, socio-economical and philosophical contexts of the two poets’ career and studies the affinities of their attempts at modernizing the poetic theory and practice of their countries. To this aim, the two poets’ attitude towards concepts such as poetry and the poet, content, language, feelings and emotions, and society are examined in detail. It is explained that by being influenced by their time and the historical evolutions in the age of social, cultural and economic revolutions, the two poets were able to bring the revolution into the poetry and critical theory and practice of their time. This revolution consists of realizing the novel concepts of the age and expressing them in a new form, which is considered as the commencement of “Modern” English poetry in England and “New” Persian poetry in Iran.

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The present article identified the morphological characteristics of the Arabic noun as a feature preventing various interpretations of literary texts. Arabic nouns enjoy intrinsic features such as masculinity and femininity, solidness or derivativeness, morphological weight, duality, plurality, precise pronouns, relativity, demonstratives, etc., which determine and give rise to special associations in the mind of the audience. Although the precision of Arabic morphology in scientific and philosophical prose is a privilege with the help of which scholars can clearly express their intentions, it seems to be a defect in literary texts that reduces the multifariousness and artistic delicacy of the works. The absence of some of these features in the morphology of Persian nouns contributes to the ambiguity and literariness of the poem. In Hafez’s Diwān, there are seven bilingual lyrics (Molamma’āt) that allow such a comparison. The presence of some Persian and Arabic stanzas in a ghazal lyric of Hafez clearly shows the difference between the morphological possibilities in Persian and Arabic. In general, the absence or existence of such features in Persian words brings with it a wider audience and expands the range of different interpretations of a poetic work.
 

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The current paper aimed to conduct a corpus analysis of the relationship between Persian onomatopoeic words and their morphological meanings. All onomatopoeic words listed in The Dictionary of Onomatopoeic Words in Farsi (1996) were analyzed. The analysis of the morphological structure of 2570 onomatopoeic words suggests that there is a correlation between echo duplication and the concept of emphasizing. Partial reduplication indicates the continuance of the meaning of words. Total reduplication of words with a final plosive consonant represents the discontinuance of the meaning of onomatopoeic words. Double reduplications that use an interfix carry on the impression of friction. The reduplicated words that have fricative or affricative consonants suggest the idea of slight events. Echo duplication containing the interfix “va” constructs plurality and multitude. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, the intensity accompanies derivation and not reduplication. The data also suggests that Persian onomatopoeic words use phonetic as well as morphological tools to construe the meaning.