Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

Effect of age and three different feedback receiving on a hand movement pattern

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different age groups (children and young adult) to learning of temporal-special coordination hand movement pattern. Sixty subjects according to the age (children – young adult) and receiving feedback (100%, omitted, self-control) were randomly divided into six groups. This study was done in three days. All subjects practice 100 trails of movement task in each day of first and second days. Retention tests were done in second and third days and reacquisition test was done in the third day. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and two way ANOVA was used to data analysis. All participants in the first day improved their accuracy across practice trials. In the second day children did not improve their accuracy but young adult experienced improvement across practice trials. There was not significant difference between retention children tests but that was significant about young adult. During the retention tests children who received 100% feedback was significantly better than other children feedback groups and there was no significant between young adult feedback groups. During the reacquisition test children who received 100% feedback was significantly better than other children feedback groups and there was no significant between young adult feedback groups. Results from this study showed young adult are better than children in the learning of this pattern, receiving more feedback can improve motor learning in children (in contrast with guidance hypothesis) and we must not expect motor skill acquisition occur in children like young adult.

Comparison of effect of skilled, non-skilled and point-light technique model on learning and performance of basketball shot

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three modeling skilled, non-skilled and point light in performance and learning of basketball shot skill. Among novice girls who participant in educational classes of basketball, 30 persons participated voluntarily and administrated randomly in three groups (skilled, non-skilled and point light modeling technique). After pre-test, Participants trained the skill, 30 trials for each four sessions (120 trials). The ten lasting trials of fourth session were considered as acquisition test. Retention test after 48 hours and transfer test were implemented with background variation. Information about performance accuracy of participants was measured base on Zacheri et al. (2005). The results of the tests were analyzed by ANOVA, repeated measures (3*3), and LSD post hoc test (&alpha=0.05).results showned that modeling method were significant different effects on performance and learning of three goups participants (F=3.079, P=0.023), non skilled modeling from point light modeling in acquisition test (p=0.007) and non skilled modeling from point light and skilled modeling in retention and transfer tests had better performance significantly (P<0.05). the results of this study recommended, non skilled modeling have greater effectiveness compared with skilled and point light modeling.

The relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Staff’s Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Sport and Youngs Organization of Khorasan-e Razavi

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behaviors. The statistical population of this study was the staff members of Physical Education Organization of Khorasan-e Razavi Province (N=75). The size of population was selected as, the size of sample. For gathering data, two standard questionnaires, driven from emotional intelligence (Schuz et al, 1993) and organizational citizenship behavior (Organ and Konovsky, 1996) were used. Validity of questionnaires was achieved through considering comments of professors of sport management course and by using Cronbach’s alpha test the reliability of knowledge management and creativity questionnaires were found to be 0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The research method is descriptive and correlational which has been done through field method. Descriptive scales and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of correlation test indicated that there is a positive and significant relation between (r=0.263, P=0.03) emotional intelligence satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore between Emotional Intelligence and factors altruism (r=0.249, P=0.041), the conscience (r=0.243, P=0.046) positive and significant relationship was observed. But between emotional intelligence and factors sportsmanship (r=0.121, P=0.327), civic virtue (r=0.063, P=0.612) and courtesy (r=0.107, P=0.384) no-significant relationship was observed. Furthermore the results of regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence is expect to qualify altruism and conscience. Therefore can take the advantage of learned behaviors in the organization, to improve the emotional intelligence of employees paid out and standard work and by improving systems of proper promotion system based on merit principles of mental and emotional efficiency in work and organizational citizenship behavior in the organization expanded.

The Relationship between the Five Personality factors and Burnout in Female Aerobics Coaches of Esfahan

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the five personality dimensions and burnout in female aerobics coaches of Esfahan. This was a correlation research performed using survey method. The statistical population included all 400 female aerobics coaches of Esfahan. The sample volume size was estimated 160 using Cochran formula. For more security, a total of 200 questionnaires were distributed among the population using simple random sampling method 157 of which were filled out completely and were used in statistical analysis. The two questionnaires of "Maslach Burnout Inventory", and McCrae and Costa's "NEO Five Personality Inventory" were applied for data measurement. Results indicated a negative significant correlation between burnout with extroversion (r = -0.21), conscientiousness (r = -0.20), agreeableness (r = -0.18), and openness (r = -0.33) and a positive significant correlation with neuroticism (r = 0.17). Therefore, coaches with extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness personality traits are less likely to become burnout against stressful job factors and those with neuroticism are at a higher risk to be affected by job burnout.

Description and Analysis of Performance, Potential and Efficiency of Iranian football pro- league by Data Envelopment Analysis

In the case of football it could be argued that the purpose of teams is to win the competitions in which they participated. However, the assessment of football teams from the efficiency aspect would be relevant in judging whether the results have been obtained without waste. The purpose of this research is to compare and analysis of league ranking with Potential and efficiency ranking. The chosen sample is football teams who played in 2009-2010 season of Iranian pro league and the method of calculating the efficiency will be output- oriented version of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In this research, performance, potential and efficiency of each team respectively considered as, The points and ranks achieved by each team in league. The points and ranks achievable by each team and the ratio of points achieved to points achievable by each team. The main conclusion is that the ranking of teams based on performance, potential and efficiency is not the same. performance evaluation system of league that based on sporting results, don’t represent the efficiency of teams. Therefore, it seems, that performance of teams evaluated based on efficiency and with respect to their potentials is needed.

The relationship between Perceived Organizational Justice & Job burnout and Intent to leave the Profession of the staff in Tehran Province Directorate of Youth and Sports

This research was done to specify the relationship between perceived organizational justice and job burnout & intent to leave the profession. The statistical population was the entire staff of the Office of Youth and Sports of Tehran (180 = N). Due to the small population size, the statistical model was considered equal to the total population. Research method was correlation. In order to collect the data, the questionnaires of organizational justice, job burnout, and intent to leave were used. The validity of these questionnaires was corrected by using the opinions of a number of sport management specialists. The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained respectively as 0.94, 0.72 and 0.84 by using of Cronbach’s alpha test. Data analysis was performed by the use of explanatory indexes and K-S statistical test, Spearman correlation coefficient, Durbin Watson test for independence of errors and Regression stepwise analysis. The results showed that there was a negative and significant relation between organizational justice and job burnout (r=-0.186, P=0.04) and intent to leave the profession (r=-0.198, P=0.033). Also, there is a negative and significant relation between procedural justice dimensions and job burnout (r=-0.277, P=0.003) and distributional justice (r=-0.193, P=0.037) and transactional justice (r=-0.230, P&le0.01) with intent to leave the profession. Besides, according to the results of regression analysis, the distributional justice can predict job burnout (F=2.737, t=-2.442, P=0.016) and intent to leave the profession (F=3.471, t=-2.38, P&le0.01). Finally, it is concluded the justice is paid more attention by management towards employees, it causes decreasing job burnout and turnover among them proportionally which leads to improvement of employees performance

Factors affecting brand loyalty sports apparel purchase decision makers in the Premier League football clubs

Today, the brand's customer loyalty is key to business success, Many companies try to increase loyalty among customers to expand their brand. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the loyalty of purchase decision makers of the clubs and football players to sports apparel brand in the eleventh round of the Premier football League. Methodology of this research was surveying and population of this research formed as sports apparel purchase decision makers in the Premier League football clubs of Iran(the director and deputy director of the club, and the head coach and team coaches N=90). The study sample included 60 individuals purchasing decision makers in clubs and 263 people of Premier League football players of Iran. Questionnaire data collection tool for brand loyalty was Wong Foong and yahyah (2008) with reliability of (&alpha=0.82). The results showed that the factors of the product quality, model and brand of sports was more effective than other factors in loyalty of sport apparel brand in the Premier League football clubs of Iran. Therefore, sports apparel industry planners should try to modify models to increase brand loyalty and other factors affecting brand loyalty to expand their brand through customers. They provide basis increasing rate of customers loyalty and thus provide the long-term interests of their business.

A Comparison between the Quality of Physical Education in Part time and Conventional Educational Systems in Ardabil Province

The present study aimed to make a comparison between the qualities of physical education in part time and conventional educational systems in Ardabil province. The target population of the study included all students majoring in physical education in Ardabil province in 1389-90. To collect data, 4 close-ended questionnaires (80 items), a bio-data questionnaire, and a self-concept questionnaire were developed and then were given to the participating groups. The mean, percentile, and frequency of individual items were computed. Student’s t-test and chi-square were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the students of the conventional system outperformed the students of the part time system in gymnasium, but in practical courses the difference did not reach statistical significant. The difference between their self-concept and high school average scores did not appear to be statistically significant. The participating groups were approximately the same in terms of their bio-data

Prioritizing Dimensions of Learning Organization in Sport and Youth Head Offices of Western Provinces of Iran

The purpose of this study was to prioritize dimensions of learning organization in sport and youth head offices of west of Iran. The statistical population of this research included all staff of these head offices (N=203) and sampling method was stratified random that estimated 130 people using Morgan's table. For data collection, dimensions of learning organization questionnaire of Marsick and Watkins (1996) was used. validity of this measuring instrument was confirmed by sports management masters. Using Cronbach's alpha test, it’s reliability was obtained 0/96. This study was a descriptive method that was implemented in the field.Descriptive statistical indicators and Kolmogorov Smirnov, one samplet test, Pearson and Friedman ranking tests, were used to analyze data. Results showed there is a significant positive correlation between levels of individual learning, group learning and organizational learning (P&le0/05). Also among dimensions of learning organization continuous learning and empowerment had first and last preference, respectively. Finally, it is suggested, these head offices managers also should pay more attention to aspects such as empowerment, group learning, system connection and embedded systems in addition to individual learning as base of organizational learning for providing conditions to become learning organization through practical solutions.

Communicational Model of Organizational Learning Capabilities and Organizational Performance of Sport and Youth Offices of Iran's Northern Provinces

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational learning capability and organizational performance in sport and youth offices of Iran's Northern provinces. Statistical population included of all managers, deputies and experts of the sport and youth offices in Iran's Northern provinces (Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan) and managers and deputies from five selected cities in the year 1391 (N=108). Due to the limited population, the statistical sample was considered as a whole (n=108). For this purpose, organizational learning capability (Gomez, 2005) and organizational performance (Brown, 2001) questionnaires were used. Data analysis was performed at a significant level (p&le0.05) using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation, frequency distribution tables) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and conformity factor analysis). Research results indicated that the systematic perspective subscale acquired the highest average in comparison with other organizational learning capabilities (&mu=3.35). Also, there was a significant correlation between organizational learning and organizational performance (p&le0.05, r=0.621). With regard to the linear relationship among variables and the assumption of errors independence from each other, predictor variables (organizational learning capabilities) revealed 37% changes in the rate of organizational performance. Also, while confirming the model parameters, it can be said that the presented model is appropriate and experimental data are coincided enough well with this model. Totally, according to the findings of this research, it is recommended that the different levels of managers make enough efforts to perceive the importance of organizational learning and how to establish these capabilities among the staff.

Quality of spending the leisure time for Iranian Individuals with visual impairments students with emphasis on physical activities

The current research has been prepared for giving away for quality of spending the leisure time with emphasis on doing physical activity. The research was done on 517 Individuals with visual impairments students in 1389- 1390 school year using a descriptive research in the field way. The research past its primary phases using cluster random sampling way and then using the 85 question questionnaire. The descriptive and inferential statistics of (chi-square) have been used in analyzing the findings. The findings showed that more than 50% of the Individuals with visual impairments students spend more than 8 hours per day aimlessly. More than 70% of the Individuals with visual impairments students have no sport facilities in their schools or near their homes. According to the findings of this research, there is a meaningful difference between the duration of leisure sport activities and spending time aimlessly. The preventing factors of doing leisure sport activities make a meaningful difference on doing or not doing these activities. Also there is a meaningful difference in relation with the amount of Individuals with visual impairments student’s participation in leisure activities and leisure sport activities in comparison to the different vision acuities.

The Application of BSC Approach in Performance Evaluation of the Physical Education Offices of Iranian Universities

The present study aims to find a suitable method for the performance evaluation of physical education offices of Iranian universities. The method used is of descriptive-analytical with field-gathered data. Were used The population was comprised of all the academic sports scholars including university lecturers, the physical education headquarters evaluators, and the managers of physical education offices of universities, out of sample 25 were purposefully selected on level of education and job experience basis using Delphi theoretical framework. In terms of the 17 experts who fully completed questionnaires were used in data analysis. The Res tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validities were approved by a group of lecturers and their validities by Chronbach’s Alpha coefficient(&alpha=78%). Following two steps of Delphi implementation, the scholars came to an agreement(W=0.703)putting a number of 13 elements with 61 criteria in the four main perspectives of Balanced Score Card(BSC).Subsequently, each criterion’s coefficient was measured using factor analysis. The Criteria of Government Resources Acquirement, Executive Plans for Customer Participation, Management and Planning, and Growth enjoyed higher coefficients in Financial, Customer, Internal Processes, and Growth and Learning Perspectives, respectively. The proposed BSC can be a powerful tool for the evaluation and formulation of physical education offices of universities strategies available to the managers of such offices.