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Physical Self Concept can be affected from interventions such as sport and exercise training. So in order to enhancing the person`s physical characteristics perception and creation the partnership motivation in physical activity, it is important to know a bout the way of affecting this methods of training. Purpose: this study was designed to evaluate the effect of a progressive resistance training program on the physical self concept and body function of boys with cerebral palsy. Methods: Sixteen students [mean age 16.05 years (SD 1.2)] with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were randomly divided in control (7) and experimental (9) groups. Participants in the experimental group completed a progressive resistance-training program (8 week) using three exercises to strengthen the major support muscles of lower limbs. Pre and post intervention, the physical self- concept was measured by the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, and body function was measured by the balance test, walking test, stair test, and strength tests of Ankle plantar flexors, Knee extensors, Hip extensors. The data was analyzed via repeated measures and independent T-test.
Results: overall, the body function of experimental group showed a significant changes in balance test, walking test, stair test, and strength tests of Ankle plantar flexors, Knee extensors, Hip extensors (p<0/05). But, difference between the pre test and post test averages of  the experimental group in global physical self concept and their subscales was not significant (p>0/05).Conclusion: in order to change in physical self concept via physical activity, it is crucial to control the factors such as period of training, training context, intention of subjects and etc.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership styles (transformational, transactional and non-leadership) of school administrators and commitment of P.E teachers in Hamedan province.
Methodology: The Statistical population consisted of school administrators (N=110) and physical educators (N=200) in Hamedan province. Statistical sample was equal to statistical population in this study (95 administrators, and 164 physical educators). Multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) and Non-leadership. Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ, Allen and Meyer) was used. Internal validity of the questionnaire was measured and values of 0.76 and 0.78 were gained respectively. For analysis of data, the following statistical methods were used: Kolmogrov- Smirnov, Spearman correlation and Kendal coefficients at level p&le 0/05.
Results: The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between of transformational, and transactional leadership styles and affective, normative and continuance commitment.
Moreover, the highest relationship between transformational and transactional styles was in normative (r=0/48) and continuance commitment (r=0/40). However, there was not significant relationship between non-leadership style and affective, normative and continuance commitment. Administers of schools can use transformational and transactional leadership styles for maintain and increase of organizational commitment.

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The main aim of this study was to find out the relationship between the workholism and the quality of work life among the physical education instructor throughout the country. This research included 264 physical education instructor in the universities belong   to Ministry of Sciences, Research and Technology of Iran. Of them, 163 persons have been chosen by simple random sample method based on kerjesy and Morgan table (1970). In order to collect the data, the work holism  questionnaire of Spence and Robbins(1992) with 0.82 reliability and the work life quality questionnaire of Walton with 0.80 reliability have been evaluated. In order to analyze the data,  in addition, workholism descriptive statistics, also the inferential statistics such as the Pearson correlation has been used. The results showed that %71 of masters had the work holism in the high rate, and %92 of them had the work life quality in the middle and good rate. Also, the results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the work holism and work life quality among the masters (r=0/535, p<0/01). Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the work addition and their social dependency and their total living atmosphere. In other words, one can say that the work holism can improve the workholism of masters in the university,  but it can create problems in their social dependency and their personal life.

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The present study examined the relationship between coach's leadership styles and group cohesion in the individual and group teams participating in the 10^th sport domestic universiade of male students. 321 out of 1906  students selected as sample of this study. Athletes completed two instruments in this study Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS, Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ, Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985). The LSS contains 40 items that measures five dimensions of leadership styles and The GEQ with 18 items assess the two dimensions group cohesion. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized to examine the internal reliability of LSS (r=0.85) and GEQ (r=0.72). Data were analyzed with one-sample kolmogrov-Smirnov, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonfferoni post hoc test,Pearson Correlation coefficient, and T-test(for independent groups), significance level of P&le0.05. Results showed coaches exhibited higher in training and instruction and lower in autocratic style among both interactive group teams and co-acting teams. Finally, there are no significant differences in task and social levels of interactive group teams and co-acting teams. Results showed coach’s styles of training and instruction, democratic, social support and positive feedback were all positively correlated to group cohesion and autocratic style negatively correlated to group cohesion.

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The purpose of this study was ranking the psycho-motor, cognitive, and affective needs of elementary, junior-high, and high school student. For this purpose, 385 P.E. specialists, 1370 Femalephysical educators, 1509 Femalestudents, and 1385 student mothers from capital cities of 25 provinces in the country, participated in this study. Twelve physical-motor needs, 15 sport-skill needs, 13 cognitive needs, and 12 psychosocial needs were selected. Only five important needs were ranked between all the needs related to them by samples (from 1, highest priority, to 5, lowest priority). The questionnaire was made of three stages of designing instrumentation and pilot study, and with internal consistency of 0.71-0.97. The entire hypothesis was compared with Cruskall-Wallis test in level of P< 0.05. The results of this study indicated that, many of the educational needs among male and female students in elementary, junior- high and high schools were significantly different. The priority of these needs was similar between P.E. specialists and physical educators, and also between students and their parents. On the other hand there was a significant difference between the priority of psychomotor needs, in comparison to cognitive and affective needs. However, there was no significant difference between the priority of cognitive and affective needs of students in schools. Needs for teaching simple and basic skills health and good appearance also had high priority among elementary students. Needs for teaching fitness exercises sports health and good appearance also had priority among junior-high and high school students. Considering curriculum models, a combined point of views of all groups concord coefficient and the most important and priority of every group of students can be used for P.E. curriculum. These models could also be refined with other models, such as Delphi technique.

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The aim of this study was examining the effect of knowledge of results presentation (after successful and unsuccessful trials), on learning and error detection capability in force-produce task. Sixty under graduated students (range age 21.6±4), participated in this study and in order to KR presentation, divided in three groups. One of the groups received KR after successful trials, the other groups after unsuccessful trials. The control groups did not receive any KR. All the participants throughout the trials in the acquisition and retention phases were error estimated. The task was to produce the 70℅ of maximum force of their right hands, by gripping a dynamometer. After data collection, the analysis conducted by using ANOVA repeated measurements for acquisition period, and one way ANOVA for retention test. In acquisition, results showed no significant differences between the first and second groups, on performance and error detection capability of force-produce task (P> 0.05). However in retention (no KR), there was significant differences between two groups (P&le0.05), means that the first group which received KR after successful trials was better than the second group as well as control. This pattern of results suggests that if people receive the KR after successful trials than unsuccessful, the better learning and error detection capability will occur.

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The purpose of this study is survey of existing and desirable status in Iran’s entrepreneurial in sport from the view point of sport experts. This study is descriptive­_ analytic one and was conducted as a survey and statistical sample consisted of 64 subjects including: physical education organization top managers and sport management professors. Data collected by interviews and research designed questionnaire. Its reliability (&alpha=.96) is obtained after its validity confirmation (by professors).  Information was collected by Kolmogorov- smirnov, Chi square, Friedman and dependent T tests. Research findings showed that there is a significant difference between existing and desirable statues entrepreneurship strengths in sport (t=11.469, p&le.001), weaknesses (t=-11.554, p&le.001), opportunities (t=-14.073, p&le.001) and threats (t=-11.231, p&le.001).SWOT analysis showed that entrepreneurial place in sport of Iran was placed in peaceful position. In conclusion, it can be said that WT strategies should be applied with attention to the existing status of entrepreneurship in the field of entrepreneurship in sport.

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The aim of this research was to determine the effect of different training environments, type of skills and interactions on open and closed skills. The statistical  population was all students living in dormitories of Tehran University in the 88-89  academic year. The sample was 60 people selected based on convenience sampling methods among students who had no experience in badminton skills (Long Service and clear). Based on pre-test subjects were matched in six groups of ten persons (noncompetitive, competitive, and combined). All of six groups performed a practice in defined medium for 10 sessions and each session were performed 40 times. The long-service tests were used to measure open badminton skill and clear test was performed to measure closed skill. Test scores of subjects were computed based on the mean of ten hits score. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the mean and standard deviations and to test research hypothesis, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and independent t-test were utilized. The result of ANOVA showed that exercise in each of the training environment increased acquisition and retention of each skill, but the levels are different (p<0.05). Also, Factorial ANOVA showed that the skills and environments does not have meaningful effects on acquisition and retention of skills while each skill interacts significantly with the training environment (p<0.05). In addition, exercising each of the skills in the same environments had different levels of acquisition and retention.

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The purpose of this paper was to briefly discuss origins of the Iranian sport clubs and ancient sports. Apparently, ancient sports, from the very beginning, have been dramatically under the influence of social, religious, and ethical factors. For instance, such sports are influenced by the principles of Mithraism and Zoroastrianism be for the emergence of Islam. There are also some manifestation of Islamic social  behaviors such as Sufism, theologism , Islamic genensity , and Shiite principles in ancients sports. Such manifestation are physically evident in the sportment’s dressing  styles the place of exercise, and speech. They are also evident in their daily performances such as getting up early and keeping chastity.

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The purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between organizational culture with knowledge management effectiveness and organizational effectiveness among selected sport organizations of Iran. For this purpose, 169 administrators and 209 experts have been selected using random sampling. The study scales consisted of Denison’s Organizational Culture Questionnaire (2007), Gold’s Knowledge Management Effectiveness Questionnaire (2001) and Chin’s Organizational Effectiveness Questionnaire (2004). To determine the face and content validity were used from panel of experts, construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability (alpha cronbach. Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to determine causal relationships and present of model. Results showed that organizational culture has a significant positive direct effective on KM effectiveness (P= 0/66). KM effectiveness has a significant positive direct effective on organizational effectiveness (P= 0/41) and organizational culture has a significant positive direct effective on organizational effectiveness (P=0/55) and finally organizational culture has a significant indirect effect on organizational effectiveness (P=0/31).

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Nowadays the subject of competitive balance in sport events is getting huge attention in world economic science. CB in sport means what team will win in a competition. In this research the status of CB in Iran’s football pro league is studied. It’s obvious that if Football league in terms of economic is supposed to be dynamic and alive in economic area, they must follow a suitable of CB. Data gathering from Iran’s football league organization for 1380-1388 and using economic indices include, (C5ICB) and (HICB), CB was estimated. Results showed that CB has been passing through an improvement road. Indices decline shows unpredictability of matches results. Also Iran’s football league had the worst CB in 1383 and the best one in 1386. According to results it’s recommended that there should be suitable alternatives for retaining CB status in football league like setting special regulation for player's transportation so football industry could take advantage from revenue making and attracting sponsors.

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Recent evidence suggest that massive amount of practice of a skill results in the development of a specific memory representation that is distinguished by its enhanced performance capability relative to the other members of the same class that is uniqe and termed 'Especial Skill'. This study aimed to investigate the emergence of special skill and reevaluation the visual-context hypothesis using badminton players in three skill levels (expert, skilled, less-experienced). Subjects (10 players in each group, mean age=23.12 ±3.85 years) performered 100 backhand short serves at five distances (1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 meters from net) in each of environmental conditions (normal and covered court). The regression analyze showed that accuracy in skilled group at 2 meters distance was significantly better than predicted by regression equation, supporting the especial Skill effect, but it wasn’t showed in two other groups. This specific advantage of practice at this point was not emerged at absence of visual cues that supported the visual-context hypothesis.

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The aim ofthisstudy was to investigatedifferentaspects ofimpulsivityin the athletes of contact and non-contactsports. volunteer participants were 60 athletes of contact (age: 25.9±4.6 years) and non-contact (age: 27.6±4.9 years) sports. Participants were asked to complete the Barratt’s Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) and participate in continuous performance test(CPT). Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that there was significant difference between athletes participating in contact and non-contact sports in the continuous performance test items(F_2,117= 3.27, p=0.001, partial &eta²=0.89) and impulsivity scale factors(F_3,116=47.66, p=0.001, partial &eta²=0.55).So that, in the attentional, motor, and non-planning impulsiveness and at the number of correct recognition in continuous performance test, the athletes of contact sports get more points than the athletes of non-contact sports. In contrast, the athletes of non-contact sports get more points in the average of incorrect time and the number of incorrect recognition than the athletes of contact sports. Therefore Thisfeature is effective in motor and non-motor behaviors of athletes in some special conditions that will appear as immediate and sustained function.

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This study examined the relationship between coping strategies and performance–goal discrepancy (PGD) with positive and negative effects before and after the competition. Sixty-two Iranian male sprinter runners, aged from 21 to 26 years, completed the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997) and the PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) questionnaire two hours before and six hours after the competition. The score performance–goal discrepancy (PGD) achieved from difference of person predicted record and competition record. The results showed that the relationship of problem-focused strategies and negative effect was negative and the relationship of emotion-focused strategies and positive effect was positive before and after the competition. Also the results showed that the relationship of problem-focused strategies and positive effect was positive after the competition. The results of path analysis did not indicated that coping strategies mediated the PGD and negative effect relationship, prior and after the competition.

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The purpose of this study was comparison of factors that affecting on spectators of football, basketball, and volleyball professional leagues. The statistical sample of this study was 500 spectators from each league that randomly selected from attendant spectators in stadiums. For statistical analysis of data used descriptive and inferential statistics methods includes Pearson correlation coefficient for determining consistency coefficient and criterion validity of questionnaire, Cronbaches'  alpha, explorative and confirmatory factor analysis, Levin, one way Anova, welch, LSD and Tamhane`s tests by SPSS and Amos soft wares. Result showed 8 factors that affecting on spectators attendance and these factors indicated. 75% of variance. These factors were facility, information- attractiveness, performance- antiquity, timing- informing, interaction- escape and excitement. Internal consistency of final edition research questionnaire was .89. Result of hypotheses showed that all of 3 football, basketball and volleyball spectators groups have significant differences in mentioned factors except facility and timing- informing factors. Result of this research displayed that mean of factors affecting football basketball and volleyball spectators` attendance are different among them and also in priority of them. 

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of service quality, customer satisfaction and attitudinal loyalty on future intention of participations in fitness and aerobic centers of Rasht Township. The design of this study was correlational. The population of study includes all costumers of aerobic and fitness centers in Rasht that have one year attendance in this clubs. So, According to Morgan sampling tables and populations of the customers in this clubs that were 150 people, 108 samples elected randomly. To gather data, standard questionnaire of service quality (QSS) Alexandris (1999), customer loyalty (AIS) Alen (1990), customer satisfaction (OCS) Victor (2002) and behavioral future intention (BFIS) Bery (1996) was used(8). Results indicated that there was a positive and significant relation between service qualities with loyalty (r=0/395), satisfaction and behavioral future intention(r=0/486, P&le0/.5). Also there was positive and significant relation between loyalty with satisfaction(r=0/286) and behavioral future intention(r=0/524) and finally customer satisfaction had positive and significant relation with behavioral future intention(r=0/505, P&le0/.5). Regression test showed that only customer satisfaction (t=4/745) and loyalty (t=3/185) can predict behavioral future intention and service quality was mediator variable (P&le0/.5). According to the results, it should be considered that fitness and aerobic club managers should play an important role in customer satisfaction by providing more tangible services to attracting loyal customers.

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Introduction: Injury is common incident in most of the sports and games. There are many reasons for the factors incident of injuries, the psychological aspect can be considered as one of them. Method: The aim of present study was to examine the relationship between psychological skills and severity of injuries in football players of Tehran premier league. 108 players of Iran premier league participated in the study. Research data was collected by injury report form and Ottawa mental skills assessment tool-3. Pearson correlation test at significant level of 95% were used for analyzing the data. Results: 90.7 % of them resulted in 1-3 days missing of match or training and there is inverse and significant relationship between psychological skills and its subdivisions (P=0/0001) and severity of sport injuries in football players. Conclusion: The findings of present study show that having high levels of psychological skills helps premier league players to handle stressful situations in sports through enhancing self-confidence and other psychological factors confronting harmful psychological factors such as stress and anxiety and lead to decrease in injury severity. 

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The aim of this study was to rank and analyze the barriers to implementing strategies in the sports system. For this purpose Analytical Hierarchy Process was used. Participants in this study compromised experts and scholars who were familiar with the strategic management in the formulation or implementation of the strategies involved in the sport (n =21). in order to provide couples with the scale AHP and confirm its validity by 6 experts. The weighting and ranking of barriers were identified by the Expert Choice software. Expert Choice software output analysis showed that the barriers to transition strategies with weighted (307/0) is the most important components in advancing the sport implementation strategies. Results also showed that at level 3 hierarchical tree, the lack of meritocracy in sports management (weight 284/0), the most important part of the infrastructure, the lack of attention to executive function of strategic plans in formulation stage (Idealist program) (weight 228/0), The main obstacle to the formulation of strategies, the commitment and belief of the few managers to implement strategies (weight 32/0), the main obstacle to the implementation of transition strategies neglect strategies in implementation in allocation of budget funds (weight 229/0),  The main obstacle is the strategies implementation stage. The findings of this study can be a source of solutions for strategic programs formulators and performers in the sports organizations.

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Many of the social interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of sports, exercise and physical activity (Jowett & Cockerill, 2002). One of the special relationship, is the relationship between athletes and coach, which in the case of duration and intensity is similar to conventional and unique relationship between leaders and followers. In such environments, a key component in determining the effectiveness of leadership is the existence of trust in the leader by the follower (Zhang, 2004). Therefore the primary proposes of this study were to a)examine the relationship between athlete’s trust in the coach and athletic performance and b) identification the portion of antecedences and consequences of trust in the coach to promote athletic performance. Based on the literature on trust, a theoretical model was proposed. In this model perceived characteristics (i.e., ability, benevolence, justice and integrity) and perceived behaviors (i.e., reactive and natural) of the coach were posited as the antecedences of trust in the coach. The athlete’s propensity to trust, which reflects the athlete’s general tendency to rely on others words and behaviors, and reputation which reflects the athlete’s acceptability of the coach were posited to moderate the relationship of antecedences with athlete’s trust in the coach. High level athletes and national champions (N=142) of three technical sport (i.e., Gymnastics, Diving and Vusho) were included the statistical society. The instrument of research was a questionnaire’s package which was comprised of four separate questionnaires. Two structural equation models involving (a) antecedents of an Athlete’s trust in the coach and (b) consequences of an athlete’s trust in the coach were tested employing structural equation modeling technique. Results showed that athlete’s trust in the coach can be predicted by antecedences (i.e., coach’s characteristics and behaviors) of trust in the coach. Athlete’s propensity to trust was found to moderate the relations of perceived coach’s characteristics on athlete’s trust in the coach. Athlete’s commitment and cooperate with the coach and athlete’s risk taking behavior as the consequences of athlete’s trust in the coach could be posited as the provident in perceived performance and finally athlete’s trust in the coach has a indirect relationship with perceived performance through commitment and cooperation with the coach. No significant relationship was observed between trust and its consequences with the actual performance of athletes.

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The purpose of this study was comparison among of Fans loyalty motivation, supportive career and attendance in Iran’s popular soccer pro league clubs (Persepolis, Esteghlal, Teraktorsazi and Sepahan). The design applied in this research was descriptive-correlation.  The populations were whole pro league soccer fans in competition between Persepolis and Sepahan (with 55000 populations) and Esteghlal and Teraktorsazi (80000 populations).  So according to the Morgan sampling table in fires match 381 fans and in the second one 384 fans were selected and questionnaires distributed among them. Based on review of pervious literature by Jallai, T (2008) questionnaire were used. Questionnaire reliability was confirmed by factor analysis, related masters and professional, and validity in a primary study by Cronbach’s alpha (0.81). The results showed that team interest and club affiliation were two important loyalty motivations and escape and socializing were the least important motivations to fans. Also in rate of important motivations there were significant differences in sense of club affiliation, socialization, escape from reality and normal routine, football knowledge, exciting games, win proxy, club management, the impact of others and non-interest (players, color, name and logo) among clubs Fans. Indeed Persepolis & Esteghlal fans in compare to other teams had a long history (more than 11 years) in supporting (Fandom career) their clubs through different periods. Finally according to the results, it seems that this research could give some guidance for club managers to attract more fans about fans loyalty factors.