Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

What obstacles do the Iranian football industry face with the implementation of e-marketing? Findings of a qualitative study

iraj eivazi

The goal of this study was to identify the challenges which football e-marketing faces in Iran. So, by using functional research, a qualitative approach and applying newly introduced Glazer method, this question has been answered. The target community of this research was experts, well-informed people in marketing, e-marketing, sports marketing and football managers. Purposive (judgmental) and snowball sampling methods were applied. After finishing the open coding stages, 162 labels were identified as challenges of football e-marketing in Iran. Then after analyzing and summarization, labels were classified in 52 new labels. The results showed that the football industry in Iran in order to apply e-marketing, needs to pay attention to 5 categories of marketing, technical, human resources, legal, constitutional and economic challenges and plans for its present challenges. Also, it's not useful to see one side of the challenges. It's better to have a whole, simultaneous and systemic look at all aspects of 5 categories.

The Role Of Working Memory In Errorless And Errorful Learning Protocols For Facilitating Implicit Motor Learning In Adolescents With And Without Intellectual Disabilities

Alihossein Naseri

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to examine the role of working memory in the effectiveness of errorless protocols for facilitating implicit motor learning in adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. A total of 20 adolescent boys with intellectual disabilities and 20 typically developing adolescent boys (mean age = 12.12 ± 0.80 years) voluntarily participated in the experiment. The participants with and without intellectual disabilities were separately assigned to either the errorless or errorful practice group based on their IQ scores. The task involved aiming at concentric targets using a mini-basketball. The errorless practice group practiced the task from near to far distances (3, 3.25, 3.5, and 3.75 meters), while the errorful practice group practiced from far to near distances. Implicit motor learning activation was assessed by comparing performances in dual-task conditions immediately after practice, as well as after 24 hours and one week. Additionally, working memory engagement during practice was evaluated. Results indicated that the errorless group, which required less working memory engagement during practice, showed significantly better performance in dual-task conditions compared to the errorful group (p < 0.05). The findings regarding the impact of practice errors on enhancing implicit motor learning in both adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities are crucial for developing motor skill acquisition strategies for adolescents, regardless of cognitive abilities. The results were consistent with the predictions of Adams' closed-loop theory and the reinvestment theory concerning the benefits of reducing errors in motor learning, but they were not aligned with Schmidt's schema theory.

Comparison The Effect Of Traditional And Sport-Education Methods On Metacognition And Meta-Emotion Of Tennis-Skills

hasan mohamadzadeh

ABSTRACT
In recent years, many efforts have been made to develop new methods of training sports skills that, in addition to teaching game techniques and tactics, further challenge the cognition and emotion of learners. The aim of the present study was to to compare of traditional and sport-education (SE) methods on metacognition and metaemotion in tennis skills. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre- post test design. The subjects included 24 adolescent girls from Urmia city (age: 16.54±1.36 years) who were non-randomly divided into: sport-education and traditional training groups. The training consisted of 14 sessions over 4 weeks (3 sessions per week). The research instruments were Wells' Metacognitive Questionnaire and Mittmannsgruber's Metaemotional Questionnaire. The was a significant difference between the two traditional and sport-education methods groups in increasing meta-cognition (p=0.004), positive meta-emotion (p=0.007), and negative met-aemotion (p=0.015). In the sport-education methods, meta-cognition (p=0.001) and positive meta-emotion (p=0.001) significantly increased, and negative metaemotion (p=0.001) improved. but the changes in these indicators were not significant in the traditional group (P>0.05). So, beginners can benefit from the physical benefits and improve the meta-cognitive and meta-emotional knowledge of this type of training method by performing sports activities using the sport-education methods.

Comparing The Effectiveness Of Student-Centered And Coach-Centered Coaching On Sport Self-Efficacy And Athletic Performance Of Girl Gymnasts

Esmail Nasiri

In this study, the effectiveness of student-centered and coach-centered coaching styles on sport self-efficacy and athletic performance of female gymnasts was studied. The research method was quasi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test design was used. The statistical population was female gymnasts aged 11-14 in Tehran. The sampling method is one-stage clusters and the research sample is 40 female gymnasts who were selected based on Cochran's formula. Variable assessment tools included Sport Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Sahraeian et al 2016) and a researcher-made sports performance questionnaire. After the pre-test, the groups performed the athlete-centered and coach-centered training protocol separately for two months and two days a week in one-and-a-half-hour sessions. Covariance analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings in the pre-test stage showed that sport self-efficacy and athletic performance of female gymnasts in the student-centered group were significantly higher than the coach-centered group (P <0.05). It is concluded that student-centered coaching style is more effective in increasing Gymnasts' sports self-efficacy and athletic performance compared to coach-centered, and coaches are suggested to pay special attention to student-centered exercises in the gymnastics girls' training program.

Benefits Of Physical Activity For Lranian Women: ‌A Qualitative Study Emphasizing The Benefits Experienced

Ameneh Asadolahi

So far, there has been a lot of scattered research on various aspects of the benefits of physical activity for women in various disciplines, but there has been no coherent analysis and theorizing. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify, categorize and examine the types of benefits of physical activity for Iranian women at different stages of life and to theorize about the process and impact of experiencing the benefits of physical activity on primary motivations. The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. Sampling was theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In order to achieve saturation while reviewing specialized texts, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian women aged 7-78 who were regularly participate in physical activity in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers. The findings of the present study show that the benefits of physical activity for Iranian women can be classified into six general categories: "health development", "motor development", "socio-behavioral development", "leisure enrichment", "Beauty" and "Prevention and Treatment". Findings also showed that experiencing the benefits of physical activity strongly influences the modulation of initial motivations and the formation of strong and lasting motivations.

Studying The Environmentally Friendly Behavior of Active Sport Tourists In Bushehr Beach Sports

Javad adabi firouzjah

The purpose of this research was to investigate the environmentally friendly behavior of active sports tourists in Bushehr. The sample included 102 tourists who completed the research questionnaire. The research tools were questionnaires of compliance with the environment, environmental policy, environmental inclination and word-of-mouth advertising by Kontojiani and Kotoris (2014). Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used in PLS3 software for data analysis. The results showed that the environmental compatibility of the services of sports recreation centers has a significant effect on the word-of-mouth advertising of tourists, and the friendly policy of protecting the environment among tourists has a significant effect on their willingness to preserve and care for the environment. The desire to preserve the environment was not causally related to word of mouth. The compliance of sports tourism service centers with environmental protection indicators did not have a significant effect on the desire to protect the environment, and therefore sports tourists who have an environmentally friendly policy show their desire to protect the environment in any situation. Based on the results, it is suggested that various training courses and programs be held for sports tourists in order to familiarize themselves with environmental issues and to improve their environmental practices and attitudes.

Formulating Criteria For Selecting Basketball Base Coaches Using DEMATEL Technique And Analysis Network Process (ANP)

Mohammadreza Moradi

The aim of this research was to identify and prioritize the criteria for selecting youth basketball coaches using the DEMATEL technique and network analysis in fuzzy conditions. The statistical population consisted of 10 university experts with experience in coaching youth basketball teams or relevant education in sports human resource management. Initially, criteria for selecting youth basketball coaches were identified through library studies and expert interviews. After identifying the criteria, the DEMATEL method was employed to clarify the internal relationships among them. Subsequently, a questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each criterion through the Analytic Network Process (ANP).
The results indicated that among the main factors, technical and legal competence, psychological and communicative skills, and willingness to grow and excel held higher importance. In terms of sub-criteria, holding a coaching card, participating in special coaching courses, and mastery of growth psychology concepts were prioritized. Ultimately, all identified criteria significantly influence the selection of youth basketball coaches. Therefore, it is essential for managers to consider these criteria when choosing coaches for youth teams. This research provides a structured approach to enhance the coach selection process, ensuring that qualified individuals lead youth basketball programs effectively.

Scenario Planning Of Iran's Kabaddi Sports In The Horizon Of 1414

Mina Mostahfezian

As a developing sport in Iran, kabaddi has seen a lot of progress, but at the same time, challenges may still affect its future, especially since there is limited understanding about its possible future and the ways in which there is a corresponding future to be traversed. In this study, a multi-stakeholder scenario planning was used to develop future scenarios of Iran's Kabaddi sports, using stakeholders' points of view on the trends and critical uncertainties that may shape the future of Kabaddi sports to create action-oriented strategies. The participants of the present study included 28 domestic and foreign beneficiaries of Iran's Kabaddi sports, who were selected based on targeted sampling. Data was collected through interviews and open questionnaires. Data analysis was done with the six-step model of combined scenario planning of Lipzig and Rollandberger. The findings and analysis of 29 main factors obtained led to the production of two key uncertainties and four scenarios with titles of champion, super league, active lifestyle and always loser. In order to develop Kabaddi sports in Iran, there should be a transformation in the structure of the process with the aim of institutionalizing Kabaddi sports in geographical dimensions with a professional and universal approach.

What Gender-Role Norms And Conflict Do Female Athletes Follow? Qualitative Study In Soccer

Faezeh Zamanian

Attempting to enact both feminine and masculine gender-role norms may cause to some psychological and physical problems. This issue is concerned as gender-role conflict phenomenon in female athletes. However, research findings did not support sufficiently this notion. The purpose of this study was to explore the gender-role norms in the context of soccer and experience of gender-role conflict as women who participate in a traditional masculine sport such as soccer. 15 women soccer players between the age of 19 and 32 years old on Iranian super league were interviewed. The results indicated that women soccer players perceived numerous discrepant gender-role norms in the context of soccer. Also, it was explored three different types of gender-role conflict. Participants used various strategies to manege and coping with the gender role conflict. Overall, it is not an intense internal state of conflict, and applying some of those strategies can help them avoiding conflict.

The Effect Of Small Sided Games On Individual And Team Creativity Of Young Football Players

Mohammadtaqi Aghdasi

The aim of this study was to compare the role of small side games (SSG) and traditional teaching method on individual and team creativity of 11-12 year old soccer players. To conduct this study 30 learners were selected by the available method and were randomly divided into two groups of traditional and SSG education. After pre-test participants practiced football skills on the 7x7 field for 16 weeks and 4 one-hour sessions every week. Finally, the post-test was evaluated according to the pre-test. The results of the study in the descriptive part showed that appropriate actions, creative and original actions have grown more in the SSG group compared to the traditional group. In this regard, inappropriate actions have shown a further decrease. In the section of inferential tests, the results showed that the effect of the test and test*group is significant for appropriate actions and the effect of the test for total actions showed the same result. Small side games can be played by placing the player in a small environment, allowing the player to have more opportunities to perform and less time to make decisions, which leads to the improvement of creativity in team sports such as football.

Identifying And Analyzing Strategies Of The Entry Of Sports Startups Into Domestic And Foreign Markets Using An Effectuation And Causation Approach

mohammad Hami

The present study aimed to comprehensively elucidate and identify the entrepreneurial and goal-oriented strategies of sports startups entering both domestic and international markets. The research employed a qualitative method, falling under the category of exploratory studies in terms of objectives, foundational and applied research regarding outcomes, and was grounded in the postmodernism paradigm. The research population comprised experts in marketing, sports management, and successful entrepreneurs with experience in launching sports startups. Purposeful sampling was employed for participant selection. To construct the initial research tool, the researcher, after reviewing relevant studies on sports startups, developed a semi-structured questionnaire for in-depth interviews with experts. The research strategy followed a phenomenological approach, and data analysis was conducted using MaxQDA software, version 20. The results of the data analysis unveiled eight key concepts within the entrepreneurial strategies section, pertaining to the entry of sports startups into domestic and international markets. These concepts encompass partners, stakeholders and customers, tolerable loss, flexibility and adaptability, experiences, uncertainty, service quality, available financial resources, and operational strategies. These concepts were derived from the interviews, contributing to theoretical saturation. Furthermore, in the section on goal-oriented strategies, five concepts were identified: exports, communications, market strategies, market research, and risk management.

The Effect Of Attention During Modeling On Children Learning Aiming Task: Comparison Of Verbal Instructions And Perceptual Highlighting

fatemeh rezaei

This research aimed to determine the effect of directing attention in the form of verbal instructions and perceptual highlighting during modeling on children's learning of targeting skills. The current research was a semi-experimental type of research with a pre-test-post-test design. 60 male students between 7 and 10 years of age were selected purposefully from Bojnord primary schools. Current research tools included a number of video monitors, a vision tracker, a tennis ball, and a sable at a distance of 3 meters from the line of the throwing place on the wall. Subjects were divided into four training groups: internal focus modeling through instructions, external focus modeling through instructions, internal focus modeling through perceptual highlighting, and external focus modeling through perceptual highlighting. In the acquisition phase, all 4 groups performed 3 blocks of 10 each including 30 over-the-shoulder throws with a tennis ball during 5 sessions, and at the end of each session, they were tested and their scores were recorded by the examiner. The memory test was also performed after 36 hours of non-training. The data were used using the analysis of variance of the intersection test to investigate the effect of directing attention with verbal instructions and perceptual highlighting on motor learning in four groups at different test stages. Research results show that the two groups of perceptual highlighting with attention guidance (internal/external) in the phase of acquisition (P=0.005) and memorization (P=0.006) compared to the two groups of verbal instructions with Significant level (P<0.05) had better performance. Therefore, the use of perceptual highlighting doubles the effects of observational learning.