Research in Sport Management and Motor Behavior

Predicting Spectators’ Behavioral Intentions Through Perceived Value: The Mediating Role Of Overall And Emotional Satisfaction

Alireza Elahi

Introduction and Purpose: Predicting spectators’ behavioral intentions through perceived value represents a novel approach in analyzing sports consumer behavior. By focusing on the audience’s subjective perceptions, this framework enables the design of effective strategies for attracting, retaining, and enhancing engagement with sporting events. The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of overall satisfaction and emotional satisfaction in the relationship between perceived value and behavioral intentions of football spectators.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature and employs a correlational design with a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The statistical population consisted of spectators present at Azadi Stadium during the 2017–2018 season. A non-random, voluntary sampling method was used, resulting in a sample size of 383 participants. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires: Perceived Value (Luskiu & McDougall, 1996), Overall Satisfaction (Lourie & Arnett, 2000), Emotional Satisfaction (Reynolds & Beatty, 1999), Intention to Re-attend and Word-of-Mouth (Carroll, 2009), and Willingness to Pay More (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Findings: The results indicated that perceived value indirectly affects behavioral intentions through emotional satisfaction in a statistically significant manner. Based on the VAF index, emotional satisfaction mediates 48% of the relationship between perceived value and behavioral intentions. In contrast, overall satisfaction did not show a significant mediating effect in this relationship.
Conclusion: Emotional satisfaction plays a crucial role in shaping the behavioral tendencies of football spectators. It is recommended that sports managers and marketers implement strategies that enhance emotional satisfaction among spectators to strengthen their behavioral engagement and loyalty.

Dimensional Analysis In Revenue Generation For Selected Sports Federations

Vahid Saatchian

Aim : This study aimed to identify sustainable revenue generation dimensions
Methods: The current research was conducted to identify sustainable income generation strategies for selected sports federations (Karate, Judo, Taekwondo Federations). The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory analytical in terms of method, and based on the type of operations used, this research is of a mixed type. The statistical population of the research includes professors of sports management, managers of selected federations, and opinionated managers, who were investigated based on previous experiences using a purposeful sampling method with a snowball approach until the saturation point, in the number of 15 people. In the Delphi phase, the components and sub-components of the research were determined. Then the extracted factors were stratified using Q modeling. Data analysis was done by factor analysis method using SPSS_25 software.
Results: The findings showed that the most important revenue-generating factors of the selected federations include the provision of non-sports products used by athletes by the federation, sponsors of athletes, income from the World Federation for the development of basic sports, income from participating in world competitions, annual contributions from the World Federation, incomes from coaching classes, tuition fees for membership in basic teams, annual contributions from the Ministry of Sports, and incomes from participating in world competitions.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that economic activities under the supervision of the federation to provide the products and services needed by athletes and to develop sources of income outside the federation should be included in the agenda of the federations.

Compilation Of Dynamic Strategies of Sports Businesses In The Post-Covid 19 Era Based on ISM-MICMAC Approach

ebrahim Alidoust

Introduction and Aim: Physical literacy is a topic that has attracted the Aim:This study identified and explained the factors affecting the dynamics of sports businesses in the post-corona era based on the structural interpretation model.
Method: The method of data analysis was divided into three stages. First, in the fuzzy Delphi method, with the opinion of twenty-six relevant experts, the most important factors affecting the dynamics of businesses were confirmed. Then Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to classify components and create a hierarchical model. Mick Mac analysis was also used to determine how the factors were interrelated.
Result: This study identified 14 strategies related to the dynamics of sports businesses in Iran. The model that was developed has five levels. Also, Mick Mac analysis showed that there were five independent variables, two dependent variables and seven link variables.
Conclusion: This study shows that the development of dynamic capabilities in sports organizations requires legal revision and improvement of governance performance. In addition, sports organizations must use digital technology, employee empowerment and comprehensive collaboration between different bodies to advance their capabilities.

Developing Of Target Market Identification Strategies For Online Sports Equipment Consumers Based On Data Mining With (EM) Algorithm

seyed Mahdi Fareghi

Aim this research focous on study and explore customer behavior and the relationships between sports good's consumers based on the results obtained from data mining, using the gathered information, and identifying profitable segments as the target market.
Methods The research method is quantitative and its purpose is practical The target population of the study is online buyers of sports equipment After determining the variables based on the literature and designing a questionnaire derived from structural equation studies, and obtaining formal and content validity, and after collecting and screening the responses, a total of 300 samples were left for analysis based on rule of ten times For reliability, validity, and data fit analysis, SPSS and Amos version 24 software were used, and for data mining, Excel and Weka 3.9.6 software were utilized.
Results indicate that Big cities, especially the capital, can be considered as ideal markets for the sale of sports equipment, and in preference among customers, employed and single people can be considered more profitable goals for marketers than unemployed or married people in the field of sports equipment, and women pay more attention to quality in choosing sports products than men, and men's priority in buying sports equipment is more reliant on the aspect of entertainment.
Conclusion By combining the three factors of singles, employed, and High income, a cluster can emerge that will yield the highest profitability for sellers. In addition, attention will be paid to other gender characteristics of the program, and this should be the focus of marketers and sellers

Developing A Responsible Tourism Development Model In Mountain-Based Sports Destinations

Mohammad Siavashi

Aim: Mountain sports destinations have great attractions for tourists due to their special natural and physical characteristics, and one of the ways to contribute to sustainable development in these areas is the development of responsible tourism. The aim of the present study was to develop a responsible tourism development model in mountain-based sports destinations.
Methods: The research method was qualitative, of a grounded theory type, and the tool used was semi-structured interviews. The research population consisted of experts in the field of mountain sports tourism, and the sampling method was purposeful. The validity of the interviews was confirmed by experts, and reliability was established using the method of agreement between two coders (80%). The findings from 19 interviews were analyzed through coding and model presentation using MAXQDA 2020 software.
Result: The findings showed that causal conditions included a lack of smooth pathways and guide signs, tourist culture and local community, privatization, and security. Contextual conditions included neglect of carrying capacity, inadequate accommodation infrastructure, and poor transportation. Intervening conditions included price instability, lack of waste management, and rational policymaking. Strategies included hosting sports events, training specialized personnel, increasing interactions, and community-based planning. Consequences included regional economic development, adhering to sustainable development principles, and preserving cultural and natural heritage.
Conclusion: It is suggested that sports events at mountainous tourist destinations be held and planned with a focus on responsible tourism, including community-based training and employment of local personnel.

Factors Determining The Enhancement Of Brand Equity In Private Sports Clubs: An Analysis Of Causal Relationships Using ISM

rasool Norouzi Seyed Hossini

Aim: To remain competitive in the sports industry, enhancing brand equity has become a crucial issue for private sports clubs. Accordingly, understanding the causal relationships of the determinants of enhancing brand equity in private sports clubs is essential.
Methods: The method of this research is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative section, the research strategy is grounded theory with an emerging approach, and in the quantitative section, it is interpretive structural modeling. The participants in this research consisted of experts in the field of marketing and sports marketing. A purposive sampling method was used for sampling, and based on this, 15 people were selected. The data collection tool in the qualitative section was a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative section, it was a 10×10 square matrix. The qualitative data were analyzed with three stages of open, selective, and theoretical coding, and the quantitative data were analyzed with the interpretive structural modeling method and MICMAC analysis.
Result: The findings showed 10 general determinants related to enhancing brand equity in private sports clubs.
Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that enhancing brand equity in private sports clubs is a complex and multidimensional process, shaped by multiple factors operating at different levels. To effectively strengthen their brand equity, clubs must adopt a comprehensive approach that considers these factors and develop appropriate strategies tailored to each of them.

The Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of Iinear And Non-Linear Pedagogy On locomotor Motor Skills Performance And Movement Motivation In Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder

Marziye Ballali

Aim: The aim of this study was to comparison of the effectiveness of linear and non-linear pedagogy on locomotor motor skills Performance and movement motivation in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Method: The statistical population was all children with developmental coordination disorder in Urmia. The statistical sample consisted of 30 boys (age = 9.35 ± 1.37) who were selected from Urmia schools using the available method. MABC-2 test was used to diagnose developmental coordination disorder, TGMD- test was used to evaluate locomotor skills, and motor motivation test was used to evaluate movement motivation. To carry out this study, the participants practiced two 50-minute sessions of motor skills interventions in two linear methods (15 people) and task manipulation (15 people) for eight weeks. Variables were measured before and after the interventions.
Result: The results of covariance analysis showed that non-linear training compared to linear training significantly improved both in movement skills (p=0.04) and motor motivation (p=0.000) than the linear group.
Conclusion: According to these results, non-linear methods considering the individual characteristics of each child are helpful for helping children with movement disorders. Considering the unique characteristics of each child helps to improve motor skills and to have enough motivation to continue the activity. Therefore, the use of non-linear methods is suggested for children with developmental coordination disorder.

The Effect Of Inducing Positive Gender Stereotype On Agility Performance In The Presence Of Dual Task

Ehsan Zareian

Objective: Studies show that inducing a positive gender stereotype improves performance, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inducing gender stereotypes on girls' agility performance in the context of presenting a secondary cognitive task.
Method: 14 students working in the physical education academy participated in this research. These people performed the hexagon agility task in four different contexts.
Findings: The findings showed that there is a significant difference between different fields of and by inducing stereotypes, it decreased, and according to the level of perceived difficulty, agility performance changed.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the induction of gender stereotypes improves performance and the provision of dual tasks also disrupts performance. According to the results of the current research, gender stereotyping can moderate the dysfunction caused by presenting the dual task.

The Effect Of Cyberspace Dependence On Explicit And Implicit Motor Sequence Learning Task

Sayed Kavos Salehi

Background: Cyberspace dependence can affect cognitive and motor functions, including learning and memory.
Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cyberspace dependence on explicit and implicit learning of a motor sequence task.
Methods: Participants were 48 high school students aged 16 to 18 years, selected through convenience sampling and divided into four groups of 12: cyberspace dependent–explicit learning, cyberspace dependent–implicit learning, non-dependent–explicit learning, and non-dependent–implicit learning. Young’s Internet Addiction Test was used to distinguish cyberspace-dependent from non-dependent individuals, and the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) software was applied to assess motor learning. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA with repeated measures.
Results: The findings revealed that cyberspace dependence had a significant effect on explicit and implicit learning of the motor sequence task (P<0/05). Specifically, non-dependent participants outperformed their cyberspace-dependent peers in both explicit and implicit learning conditions.
Conclusion: The results suggest that cyberspace dependence may weaken both explicit and implicit learning. Accordingly, it is recommended that schools and other educational environments implement engaging motor activity programs to reduce excessive cyberspace use among students and to promote motor learning.

The Effect Of Manipulation Of Task Constraints On Functional Performance And Cognitive State Of Elder Adults

shahab parvin pour

Aim:The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of manipulating task constraints on the performance indicators and cognitive status of the elderly.
Method:In this study, 30 healthy women elderly with mean and SD of age 57.32 ± 6.86 years were randomly selected and placed in two intervention and control groups. To assess the cognitive status of the elderly, the Floustin Brief Cognitive Status Examination Questionnaire was used, and to test the functional readiness of the Osens. Questionnaire was used in collaboration with the AAHPERD Institute. The intervention was based on the principles of nonlinear training and the duration of the intervention period was 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week of group exercises. The analysis of covariance test was used to assess the homogeneity of the slope of the regression line and to compare the mean of pre-test and post-test data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS₂₄ software.
Results:The results showed that the applying of the task constraint manipulation training protocol led to improvement in performance indicators and mental status of the elderly in the intervention group. In addition, the results indicated that the flexibility of the control group decreased significantly from the pre-test to the post-test. The results of the analysis of covariance test by removing the effect of the pre-test showed that the body composition variable did not differ significantly from the pre-test to the post-test.
Conclusion: It seems that exercises with task constraint manipulation are effective on the functional and cognitive indicators of the elderly.

The Effect Of Sensory-Motor Exercises With a Game Sense On The Executive And Motor Control Of Children With learning Disorder

Hanieh Ghasemian Moghadam

Aim: Childhood is considered a critical period for developing motor skills through appropriate physical exercises, which ultimately enhance brain function and performance. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sensory–motor exercises with a game sense approach on executive and motor control in children with learning disorder.
Methods: This quasi-experimental, applied research employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included 36 female children with learning disorder (mean age = 8.39 ± 0.49 years) who were recruited from learning disorder centers in Mashhad and randomly assigned to two intervention groups (sensory–motor with a game sense approach, sensory–motor with a goal-oriented approach) and one control group. The intervention groups participated in sensory–motor integration training twice a week for eight weeks (60 minutes per session). During this period, the control group continued their usual activities. Executive control (inhibitory control) and motor control (gross motor skills) were assessed before and after the intervention using the Stroop Test and the Burininks-Oseretsky Test, respectively.
Results: A mixed MANOVA showed that sensory–motor exercises with a game sense approach significantly improved executive and motor control across all variables compared to the control group. In comparison with the goal-oriented group, improvements were observed only in running speed and agility (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Sensory–motor exercises based on a play-oriented approach can serve as an effective intervention to enhance executive and motor control in children with learning disorder.

‎Associations Between Young Athletes’ Perceptions Of Coaches’ Achievement Goal Orientations And Coaching Fair Play Behaviors

Hamid Salehi

Aims: This study examined the relationship between young athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ achievement goal orientations—specifically task-involving and ego-involving motivational climates—and coaches’ fair play behaviors.
Methods: A total of 318 Iranian adolescent athletes (M_age = 16.60 ± 4.10 years; both male and female) from team sports (basketball and volleyball), each with at least six months of continuous training under their current coach, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants completed two subscales of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2)—assessing task-involving and ego-involving climates—and the Coaching Fair Play Behaviors Inventory (CFBI), which measures six dimensions of fair play behaviors: teaching, modeling, expectations/pressure, reinforcement/reward, communication, and punishment.
Results: A significant negative relationship emerged between perceived task-involving and ego-involving motivational climates. The task-involving climate was positively associated with all six CFBI dimensions (teaching, modeling, expectations/pressure, reinforcement/reward, communication, and punishment). In contrast, the ego-involving climate demonstrated negative associations with three CFBI dimensions: teaching, modeling, and expectations/pressure.
Conclusion: Coaches who actively engage in fair play behaviors—particularly through teaching, modeling, and setting clear expectations—tend to foster a task-involving motivational climate that supports athletes’ ethical development and sportsmanship. Conversely, the absence of such behaviors is linked to an ego-involving climate. These findings highlight the importance of implementing task-involving coaching strategies to integrate moral development with athletic performance, thereby fostering a positive and ethical team environment.

The Effect Of Perceptual Motor Skill Practice On Theory Of Mind And Stroop Performance In Children

Hasan Alikhani

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of perceptual–motor training programs on Stroop performance and the enhancement of theory of mind among 8–12-year-old girls in Rasht city. This study aimed to investigate the effect of perceptual–motor training programs on Stroop performance and the enhancement of theory of mind among 8–12-year-old girls in Rasht city.
methods: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. Participants were 24 children (mean age = 10.5 ± 1.2 years) selected through convenience sampling and then randomly assigned to equal experimental and control groups (n = 12 each). The intervention program lasted eight weeks, comprising 16 sessions of 45 minutes each, and included exercises targeting balance, spatial awareness, temporal awareness, body awareness, and orientation. Stroop performance was assessed using the computerized Stroop test, while theory of mind was evaluated using the 38-item Steerneman Scale. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests in SPSS version 23, with the significance level set at p < 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the control group in emotion recognition and pretence (p = 0.023), understanding of false belief (p = 0.011), comprehension of humor and second-order false belief (p = 0.048), and Stroop reaction time (p = 0.015).
Conclusion: According to the findings, perceptual–motor training can effectively improve Stroop task performance and theory of mind in children.

Psychometrics Of The Persian Version Of Gender Stereotypes In Sport Scale

Leily Alizadeh

Aim: Stereotypes consist of an organized set of characteristics and roles deemed appropriate for men and women, which can influence a person's perception, abilities, and performance. The current research aimed to psychometrically evaluate the Persian version of the Gender Stereotypes in Sports Scale.
Methods: The study's statistical population included both amateur and professional football athletes, as well as active staff and agents involved in sports teams. A total of 384 participants (200 men and 184 women) completed the Gender Stereotypes in Sports Scale through accessible means. This questionnaire consists of sixteen items measured on a five-point Likert scale. To examine the factor structure, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis using the principal components method. We assessed reliability using Cronbach's alpha and determined construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. The results were analyzed using Amos version 26 software.
Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaire was estimated at 0.87, and the content validity index for each item was higher than 0.78. Furthermore, three factors accounted for 82.24% of the total variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that all indicators, including RMSEA, GFI, and AGFI, were at acceptable levels.
Conclusions: Based on the findings, the Gender Stereotypes in Sports Scale, comprising sixteen questions, demonstrates appropriate validity and reliability. It offers new research opportunities for scholars in the field.