Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

The Relationship between Intelligence Quotient, Motor Fitness and Anthropometric Characteristics with Skills Learning Stages in Basketball

Ackerman (1988) states intelligence and motor ability as the two important
abilities in three learning stages (cognitive, motor and autonomic) of Fitts and
Posner. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the relationship
between Intelligence Quotient (IQ), motor fitness and anthropometric
characteristics with basic basketball skills learning stages. The population
includes all seven-to-eleven-year-old boys of Aleshtar city, 1054, 60 of whom
were selected using random cluster sampling method. Data collection tools
included Rion’s IQ inventory, standard tests of motor fitness, and basketball skill
tests of Ifred. Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation
coefficient and linear regression. Correlation between IQ and performance basic
skills of basketball in cognitive stage of learning was significant and its peak. This
correlation in motor and autonomic stages was also significant but decreased. On
the other hand, the correlation of motor fitness and anthropometric characteristics
with performance basic skills of basketball was low but still significant in cognitive
and motor stages. This correlation reached its peak in autonomic stage. Motor
fitness and anthropometric characteristics are more important in autonomic stage
and IQ is more important in motor fitness in cognitive stages of learning shooting,
passing and dribbling skills in basketball.

The effect of increasing distance of external focus and preference on performance accuracy in dart throwing

The present study examined the effectiveness of distal versus proximal external
foci of attentions a function of performers’ preferences for a certain focus. dart
throwing task were used, and participants (N=20) were instructed to direct their
attention either to the target (distal focus) or the flight of the dart (proximal focus).
Participants were asked to select their preferred focus after one trial under each
focus condition without knowledge of results. Subsequently, all participants
performed two 24-trial blocks, one under each condition, with focus order
(preferred first vs non-preferred)counterbalanced.
Degree of significance was regarded as p<0.05. Dart throwing accuracy was
generally enhanced when participants adopted a distal focus, regardless of focus
order or preference. The present findings provide further evidence that the
“distance” effect in attentional focus is a general phenomenon that does not
depend on individual preferences.

The effects of distance of attentional focus on accuracy, effectiveness, and perception of performance in volleyball jump serving of elite players

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of attentional focus on accuracy,
effectiveness, and perception of the performance in volleyball jump serve of
professional players. 12 professional volleyball players completed a 4 blocks of 8
trail (4 for accuracy, and 4 for effectiveness) of jump serve in four experimental
conditions (Non-Instruction, Internal focus on hand movement, Near external
focus on ball, and Far external focus on target zone or player). The data of
accuracy, effectiveness, and self-perception of the performance was acquired by
pointed target areas, analyzing volleyball serve effectiveness method, and selfrated
manipulative check, respectively. Results of ANOVA with repeated
measures showed that accuracy scores, effectiveness, and self-perception of the
performance in far external condition was better than near external and internal
conditions. In addition, the significant differences between non-instructional and
far external conditions were observed only in self-perception of the performance.
On the whole, these results confirmed recent findings regarding the detrimental
effects of internal focus of attention and the facilitative effects of external focus of
attention on skilled performance, especially far external focus.

Comparing the effectiveness of drug therapy, motion-perceptual exercises and their combination on attentive functionin in children age 6-12 with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The purpose of this research was comparing the effectiveness of drug therapy,
motion-perceptual exercises and their combination on attentive function in
children between 6 to 12 years old with attention- hyperactivity disorder. In this
Semi-empirical study, three groups were selected including 12 girls and boys (6-
12 years old) with attention/hyperactivity disorde. To collect data Conners
Parents Rating Scale, CBCL, Continious performance test, and Bruninks –
Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency were used. The selected motion program
included motion-perceptual exercises and was implemented over 18 sessions
within 6 weeks and the selected metions, Ritalinica & Respridoon, were
prescribed. With 95% confidence level, there was significant difference in
components of Continues Performance test (attention deficit, impulsivity and
reaction time) before and after implementing motion-perceptual exercises. Data
analysis using ANOVA to evaluate the effectiveness of each method and subjects
ANOVA to test the difference between mean scores of subjects in the Subcomponents
continuous performance test for comparison of various methods was
used in treatment. There were no significant differences in all components of CPT
test in cdifferent methods and. The results showed no significant differences with
95% confidence level between effectiveness of drug therapy groups, motionperceptual
exercises and combination method and it was confirmed that the
effectiveness of methods (attention deficit, impulsivity and reaction time) is similar
to the other.

Consumer Nationalism and its relation with Patriotism and World mindedness in Assessment of Domestic and Foreign Sporting Goods

Nationalism in consumption is a form of economic of nationalism that forms
consumer beliefs about appropriate or actually morality of goods purchasing and
it has been the subject of many investigations. In this study, According to Krejcie
& Morgan chart, 278 cases were selected a mong among 965 undergraduate
physical education students of Tehran and karaj selected Universities as a
research samples. The measuring tools included CETSCALE of shimp &
sharma(1987) and Questionnaire of Hoseinzade(1386) , its Reliability was
achieved 0/841. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics
including spearman coorelation and Mann-Whitney test in SPSS with p<0.05
Significance level were used.The finding of investigation demonstrates
Consumer Nationalism of physical education students have been in low grade.
Moreover there wasn’t and relation between Nationalism and Patriotism, whereas
there was a negative relation between World Mindedness and Consumer
Nationalism among students .Also results of Mann-Whitney test imply that there
is a difference among boys and girls between of Consumer Nationalism, World
Mindedness and Assessment of Domestic Sporting Goods. Girls are more
nationalist than boys and also they have a good Assessment of Domestic
Sporting Goods, but boys have more than World Mindedness.
In the end, consumers with low consumer nationalism have a low assessment of
domestic goods and inverse.

A measurement tool standardization of beliefs in advertising through sport

The purpose of present study was to standardize the measurement tool of beliefs
in advertising through sport. Following the permit was taken from the owner of
the questionnaire (Pyun, 2006), questionnaire by the three-stage translation
method and introductory study performed. Population of the study was all the
spectators that attended in the Azadi Stadium, 342 samples were selected
randomly. 27 items were included in the questionnaire with seven components
(being economic, product information, falsity, materialism, social image and role,
annoying, pleasure). Questions were analyzed by the 5-likert scale. To determine
the formal and content validity of the tool, viewpoints of experts in sport marketing
were used. To determine the structure validity of the tool, CFA was applied by
using LISREL package. Analysis of the structure validity of the tool showed that
items of the questionnaire had an appropriate factor load. The results showed
that the indices of the model had an appropriate goodness of fit2.45¬df=/2x,
RMSEA=0.065, GFI=0.94, AGFI= 0.95 approved the indexes. Cronbach’s Alpha
coefficients of the reliability of the seven components were between 0.70 to
0.730.Given the confirmation of relevant tool in this study; other researchers can
use this tool to measure the customers’ belief advertisement through sport.

Factors affecting loyalty of the purchase decision makers and players to the brand sports apparel of the Premier League football clubs

Today, the brand's customer loyalty is key to business success, many companies
try to increase loyalty among customers to expand their brand. The aim of this
study was to identify factors influencing the loyalty of purchase decision makers
of the clubs and football players to sports apparel brand in the eleventh round of
the Premier League. Methodology of this research was surveying and population
of this research formed as sports apparel purchase decision makers in the
Premier League football clubs of Iran(the director and deputy director of the club,
and the head coach and team coaches N=90)and the players who participated in
the eleventh round of Premier League football (463= N).The study sample
included 60 individuals purchasing decision makers in clubs and 263 people of
Premier League football players of Iran. Questionnaire data collection tool for
brand loyalty was Wong Foong and yahyah (2008) with reliability of (α=0.82).
Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified by masters of sport
marketing and confirmed by sport management. To analyse data Kolmogorov
Smirnov test, ANOVA (analysis of variance) with repeated measures, a
comparison Bunfrony test and independent t-tests at a significance level of 0.05
was conducted with spss19 software were used. The results showed that the
factors of the product quality, model and brand of sports was more effective than
other factors in loyaltyofsportsapparel brand and factors of service quality and
price perspective, No significant difference between group of purchasing decision
makers and players in the Premier League football clubs of Iran were found.
Therefore, program managers sports apparel industry planners should try to
create or modify models to increase brand loyalty and products quality and using
innovative strategies of develop and promote service quality and pricing to
expand their brand through customers. Moreover provide basis increasing rate of
customers loyalty and thus provide the long-term interests of their business

Analysis of sport for all in Iran, with Application of Structural Equation Modeling

The essence of science is to build comprehensives model rather than scattered
data, because the data in form of modeles can be discovered, explained and
interpreted. The lack of reliable models in sport, and in particular, sport for all,
encouraged the researcher to achieve a model for sport for all in Iran.The aim of
the present study is to propose a model to measure and analyze the sport for all
in Iran. For this purpose, a 66 questions questionnaire was used based on model
of sport for all in Iran.The samples were selected among the Iranian sport
administrates using stratified random sampling method. 320 questionnaires were
collected.The Chi-square value of the model, RMSEM and goodness of fit index
(GFI) was 385.76, 0.082 and 0.95, respectively. The adjusted goodness of fit
index (AGFI) for the degrees of freedom was equal to 0.94. These values indicate
a good fitting of the model.
This model is a simplified representation of the sport for all which shows the basic
constructs of sport for all in Iran.The process of sport for all in Iran can be
analyzed by using the present model. It is also possible to find a new classification
in sport for all.

The situation expression of sport tovrism marketing indices form sport andtoorism experts view in west Azerbaijan province

The purpose of this study is to indendiey the situation expression of the sport
tourism marketing indexes from sport and tourism expert’s view in west
Azerbaijan province.This study is descriptive- analytical and field methods.
Research statistical population is expert members of tourism organization (n=39)
and expert members of physical education general offices (n=45). Research tools
is sport marketing tourism indexes Questionnaire Bidokhti and Nazari (2009) with
reliability of (α= 0. 82). Validity was confirmed by sport management experts’
view. For comparison of existence and ideal situation, Wilcox test used. Also for
component mean comparison with mean of the spectrum one-sample t-test and
for precedence of the indexes was used from Friedman test (p≤0.05) were used.
The results showed that, between the current and ideal situation in massive
investment country modification, development of infrastructure, attention to
tourism attractions, promotion activities and regulation of guidelines based on
distribute attractions, there are significant differences and in all cases, the
existence situation mean is less than ideal situation. This means that the
mentioned indicators are not empowered in the existing situation and need to be
reviewed, that achieve to their optimum condition.
based on results, the managers don’t use from marketing indexes mentioned as
a way of sports tourism marketing, while indicate that the use of these methods,
are the reasons for development of sports tourism marketing. The result of this
factor is: create of positive station in the sport tourist minds, and at last these
industries develop in western Azerbaijan province, and increase tourism market
share.

The Investigation of Motivation Role on Team Identity of Football Fans in Sistan and Baluchestan University

The purpose of this study was to investigation of Motivation Role on Team Identity
of Football Fans in Sistan and Baluchestan University. This study is descriptive
and correlational one. Statistical population included all students and Staff of
Sistan and Baluchestan University in the academic year of 2012-2013. Since the
size of the statistical population was over 10,000 people, Based on Sample Table
of Morgan, Sample size was determined 384 people. For data collection, Trail
and Jame's team identity questionnaire (2001) and Gao et,al and motivation
questionnaire (2009) were used. Validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by
professors of physical education for reliability of questionnaires used, Cronbach's
alpha coefficient, respectively were 0.94 and 0.88. Data were analyzed by
inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple
regression. Results showed that motivation fans have significant correlation with
their team's identity (r =0.68). Also, except variable escape (escape from
boredom), other variables (social interaction, entertainment, team affiliation,
achievement and family) were able to be the significant predictor of team identify.
Entertainment with beta (β= 0.514) was a stronger predictor for team identity

Designing effective commercialization mechanisms for football clubs in Iran

One of the approaches towards increasing income and economic development
for clubs in countries recognized for their football is registering these clubs as
commercial enterprises like other commercial companies and organizations.
Therefore, the aim of this study is designing effective commercialization
mechanisms for football clubs in Iran. For this purpose, a qualitative research
method was adopted, and detailed interviews with 31 experts who were aware of
this subject were done. Findings from interview analysis led to two conceptual
models of progress path of football clubs and their commercialization
mechanisms. Commercialization model is based on four principal major
relationships consisting of appropriate sport relationship, appropriate economic
relationship, appropriate sport- economic relationship and relationship that exists
in Iranian football now, as well as13 micro and detailed relationships. The findings
showed that government was the main obstacle on the way towards
commercialization of football clubs. The other results showed that many experts
were not optimistic about the existing condition.