Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

Developing the Strategy Map and Prioritizing the Strategies of Developing Sports at National Iranian Gas Company throughISM and AHP Approaches

hossein akbari yazdi

Purpose: Developing the Strategy Map and Prioritizing the Strategies of Developing Sports at National Iranian Gas Company throughISM and AHP approaches
Methodology: The present study has used a mixed methods approach (qualitative and quantitative), and it is an applied-developmental study in terms of purpose. Nine personswere selected as the members of the strategic council. The upstream documents, literaturereview and ideas of the members of strategic council were examined. The questionnaireswere distributed among the selected expertsand the data were collected after the confirmation of the questionnaire validity by university professors. At first, the experts determined the strategies of the company, through AHP method, resulting from the studies of strategic planning committee of the mentioned organization in terms of the mutual impacts, thenISM method was employed to identify the important relationships in developing the strategy map.
Findings: Sports strategy map is divided into five levels and the strategies for developing thehealth-basedplans and activities, enhancing the mutual interactions with the sports organizations and boosting the sports motivations and culture have been placedon the first level.
Conclusion: the results of AHP analysis employed to prioritize the strategies showed that the development of health-based sports activities, promotion of position and structure of sports affairs and boosting the sports motivations and culture are the three first sports strategies pursued by National Iranian Gas Company.
Keywords: Strategy, Strategic Map, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Interpretative Structural Model (ISM)

Direction of attention in different performance phases and its role on technical performance in expert judo players during competition

Moslem Bahmani

Few studies have investigated dimensions of attention out of laboratory settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between internal/external and associative and dissociative attention and its role in expert judo players’ technical performance during competition. mixed method approach with parallel-design was used. In the qualitative section of the study, expert judo players’ attentional strategy was explored using self-confrontation interviews. In the quantitative part of the study, differences between reported foci in successful versus unsuccessful trials was tested. Analysis of interview transcripts revealed that expert judo players had more focus on external-associative dimension in both preparation and execution phases. In addition, results of chi-square test indicated a significant difference between judo players’ focus of attention in successful versus unsuccessful trials (p < 0.05) with more focus on external-associative attention in successful trials. In conclusion, while this study does not support use or advantages of dissociative attention in skilled performers, provided more support for constrained-action hypothesis as indicated more use and advantages of adopting an external-associative focus for expert level judo players.

Mohsen Mohammadi

The purpose of this research was to investigate the structure of the ball behavior in the futsal teams during the offensive phase. The type of research was observational and the data extracted from the 12 games in the training matches of the players of the futsal resistance team present at the Premier League matches of 97-98 were recorded and analyzed. Using the SOCNET software, the values of the cluster coefficient were calculated and using the MATLAB software, Shannon entropy values for each team were calculated. The results showed that by increasing the number of training sessions, the values of the cluster and entropy coefficient of Shannon increased in both teams and there is a moderate correlation between the values of the cluster coefficient and Shannon entropy was observed with the number of training sessions. In general, and according to the results of this study, the functional variability of ball behavior patterns increased with training and team experience, and the level of complexity and unpredictability of the team network increased. According to the sensitivity of the behavioral patterns of the ball to the effects of training, sport analyzers can use the information from this level of analysis to explain the team's synergistic behaviors in futsal teams.

Impact of Explicit and Implicit learning methods on the anticipation of volleyball hammer service in time under peripheral fatigue

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of learning methods analogy and explicit on the skill of the prediction service in volleyball at the time fatigue. To this purpose, 40 female students , with the range of age 18 to 24 years for the sample sampling and a simple random in four groups: learning to manifest peppy, learning explicit tired, learning analogy peppy and learning analogy tired were divided. Participants of the group learn the analogy method of simulating skills and group learning explicit from the traditional method to performing the service, hammer, volleyball. To apply the fatigue protocol Lee Owens was used. Also, to predict the extent, accuracy, and speed of execution of the participants of the software super lab was used. Data were analyzed using the test of analysis of variance two-way analysis of was. The results showed that, the effect of fatigue, the type of practice, and the interactive effect of fatigue - training on the speed prediction in the efforts to correct and the impact of fatigue , the type of training , and the interactive effect of fatigue-training on the speed prediction in efforts mistake was not significant. But the interactive effect of fatigue - practice the accuracy of prediction in the efforts to correct the (p=0/002), and the effect of the type of exercises in the wrong attempts (P=0/019) was significant. According to the results it can be said that the effect of fatigue on the accuracy of prediction depends on the type of learning (learning analogy) is an adopted person.

Developing a strategic model of talent identification in Iranian Weightlifting

Hossein AkbariYazdi

The process of talent identification attempts to guide people who are prone to sports that have the greatest chance of success on the basis of certain tests. This research was conducted with the aim of developing a strategic model of talent identification in Iranian Weightlifting. This study is a qualitative based on grounded theory. The statistical population was experts in power lifting and purposeful sampling method was used. The data gathering tool was deep interview. In this study, qualitative analysis approaches including open, axial and selective coding were used to analyze the findings. In addition, all statistical operations were performed using Maxqda software version 12. The findings showed that the strategic model of scouting in weight lifting sports from the strengths and weaknesses of scouting structures, the principles of talent identification, the methods of talent identification, the attributes of methods of scouting, predisposing and deterrent factors of scouting activities, and Scouting goals are formed. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the facilitators of the scouting process be strengthened more than before. Then it is necessary to benchmark other countries, provide facilities and tools, develop specialized experts in the field of talents and special schools for weight lifting.

Association between attention in different performance phases with speed of technique execution during real competitions; A naturalistic investigation using national-level expert judo players

Moslem Bahmani

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention in skilled performance in real conditions, using a mixed-method study. Fourteen expert judo player participated in the study. The stimulated recall was used in the qualitative phase of the study to explore athletes’ attention in real competitive conditions. In the quantitative portion of the study, number and percentages of foci in preparation phase, execution phase, and total (preparation +execution) were associated with performance movement time. Our results indicated that while attention during execution phase was not associated with performance time, attention in the preparation phase was associated with better performance time. specifically, less attentional cues with higher percentages of focus on the opponent resulted in more quick performances. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that focus on opponent during preparation phase is associated with superior technique execution during real competitions.

Meta-analysis of Effects of Human Development Indexes on Championship Performance

Hojjat Mardaneh Taleshmekaiel

The Impact of local native games (game-based interventions) and selected motor-based interventions (skill-based interventions) on the fundamental movement skill obese girls

behzad mohammadi orangi

Obesity is associated with a variety of diseases and efforts to reduce its problems are important. The purpose of this study was to comparison the effects of local native games (game-based interventions) and selected motor-based interventions (skill-based interventions) on the fundamental movement skill of preschool-aged obese girls in Tehran. This study was a semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. Thirty obese girls were selected in a targeted way. They divided into control groups, selective motor and local native games interventions. World Health Organization charts were used to determine the rate of obesity and the TGMD-3 test was used to measure the fundamental motor skill. Experimental groups practiced two sessions in week and per session one hour for nine weeks. The control group performed their usual activities during this period. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between groups at post-test (p = 0.000); analysis of variance and LSD test were used to examine differences between groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference between skill-based and game-based intervention groups in the TGMD-3 test in displacement scores. Whereas skill-based intervention had more effect than game-based intervention (P = 0.04), but the effect of two training methods for ball skill on the TGMD-3 test was not significantly different (P = 0.71). Also, both training groups had more effect on the dependent variables than the control group (p <0.05). Based on the results of the present study, it seems that both interventions are effective in reducing motor problems in obese children as both groups performed better in posttest than control group. This confirms the role of physical activity in reducing obesity in obese people. However, it is better to use selected motor interventions in accordance with the results of this study for movement skills.

The Model relationship between physical activity, motor competence and cardiovascular fitness test in adolescents: the role of mediation in perceived competence

HAMED SABZEVARI

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity of adolescents with the role of mediation of perceived competence. The research sample consisted of 386 adolescent boys. Perceived competence was measured using Physical Ability scale of the short form of the Marshall Self-Descriptive Questionnaire (2010). From the pedometer And physical activity questionnaire for older children was used to measure physical activity, and using Bruininks-Oseretsky Test test for measuring motor competence and a 1600-meter test for cardiovascular fitness test. The results showed a significant correlation between motor competence, perceived competence, cardiovascular fitness test and physical activity. Perceived competence mediates association between motor competence and physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular fitness test. Finally, the results of the model showed that perceived competence had the most impact on the participation of adolescent physical activity. Also, motor competence has a greater effect on cardiovascular fitness test than perceived competence. According to the results of the research, educational programs should be designed and designed according to the importance of motor competence and perceived competence to improve participation of physical activity and physical fitness of adolescents.

The effect of attentional instructions during modeling on gaze behavior and accuracy of overarm throwing in 7 to 10 years’ old children

Ayoub Asadi

Many studies have shown the effectiveness of verbal instructions and observational training on the improvement of children’s motor skills; however, there is not enough information about the simultaneous effects of these two variables. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attention instructions during observation of the model on gaze behavior and accuracy of overarm throwing in children. 24 children 7 to 10 years of age with normal growth selected purposefully and randomly divided into two internal and external attentions during modeling groups. Training in both groups included observation 10 times skilled model overarm throwing’s film with eye movement recording, with the difference that before it each group received its own instruction. The results of mix-ANOVA and paired and independent t-tests showed that both groups showed a significant increase from the pre-test to post-test in the accuracy (p=0.001; p=0.001) and duration of the quiet eye (p=0.005; p=0.001) of overarm throwing. In the post-test, the external attention during modeling group compared to the internal attention during modeling had significantly higher accuracy (p=0.01) and longer quiet eye duration (p=0.001). Also, the external attention during modeling had more percentage viewing time to relevant external cues (ball and trajectory). Therefore, directing visual attention to movement effect of observed pattern cause improvement in motor performance and visual-motor expertise in children.

The effect of full-error and error-less training and skill level on the development of mental representation of golf skill

Nasrin Zandi

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of training type (full-error and error-less) and skill level on the development of mental representation of putt golf skill. For this purpose, 44 undergraduate physical education students (22 women, 22 men; mean age 22.34 and standard deviation 4.37) were randomly divided into two groups: error-less (near-to-far) and full-error (far-to-near). The two groups practiced in the one-day acquisition phase of 3 blocks of 10 attempts for throwing distances (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 200 cm). The error-less group started training from the closest distance to the goal and reached the farthest distance, respectively, but the full-error group started training from the farthest distance and finally reached the closest distance. At the end, they were tested immediately. One day after the acquisition phase, delayed retention tests, single task transfer (from a distance of 225 cm) and dual task transfer (from a distance of 200 cm simultaneously with audio playback) were performed. To compare the effect of error-less and full-error training on the acquisition, retention and transfer of putt golf skills, data analysis of the acquisition stage was analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (2×8). SDA-M test was used to measure the structure of mental representations formed in the two groups before and after the acquisition period, and hierarchical cluster analysis 0.05) was used to analyze the mental representations. Our Findings showed significant functional changes in the post-exercise mental representation structure, suggesting that motor skills are associated with functional adaptation of action-related knowledge in long-term memory.

The relationship between Participation Motivation in sport and socioeconomic status of youth in Tehran

Mehdi Shahbazi

Background and purpose: This study was conducted to determine Relationship between participation motivation and Social – Economic Status of youth in Tehran. Method: This study was cross-sectional and done by questionnaire. The analyses were based on data that collected from sports clubs in four Tehran regions (North, South, East and West), (n= 130) young people (65 male, 65 female) were selected randomly and completed the participation motivation questionnaire (PMQ) and socioeconomic status questionnaire. Result: results of Pearson’s correlation showed that there was a significant positive relationship between motivational component subscales of participation motivation in sport and socioeconomic status in young people (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The present study determined there was a significant relationship between income statues, economic-class, parents’ education level and sport participation motivation. The finding revealed that the families with high-and middle- economic class and income have a greater incentive to engage in physical activity. The education level of parents, especially fathers play an important role in encouraging their children to participate in physical activities.

The effects of dyed training on the motivation and the accuracy of Golf PAT task with emphasis on conversation and observation

Elham Radmehr

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of structured conversation and observation on the effectiveness of the dyed practice on motivation and the accuracy in learning the skill of Golf putt. The research participants consisted of 40 female students randomly divided into four groups: observation-conversation, observation, conversation and control. Participants should hit the Golf ball to the target area. During the training period, subjects completed 60 acquisition attempts, 10 retention attempts to measure the participants’ motivation before the beginning of the training and before the acquisition and retention phases. one-way ANOVA and to examine the role of the mediator on the accuracy of the scores of execution Hayes test was used. The results showed that motivational values were significantly higher in conversation-observation group compared to other groups, and also The mediation role of motivation was not significant in the implementation of acquisition and retention efforts. Regarding the results of this study, coaches are advised to consider both verbal and observational information sources in the presentation of dyed practice.

Effect of the Type of Goal- setting and self-recording on acquisition and self-regulatory learning of basketball free throw (Self-Efficacy and Performance)

Saeed Arsham

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the type of goal setting and self-recording on acquisition and self-regulation learning of basketball free throw. Seventy middle school student boys were selected for available and randomly allocated to 6 experimental groups and one control group. A factor ANOVA with a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05) was conducted to analyze the self-efficacy and performance data in acquisition and retention tests. The results showed that the goal-setting with the self-recording group has a higher self-efficacy and performance than the goal-setting without self-recording and the control groups in acquisition and retention test of basketball free throw. This research showed that a variety of goals can begin to combine and cause positive results in performance and learning. Self-recording is important for performance and self-efficacy and can be easily taught and used during physical education sessions.

The Role of Motor Learning Strategies in the Experience of flow and Clutch beginner footballers: A Mix Study

Behzad Mohammadi Orangi

The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of motor learning strategies (linear, non-linear, and differential) in the experience of flow and clutch in beginner footballers. Participants (66, M age= 27.49 and SD =2.68) participated in this study voluntarily and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants practiced in three groups: linear, nonlinear, and differential, for three months, two sessions each week and each session one and a half hours. The study method was quantitative and qualitative. In the quantitative part, flow and clutch questionnaire was used and in the qualitative part a semi-structured interview was used. The results of Tukey showed nonlinear pedagogy was effective in flow experience and linear method in clutch experience (p<0.05). In the differential learning, flow was experienced more than linear method (p<0.05) and less than non-linear method (p>0.05). In the qualitative part, four factors of purpose, pleasure, effort and exploration are identified that support the results of the quantitative part. Based on the results of this study, nonlinear and differential methods are effective in the flow experience and linear method are effective in the clutch experience.

Differences in evaluation methods of TV viewers' attention to advertising through sport

Alireza Elahi

In scientific marketing models, attention is the main step in the effectiveness of advertising. That's why, competition over attention to advertisement has been of prime importance for the sponsors and marketers. However, sport marketing research has not yet been able to gain a proper understanding of the factors that influence the viewer's attention to advertising while watching a sport event. Different methods of data collection and using different evaluation tools can also help managers and sponsors make the right decisions. This semi-experimental research has compared the methods of evaluating TV viewers' attention to advertising through sport. For this purpose, 60 targeted sampling in the form of two groups of women (n = 30) and men (n = 30) watched the football match between Esteghlal and Persepolis in a laboratory site. While samples were watching the football match, meantime designed advertisements were presented too, the viewer's eye information was stored by the eye tracker in the form of fixation and duration. In addition, at the end of the test, the participants' attention to advertising was evaluated using an attention questionnaire. Analysis of the findings showed that in evaluation of the viewer's attention to advertising by questionnaire; there is no difference between males and females. But in both of Eye Tracking variables, females paid more attention to advertising than males. Also, the correlation between the results of the questionnaire and the Eye Tracker was not significant. Finally, in order to achieve new results and to develop the advertising industry, as well as identifying the factors affecting the effectiveness of advertising, it is better to use neuromarketing tools as a complement to other methods of data collection (questionnaire, interview, observation).

The effect of self-regulation from biofeedback exercises on learning dart throwing skill under pressure conditions

Mehran Davoodi

The purpose of the present study was to investigate Effect of self-regulation from biofeedback exercises on the learning of dart throwing skill under pressure conditions. Participants were 28 undergraduate male students of the University of Tehran who were selected in an accessible manner as they were right-handed and had no experience in dart throwing and working with biofeedback devices. These numbers were randomly divided into four groups of visual, auditory, combined and control biofeedback. The number of biofeedback training sessions was 4 sessions with pre-test, post-test and retention sessions in 4 weeks. The results of analysis of covariance and mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that visual, auditory and combined biofeedback training had a significant effect on the learning of dart throwing skills under pressure (P <0/05). According to the research findings, it is suggested to use biofeedback of temperature and galvanic response of the skin, visually, audibly or in combination, to learn darts throwing skills and skills similar to and close to darts throwing skills, as well as feedback of biofeedback sessions. Prioritize the combination biofeedback to see the best results.

Modeling the effect of team identity and flow on the stadium atmosphere and spectator loyalty

Hamid Roodbari

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between team identity and spectator flow with the atmosphere of the stadium and spectator loyalty. The research method is causal communication and the survey method is survey. The statistical population of the present study consists of 40,000 football spectators present at Azadi Stadium in the football match between Persepolis and Esteghlal Khuzestan in the 2017-2018 season. 384 of them were selected as the statistical sample of the study and the questionnaires were distributed among them as a non-random-voluntary sample. The research tools included James and Ross’s Team Identity Adjusted Questionnaire (2002), Csikszentmihalyi’s Stream Questionnaire (1990), Uhrich and Benkenstein’s Stadium Atmosphere Questionnaire (2012), and Mahoney et al.’s Spectators Loyalty Inventory (2000). The descriptive statistics and path analysis method were used in PLS software to analyze the data. The results showed that team identity and spectator flow with a path coefficient of 0.580 and 0.386, have a significant effect on the atmosphere of the stadium and also the three variables of stadium atmosphere, flow and team identity with path coefficients of 0.247, 0.248 and 0.428 have a positive effect on spectator loyalty. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to the managers of clubs and stadiums to pay special attention to team identity and spectator flow in order to increase spectator loyalty and understand the appropriate atmosphere of the stadium.

The Underlying Causes of the Management of the Relationship between Physical Education Faculties and Sports Science and the Executive Branch of the Sports Industry and the Presentation of the Model

Vahid Saatchian

The main objective of this study was to provide a model of the underlying causes of the management of the relationship between physical education faculties and sport science and the executive branch of the sports industry. In order to collect information, deep interviews with the elite were conducted on the topic of research. Sampling was conducted purposefully and snowball method. Finally, 18 qualitative interviews were conducted. The findings were analyzed through coding method in three stages: open, axial and selective. The findings revealed 59 effective signs in the relationship management of faculties and the executive branch of the sports industry. These labels were categorized in 14 concepts including knowledge, organizational culture, government look, industrial thinking, scientific thinking, human resources, ethical aspects, trust / mediation unit, parallel management, laws and regulations, Media, capacity building, competitive space and communication management. Finally, the research model emerged from five main categories including culture, marketing, environment, insight, and trans-organization powers. According to the findings of the research, there are some executive strategies that can be used by sports managers in relation to the scientific management of the relationship between sports organizations.

The effect of relative and chronological ages on the motor abilities of 7 to 12 year old students

mahdi namazi zadeh

The effect of relative and chronological ages on the motor abilities of 7 to 12 year old students
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of relative and chronological age on the motor abilities of students aged 7-12 years. 600 male and female students were selected in three age categories: 7-8 years, 9-10 years, and 11-12 years. To determine the relative age, the date of birth was collected. Then, the months of their birth were determined and it was converted into months and years. The motor ability test was used to assess motor ability. Results showed that the chronological age was significant for the variable of motor abilities. Also, the relative age was significant for the variable of motor abilities. Comparison of means showed that the students born in the first and second quarters have a higher mean motor ability than students born in the third and fourth quarters. Also, students born in the fourth quarter have the lowest average motor ability. Results showed that the relative age on chronological age was significant. Therefore, female students for each of the age groups in the first and second quarters of the year have the highest score of motor ability, and female students in the age groups of 7-8 years, 9-10 years.
Keywords: Relative age, Students, Motor Ability, Chronological Age

Comparison of Physical and Cognitive Stress Resulting from Dual Task Resistance-Cognitive Activity with Different Intensities on Fatigue, Balance and Cognitive Function of Elderly Women

Hamid Rajabi

One of the most important issues for the elderly is the issue of physical health and cognitive problems. The aim of this study was to compare the activity of dual resistance-cognitive task with different intensities on fatigue, balance and cognitive function of elderly women. The present study is an applied and quasi-experimental method with the presence of 20 elderly women aged 60 to 70 years, which was done as a one-session test and getting answers. Subjects performed exhausting tests of foot press with machine and shoulder press with dumbbell with combined cognitive load with two different intensities (70% 1RM with low cognitive load and 30% 1RM with high cognitive load) in two days with an interval of 48 hours and the results were recorded. Balance test, upper and lower torso muscle activity and Stroop test were measured. The results of fatigue time, cognitive test and balance were significantly different between the two intensities (p <0.05). But in relation to the middle spectrum of muscle frequency, no significant difference was observed between the two intensities (p> 0.05). Using low-intensity, high-cognitive exercise is more effective in treating upper body fatigue, which puts more pressure, which may need further investigation to evaluate the long-term success of these programs.

Predictive mechanisms in interpersonal coordination among elite rope jumping players

Sara Bagheri

People need coordination to accomplish joint tasks and pursue the same goal. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive mechanisms in interpersonal coordination among elite rope jumping players. The research strategy was descriptive and applied and the statistical community consisted of 24 elite rope jumping players (14 to 18 years old). Subjects practiced various rope jumping tasks (individual and joint rope jumping at the same or different distances with online landing) for eight weeks until they could do them properly and without online feedback. The researcher used a Vicon motion analysis device to record three-dimensional movements of players' feet and ropes whirling and examined spatial and temporal parameters. The results of independent t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA showed that people were similar each other in movement onset time, hand-foot deviation time, timing variation in rope whirling, and landing position (P> 0.05), while a significant difference was observed in their jump height and movement time. So, players simulate each other's movements to coordinate with each other in different tasks, and their efforts distribution doesn't related to task characteristics. In fact increasing difficulty as well demand of joint task, amount of interpersonal coordination and consequently prediction ability will increase.

The effect of dyad training with video feedback on learning crawl skills

ali shokouhizade

Video feedback is a type of augmented feedback that includes showing an athlete or performing a skill with a video clip of oneself or another person performing a particular skill. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of dyad training with video feedback on learning crawl swimming. For this purpose, 24 male students ranging in age from 11 to 17 years, who had no previous experience in learning crawl swimming, formed two groups of 12 people in dual practice and dyad training with video feedback. Both groups were first justified by the instructor, then in the double exercise group, one of the trainees entered the water and the other watched him perform out of the water, and after trying, they reviewed the mistakes and movements with their friend. in the dyad rehearsal group, one of the friends filmed another performance and showed it to him. The training intervention lasted for 8 sessions and 10 training attempts in each session. After the end of the eighth session, the 10-meter breast crawl swimming acquisition test was performed, and then a reminder test was performed again one week later and filmed. The results showed that the two groups had significant differences in both acquisition and retention, and the dyad training group with video feedback performed better overall. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the dyad training with video feedback method, in addition to being cost-effective in terms of energy consumption and training space, is also more effective than dyad training in swimming training.

Investigation of social network variables in different positions of professional basketball game

Behrouz Abdoli

The present study aims to investigate the variables of social networks in different positions in basketball. These variables were applied in two levels of analysis: micro (individual) and macro (global interaction of the team). 24 official Chemidoor Club competitions in the 2020 men's Iranian Premier League were selected by available sampling. This research analyzed the network properties of Degree, Betweenness, Closeness, Eigenvector, and Density centrality across teams and positions. The one-way ANOVA for the factor position in the micro-level found statistical differences between the game positions in the dependent variables of Dc: (F(4,15)= 61/29, p= 0/000), Bc: (F(4,15)= 210/11, p= 0/000), Cc: (F(4,15)= 78/55, p= 0/000). However, no significant difference was observed in the Eig: (F (4, 15) = 1/58, p= 0/184). Results of post hoc test indices were significantly different between position 1 (point guard) and other positions. Macro-level team density analysis showed a significant difference between performance results in successful and unsuccessful. The guard player role was observed as the situation that establishes the most interactions with teammates during the competition. Therefore, players with higher degrees were not the ones assisting the most shots. The other players with higher degrees were not the ones assisting the most shots. These results may be used as a tool for coaching to improve their teams’ strategies in concrete, measurable ways.

The Comparison of Parent-Based and Instructor-Based Educational Approach on Motor Proficiency and Cognitive Development with Educable Mentally Retarded

shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni

Previous research has indicated the effectiveness of parent-based and instructor-based interventions on children with developmental coordination disorder, but investigation of these two approaches in mentally retarded children has not been considered until. The purpose of this study was to compare the parent-based and instructor-based educational approach on motor proficiency and cognitive development of children aged 7 to 10 years with educable mentally retarded. 40 children with educable mental retardation in Jahrom city were selected by available sampling method and were divided into two experimental groups of parent-based (7.7±1.80) and instructor-based (8.10±0.91). In pre-test, participants performed a cognitive development test (my brain cognitive intervention software). After, all participants were tested motor proficiency (Bruininks Ozertsky) in school environment. The intervention for instructor-based group was done individually by the teacher in school and for the parent-based group, the intervention was done by parents at home. The intervention was performed for both experimental groups for 6 weeks and 3 sessions of 45 minutes each week. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that instructor-based exercises compared to parent-based exercises can improve motor proficiency, cognitive development (P≤0.05). Parent-based exercises can as well improve fine skills (P≤0.05).

The effect of inducing positive stereotypes on perceived competence, interest and learning soccer skill in adolescent girls

fatemeh jookar

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of inducing positive stereotypes on perceived competence, interest and motor learning in adolescent girls. Therefore, among all of the adolescent girls in Shiraz, 30 adolescent with the age range of 10-13 years were selected by convenience sampling. Participants performed 10 trials as a pre-test and afterward, they were randomly divided into two groups . The acquisition phase consisted of 50 trials (5 blocks of 10 trials), and the task required participants to perform inside kicks at targets area attached to a wall and touching the ground. Twenty-four hours after the acquisition phase, participants attended retention test (with 10 trials) to check learning effects on them. The participants were asked to answer the questions related to perceived competence and interest before pre-test, after the acquisition phase, and before the retention test. To analyzing data, one way and Mix ANOVAs analysis and Independent T test were conducted using SPSS21 at significance level P≤0.05. The results showed that in the acquisition phase, all groups significantly increased their accuracy, though difference among groups was not significant. Also, the results showed that the induction of positive stereotypes led to higher perceived competence and motor learning in adolescent girls

The effect of Task Difficulty and sonification of muscle activity pattern on elderlies balance

zahra Bari

The aim of present study was to determine the effect of different levels of balance task difficulty and muscle pattern sonification on balance elderlies. eleve healthy elderly mean age 66/09± 2/26 yr were selected voluntarily. The study inclusion criteria included no structural postural problems, lack of lower extremity fractures over the past six months, no uncorrected visual impairments, no vestibular disorders, and no use of nerve medications, narcotics, alcohol, and any substance leading to dizziness or lack of focus and affecting balance
Participants were asked to stand still on a stable platform under two conditions (with sonification of muscle activity pattern and without feedback) in three difficulty levels (6, 8, and 10). Stability index scores (Overall, Anterior- Posterior and Medial- Lateral) were calculated by Biodex Balance System. The duration of each test was 20 seconds and rest times were 10 seconds. Results showed that with increasing task difficulty, scores of overall balance ,Medial- Lateral balance and Anterior- Posterior balance. In addition, There was a significant reduction in the scores of Overall balance (p= 0/005), anterior - posterior balance (p= 0/002) and medial - lateral balance (p= 0/022) and sonification of muscle activity pattern condition compared with without sonification of muscle activity pattern condition in the level of 6. Overall, the results of this study showed that increasing task difficulty increases postural sway, and the availability of sonification of muscle activity pattern can improve balance and reduce postural sway.
Keywords: Electrical activity, Stability index, Biofeedback , Task Difficulty

The Development of a Professional News Coverage Model in Sports Media: A Grounded Theory Focused on Professional Ethics

Majid Khorvash

Professional ethics in sports media plays a vital role in ensuring the accuracy, fairness, and accountability of sports news reporting, significantly shaping audience trust and the credibility of the media. The primary aim of this study is to propose a specialized model for news coverage in Iranian sports media, with a strong emphasis on professional ethics. Adopting Charmaz’s (2006) constructivist grounded theory approach, this qualitative research gathered data through purposive sampling, combined with the snowball sampling technique. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 experts in sports management, communication, and media, with the sample size determined by theoretical saturation. Data analysis was facilitated using NVivo V.12 software for systematic manual coding. The findings suggest that the proposed professional model for sports media news coverage, grounded in professional ethics, comprises five key components: producing content with a localized focus, fostering effective interaction with the target audience, diversifying content and programming, continuously adapting to audience needs, and aligning content and language with audience preferences. This model emphasizes the importance of ethically accurate and truthful reporting of sports events, while also ensuring responsiveness to audience needs and feedback. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of developing content that respects audience rights and reflects professional ethical standards. Key recommendations include expanding localized news coverage and organizing interactive events to enhance audience engagement.

The impact of mindfulness exercises on coordination, executive functions, and specialized motor skills of firefighters

Gholamhosein Nazemzadegan

Background: Firefighters encounter critical and hazardous situations that necessitate optimal and rapid performance during emergencies. Given the complexity of their responsibilities and the psychological pressures stemming from daily tasks, it is crucial to investigate methods to enhance their performance. This study aimed to assess the impact of mindfulness exercises on the coordination, executive functions, and specialized motor skills of firefighters.
Aim: The study utilized a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test assessments.
Methodology: This study was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test involving a control group. The statistical population consisted of firefighters from fire stations in Shiraz province, and six stations were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method from a total of 24 stations. Thirty firefighters were matched based on their pre-test scores and randomly divided into two groups of 15 each: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group received mindfulness training for eight weeks, with three 30-minute sessions each week. The assessment tools included the Grooved Pegboard Test, the N-back Test, and specialized motor skill tests for firefighters. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: The mindfulness intervention significantly improved the experimental group's performance in coordination (p < 0.001), specialized motor skills (p = 0.044), and executive functions (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in pipe opening/closing tasks (p = 0.087).
Conclusion: Mindfulness exercises may enhance critical abilities in firefighters and could inform the design of effective training programs.

Analyzing Instagram feelings about sports products and providing solutions to increase sales(case study: Adidas and Majid brand)

Rasool Norouzi Seyed Hossini

Introduction
With the expansion of information and communication technology and its introduction into the workplace, the world has witnessed the close relationship between the application of information technology in organizations and the improvement of performance, as well as the better and faster achievement of organizational goals. Social media, especially Instagram, creates a space for users to express their opinions, allowing companies to contact users directly and without intermediaries, at the right time and with minimal cost. With an understanding of the importance of technology in sales, we analyze the factors affecting the sales of sports goods in the virtual space of Instagram.
Methodology
This research aims to provide suitable suggestions to companies active in the production and sale of sports products to increase their sales. It utilizes textual data from comments and captions on Instagram and examines and analyzes posts and user opinions regarding sports products (specifically two brands: Adidas and Majid). The analyses were conducted in two sections: the first section (captions) analyzed the methods and manners of the advertisements by the sellers of the brands' products, extracting their advertising patterns and techniques. In the second section (comments), user opinions on the products presented on Instagram were examined and analyzed. Text analysis (posts and user comments) and sentiment analysis were key components of the analysis. For analyzing user comments, data obtained from the Instagram API, including three key parameters: the user's name, the date and time the comment was posted, and the content of the comments, were evaluated.
Discussion
The research findings indicate that companies, sellers, and brands should have a very organized plan for advertising throughout all periods of the year. Continuous interaction and proper activity with social network users can also play a role in increasing the motivation of representatives across the country. The study emphasizes that user-generated content (comments) is an effective way to increase the connection between a brand and its audience. Therefore, user feedback must be used in the manner described (the method implemented for analyzing comments) to increase sales and user satisfaction. Additionally, the findings emphasize identifying and establishing relationships with users to maintain and increase customer loyalty, particularly those who post numerous comments on advertised products on Instagram, as they can be used as an advertising campaign for the brand. This study provides a suitable solution for the proper presentation of sports products and advertising on social networks to make the products more well-received.

A Scientometric Analysis of a Decade of Research on Focus of Attention in Children (2013–2023): Patterns, Trends, and Gaps

Zahra Pooraghaei Ardakani

Abstract
Introduction : The present study aims to analyze research articles from the past decade in the field of attentional focus among children and adolescents using a scientometric approach.
Methods: This descriptive and review-based study utilized a specific search strategy in the Web of Science (WoS) citation database. A total of 29 relevant articles on attentional focus published between 2013 and 2023 were selected and analyzed using HistCite and VOSviewer software.
Resultss: The findings revealed that the main research topics included motor performance, motor learning, and motor control, with a predominant emphasis on external focus of attention. Moreover, research attention toward adolescents was found to be lower compared to children. The most active journals in this field were Human Movement Science and Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Prominent authors such as Wulf, Abdollahipour, and Pesta received the highest number of scientific citations. In terms of international collaboration, countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were leading, with the U.S. showing strong connections with Iran and the Czech Republic, playing a key role in scientific networks.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the role of attentional focus instructions in motor learning and performance particularly in children and adolescents is an emerging and evolving area. However, attentional instructions in these age groups, who possess developing cognitive characteristics, have been understudied so far. This analysis emphasizes that enhancing international collaboration and focusing on existing research gaps can pave the way for future investigations.
Keywords: Sports performance, children and adolescents, cognitive development, attentional strategies, scientometric study

Abstract
Introduction : The present study aims to analyze research articles from the past decade in the field of attentional focus among children and adolescents using a scientometric approach.
Methods: This descriptive and review-based study utilized a specific search strategy in the Web of Science (WoS) citation database. A total of 29 relevant articles on attentional focus published between 2013 and 2023 were selected and analyzed using HistCite and VOSviewer software.
Resultss: The findings revealed that the main research topics included motor performance, motor learning, and motor control, with a predominant emphasis on external focus of attention. Moreover, research attention toward adolescents was found to be lower compared to children. The most active journals in this field were Human Movement Science and Psychology of Sport and Exercise. Prominent authors such as Wulf, Abdollahipour, and Pesta received the highest number of scientific citations. In terms of international collaboration, countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia were leading, with the U.S. showing strong connections with Iran and the Czech Republic, playing a key role in scientific networks.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the role of attentional focus instructions in motor learning and performance particularly in children and adolescents is an emerging and evolving area. However, attentional instructions in these age groups, who possess developing cognitive characteristics, have been understudied so far. This analysis emphasizes that enhancing international collaboration and focusing on existing research gaps can pave the way for future investigations.
Keywords: Sports performance, children and adolescents, cognitive development, attentional strategies, scientometric study

Designing a Personal Branding Model for Individual Athletes

Ali Shah Hosseini

This research aimed to design a personal branding model for elite individual athletes, drawing upon findings from previous studies. Employing a qualitative approach and Glaser constructivist grounded theory strategy, data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 18 national and international champions and experts in sports marketing, selected via purposive sampling. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and analysis was performed using MAXQDA 2022 software. The study's findings were categorized into three main axes: influencing factors, development strategies, and consequences of personal branding. Following an initial analysis of 251 propositions, 443 final frequencies were prepared for categorization. The research extracted four core concepts in personal branding and identified three main categories of influencing factors: "environmental factors," "individual athlete characteristics," and "athlete performance characteristics." In the strategies section, "enhancing individual capabilities," "striving for successful performance," and "branding education" emerged as prominent categories. Furthermore, the consequences of personal branding were categorized into "positive" (encompassing political, economic, individual, social, and athletic dimensions) and "negative" outcomes. Positive branding outcomes included economic benefits (revenue generation), individual growth (becoming a role model), social impact (increasing public awareness), and athletic advantages (enhancing sport popularity). Conversely, mismanagement could lead to negative consequences such as unethical attention or corruption. This study integrates these findings to offer a practical model for personal branding among individual athletes.

Development of a Performance Management Model for Sports Pools in Iran

Mehrzad Hamidi

Aim: This study aimed to design an applicable model for performance management of swimming pools across Iran.
Methodes: Employing a qualitative approach with thematic analysis, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 experts, including performance management specialists, officials from the Federation of Aquatic Sports, and pool managers, until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software through three stages: descriptive coding, interpretive coding, and integration.
Result: which resulted in the extraction of 511 initial codes, 82 descriptive themes, and 14 interpretive themes. To finalize the model and assign weights to components, the focus group technique was utilized, setting the total model weight at 1000. The final model includes four main components: Infrastructure and Standards (weight 380), Resource Management and Support (weight 250), Service Processes and Customer Experience (weight 250), and Marketing and Competitiveness (weight 120).
Conclusion: Findings revealed that infrastructure safety, human resource management, hygiene, marketing efforts, and customer experience improvements are the key drivers of enhanced swimming pool performance. The proposed model, covering technical, human, service, and cultural aspects, demonstrates adaptability to various operational contexts and provides a measurable, practical framework to facilitate the performance management of aquatic facilities across Iran.

Ageing Stereotypes and Young Adults’ Attitudes Toward Older Adults’ Physical, Sports, and Cognitive Activities

Background and aim: Stereotypical beliefs are embedded in the cultural fabric of societies. With the expansion of knowledge and communication media, their prevalence is expected to decline. Assessing the extent to which these beliefs are held—particularly among younger generations—can provide a clearer understanding of cultural change. This study aimed to examine age-related stereotypes among young Iranian adults and explore their attitudes toward older adults’ physical, sports, and cognitive activities. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 young university students, and thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes. Based on the qualitative findings, a questionnaire was developed and administered to 252 undergraduate and graduate students. The reliability and validity of the instrument were evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed that young adults’ attitudes toward aging could be categorized into three main dimensions: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. Perceptions of appropriate activities for older adults encompassed four themes: low-to-moderate intensity physical activities, sports participation considering physical limitations, light-to-moderate cognitive activities, and viewing aging as an opportunity for enjoyment and active engagement. Quantitative results indicated that the questionnaire items were well-fitted to the data and demonstrated acceptable reliability (ɑ= .73-.82). Conclusion: Young Iranian adults perceive older adults as having physical and cognitive limitations, suggesting that their activities should be relatively easy and moderate. Additionally, older adults are seen as occasionally irritable yet inclined to advise and share experiences. Aging is also perceived as a period suitable for rest, leisure, and engagement in light artistic or social activities. These stereotype-based beliefs may stem from societal views of older adults as less competent in structured occupational or social roles.

Examining the Factors Influencing Identity Formation among Iranian Football Fans: A Gender-Based Perspective Using the Psychological Continuum Model

Seyyed Mohammad , Kashef

The present study aimed to examine the differences and similarities between men and women in the factors shaping identity with Iranian football clubs, based on the psychological continuum model. To this end, 31 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with two groups of Iranian male and female football fans, analyzed through content analysis grounded in the psychological continuum model. Data analysis was carried out through three stages of coding—open codes, categories, and themes—until distinct and meaningful themes emerged. The findings indicated that, according to the psychological continuum model, men and women differ in the three stages of awareness, attachment, and loyalty, whereas their similarities were most evident in the attraction stage. Despite some commonalities in identity formation between male and female fans, the study found that women’s fandom discourse in Iran has yet to be recognized as a professional and legitimate phenomenon. The greater emphasis by women on the awareness stage suggests that their knowledge of football and their favorite team is still in the process of formation.

The effect of mental and physical fatigue on attention and free throw performance of skilled and novice basketball players

Mahta Eskandarnejad

abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental and physical fatigue on attention and free-throw performance in skilled and novice basketball players. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test–post-test design on 30 female basketball players (15 skilled and 15 novice) from Tabriz city. Mental fatigue was induced using a complex Stroop task, and physical fatigue was induced via a basketball-specific movement protocol. Selective and distributed attention and free-throw accuracy were assessed as performance indicators. Results: Results showed that mental fatigue significantly decreased attention accuracy and free-throw performance in novices, whereas it had no significant effect on free-throw performance in skilled players. Physical fatigue significantly reduced attention accuracy and free-throw performance in both groups. Conclutions: Findings highlight that skilled players are more resistant to the negative effects of mental fatigue, but physical fatigue still impairs their performance. These results emphasize the importance of targeted training programs to maintain performance under fatigue conditions.

Mapping the Gendered Landscape of Sport: Social ‎Representations and Gender Classification of Sport Activities ‎among Students of a Comprehensive Iranian University

Hamid Salehi

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate Iranian university students’ perceptions of the gender categorization of sporting activities and to analyze the level of consensus/consensus within these social representations. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 191 university students (103 women; M = 23.61, SD = 5.04 years) voluntarily participated. The instrument consisted of a questionnaire containing 25 sports activities, rated on a 7-point Likert scale (ranging from "strictly feminine" to "strictly masculine"). Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test for between-group comparisons and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess agreement. Results: Eleven activities were classified as masculine, 10 as neutral, and 4 as feminine. Although the overall classification pattern was similar across genders, men rated activities as significantly more masculine than women (p < .001). Contrary to predictions, the overall level of agreement was low (ICC = 0.13), with higher agreement among men (ICC = 0.13) than women (ICC = 0.07). The highest level of agreement was observed among women in evaluating feminine sports (ICC = 0.53). Conclusion: The findings indicate the simultaneous existence of relatively stable categorization patterns alongside a low level of individual consensus. This pattern suggests some heterogeneity in students' internalization of gender stereotypes. The innovation of this study lies in combining categorization analysis with agreement indices, demonstrating that relying solely on mean scores without considering social consensus provides an incomplete picture of gender dynamics. These results underscore the necessity of incorporating consensus indices into gender and sport studies as a marker of cultural transition.