Showing 341 results for Type of Study: Research
Maryam Rakhsati Araqi, Esmail Nasiri, Sadegh Nasri, Mohammad Reza Esmaili,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of student-centered and coach-centered coaching styles on sport self-efficacy and athletic performance of female gymnasts was studied. The research method was quasi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test design was used. The statistical population was female gymnasts aged 11-14 in Tehran. The sampling method is one-stage clusters and the research sample is 40 female gymnasts who were selected based on Cochran's formula. Variable assessment tools included Sport Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Sahraeian et al 2016) and a researcher-made sports performance questionnaire. After the pre-test, the groups performed the athlete-centered and coach-centered training protocol separately for two months and two days a week in one-and-a-half-hour sessions. Covariance analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings in the pre-test stage showed that sport self-efficacy and athletic performance of female gymnasts in the student-centered group were significantly higher than the coach-centered group (P <0.05). It is concluded that student-centered coaching style is more effective in increasing Gymnasts' sports self-efficacy and athletic performance compared to coach-centered, and coaches are suggested to pay special attention to student-centered exercises in the gymnastics girls' training program.
Hossein Alimohammadi, Javad Adabi Firouzjah, Tahereh Gholami, Samira Akbari,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the environmentally friendly behavior of active sports tourists in Bushehr. The sample included 102 tourists who completed the research questionnaire. The research tools were questionnaires of compliance with the environment, environmental policy, environmental inclination and word-of-mouth advertising by Kontojiani and Kotoris (2014). Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used in PLS3 software for data analysis. The results showed that the environmental compatibility of the services of sports recreation centers has a significant effect on the word-of-mouth advertising of tourists, and the friendly policy of protecting the environment among tourists has a significant effect on their willingness to preserve and care for the environment. The desire to preserve the environment was not causally related to word of mouth. The compliance of sports tourism service centers with environmental protection indicators did not have a significant effect on the desire to protect the environment, and therefore sports tourists who have an environmentally friendly policy show their desire to protect the environment in any situation. Based on the results, it is suggested that various training courses and programs be held for sports tourists in order to familiarize themselves with environmental issues and to improve their environmental practices and attitudes.
Ghazal Nojan, Hasan Mohamadzadeh, Jalal Dehghanizadeh,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In recent years, many efforts have been made to develop new methods of training sports skills that, in addition to teaching game techniques and tactics, further challenge the cognition and emotion of learners. The aim of the present study was to to compare of traditional and sport-education (SE) methods on metacognition and metaemotion in tennis skills. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre- post test design. The subjects included 24 adolescent girls from Urmia city (age: 16.54±1.36 years) who were non-randomly divided into: sport-education and traditional training groups. The training consisted of 14 sessions over 4 weeks (3 sessions per week). The research instruments were Wells' Metacognitive Questionnaire and Mittmannsgruber's Metaemotional Questionnaire. The was a significant difference between the two traditional and sport-education methods groups in increasing meta-cognition (p=0.004), positive meta-emotion (p=0.007), and negative met-aemotion (p=0.015). In the sport-education methods, meta-cognition (p=0.001) and positive meta-emotion (p=0.001) significantly increased, and negative metaemotion (p=0.001) improved. but the changes in these indicators were not significant in the traditional group (P>0.05). So, beginners can benefit from the physical benefits and improve the meta-cognitive and meta-emotional knowledge of this type of training method by performing sports activities using the sport-education methods.
Mohammadtaqi Aghdasi, Behzad Behzadnia, Haider Mahdi Darvish El Drisawi,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the role of small side games (SSG) and traditional teaching method on individual and team creativity of 11-12 year old soccer players. To conduct this study 30 learners were selected by the available method and were randomly divided into two groups of traditional and SSG education. After pre-test participants practiced football skills on the 7x7 field for 16 weeks and 4 one-hour sessions every week. Finally, the post-test was evaluated according to the pre-test. The results of the study in the descriptive part showed that appropriate actions, creative and original actions have grown more in the SSG group compared to the traditional group. In this regard, inappropriate actions have shown a further decrease. In the section of inferential tests, the results showed that the effect of the test and test*group is significant for appropriate actions and the effect of the test for total actions showed the same result. Small side games can be played by placing the player in a small environment, allowing the player to have more opportunities to perform and less time to make decisions, which leads to the improvement of creativity in team sports such as football.
Hormatosadat Borhani, Mohammad Hami, Vahid Shojaei,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The present study aimed to comprehensively elucidate and identify the entrepreneurial and goal-oriented strategies of sports startups entering both domestic and international markets. The research employed a qualitative method, falling under the category of exploratory studies in terms of objectives, foundational and applied research regarding outcomes, and was grounded in the postmodernism paradigm. The research population comprised experts in marketing, sports management, and successful entrepreneurs with experience in launching sports startups. Purposeful sampling was employed for participant selection. To construct the initial research tool, the researcher, after reviewing relevant studies on sports startups, developed a semi-structured questionnaire for in-depth interviews with experts. The research strategy followed a phenomenological approach, and data analysis was conducted using MaxQDA software, version 20. The results of the data analysis unveiled eight key concepts within the entrepreneurial strategies section, pertaining to the entry of sports startups into domestic and international markets. These concepts encompass partners, stakeholders and customers, tolerable loss, flexibility and adaptability, experiences, uncertainty, service quality, available financial resources, and operational strategies. These concepts were derived from the interviews, contributing to theoretical saturation. Furthermore, in the section on goal-oriented strategies, five concepts were identified: exports, communications, market strategies, market research, and risk management.
Faezeh Zamanian, Majid Vesalinaseh,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
Attempting to enact both feminine and masculine gender-role norms may cause to some psychological and physical problems. This issue is concerned as gender-role conflict phenomenon in female athletes. However, research findings did not support sufficiently this notion. The purpose of this study was to explore the gender-role norms in the context of soccer and experience of gender-role conflict as women who participate in a traditional masculine sport such as soccer. 15 women soccer players between the age of 19 and 32 years old on Iranian super league were interviewed. The results indicated that women soccer players perceived numerous discrepant gender-role norms in the context of soccer. Also, it was explored three different types of gender-role conflict. Participants used various strategies to manege and coping with the gender role conflict. Overall, it is not an intense internal state of conflict, and applying some of those strategies can help them avoiding conflict.
Majid Bahrami, Mina Mostahfezian, Mahnaz Marvi Esfahani,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
As a developing sport in Iran, kabaddi has seen a lot of progress, but at the same time, challenges may still affect its future, especially since there is limited understanding about its possible future and the ways in which there is a corresponding future to be traversed. In this study, a multi-stakeholder scenario planning was used to develop future scenarios of Iran's Kabaddi sports, using stakeholders' points of view on the trends and critical uncertainties that may shape the future of Kabaddi sports to create action-oriented strategies. The participants of the present study included 28 domestic and foreign beneficiaries of Iran's Kabaddi sports, who were selected based on targeted sampling. Data was collected through interviews and open questionnaires. Data analysis was done with the six-step model of combined scenario planning of Lipzig and Rollandberger. The findings and analysis of 29 main factors obtained led to the production of two key uncertainties and four scenarios with titles of champion, super league, active lifestyle and always loser. In order to develop Kabaddi sports in Iran, there should be a transformation in the structure of the process with the aim of institutionalizing Kabaddi sports in geographical dimensions with a professional and universal approach.
Shahrooz Shadrooz, Fatemeh Rezaei, Ayub Asadi,
Volume 14, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
This research aimed to determine the effect of directing attention in the form of verbal instructions and perceptual highlighting during modeling on children's learning of targeting skills. The current research was a semi-experimental type of research with a pre-test-post-test design. 60 male students between 7 and 10 years of age were selected purposefully from Bojnord primary schools. Current research tools included a number of video monitors, a vision tracker, a tennis ball, and a sable at a distance of 3 meters from the line of the throwing place on the wall. Subjects were divided into four training groups: internal focus modeling through instructions, external focus modeling through instructions, internal focus modeling through perceptual highlighting, and external focus modeling through perceptual highlighting. In the acquisition phase, all 4 groups performed 3 blocks of 10 each including 30 over-the-shoulder throws with a tennis ball during 5 sessions, and at the end of each session, they were tested and their scores were recorded by the examiner. The memory test was also performed after 36 hours of non-training. The data were used using the analysis of variance of the intersection test to investigate the effect of directing attention with verbal instructions and perceptual highlighting on motor learning in four groups at different test stages. Research results show that the two groups of perceptual highlighting with attention guidance (internal/external) in the phase of acquisition (P=0.005) and memorization (P=0.006) compared to the two groups of verbal instructions with Significant level (P<0.05) had better performance. Therefore, the use of perceptual highlighting doubles the effects of observational learning.
Farhad Ghadiri, Moslem Bahmani, Abbas Bahram,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: One of the recent research challenges in the field of attentional focus instructions, are the study of its effects on the performance of elite athletes in continuous tasks. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different attentional focus instructions on performance of agility in elite futsal players.
Methods Participants included 12 elite futsal players (mean age 23.91±1.56) that were selected from the first league of Division Qom via convenience sampling method. Participants were asked to perform the agility L run test under three attentional focus instructions (the internal, external and control) in three trials. Rrepeated measure Analysis of Variance and paired t test were used for analysis of data.
Result: The results showed a significant effects of the type of attentional focus instructions on test execution time. Analyses showed that performance in the external focus of attention was higher than the internal focus conditions. Also, the result demonstrated that there is no significant difference between internal focus of attention and control conditions, and also between external focus of attention and control condition.
Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence that in skilled athletes, executing the continuous tasks improve through verbal instructions that conduct focus of attention externally.
Yaser Khanjari, Elahe Arab Ameri, Mehdi Shahbazi, Shahzad Tahmasebi, Fariba Bahrami,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: Although much research has been conducted on the concept of motor learning at the performance level, this concept has not been investigated at the level of EMG patterns and the comparison of these patterns in the dominant and non-dominant hand. The aim of this study was to investigate simultaneous changes in EMG pattern during learning dart skill in dominant and non-dominant hands.
Method: The participants of the present study consisted of 10 non-athlete students with a mean age of 23 ± 2.5 years who were randomly selected from the student community of the University of Tehran and divided into two groups of dominant hand (5) and non-dominant hand (5). Repeated measures ANOVA were used to measure data at the dart throwing performance and changes in EMG activity.
Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the absolute error of dart throwing at the performance level and an increase in EMG activity at the muscle level along with a decrease in muscle co-contraction in the acquisition and retention stages in both groups. Also, there was no significant difference between EMG activity in the dominant and non-dominant hand groups after skill acquisition.
Conclusion: Generally, the results of this study showed that along with relatively constant changes in performance during dart skill learning, relatively constant changes in EMG patterns also occur, so that the concept of motor learning is also observed at the muscle level. Also, the results of this study supported the existence of the same motor program for dominant and non-dominant hand control, even in the conditions of bilateral transfer control.
Hossein Zareian, Zohre Rezaei, Fatemhe Saeidi, Sohrab Hemati,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The outbreak of Covid-19 disease has had several effects on the sports industry in general and championship and professional sports in particular. One of these effects was the one-year postponement of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics as the world's largest sporting event. The main question of the present study was whether the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics is an opportunity or a threat for our country's sports caravan?
Methodology: Grounded theory qualitative research method was used. The results indicate that a total of 92 independent initial marks were generated in the extracted codes.
Findings: Opportunity codes include 6 items (maintaining the health of athletes and people, increasing fitness, earning quotas, improving injuries, coherent planning, increasing youth experience) and also codes identifying threats of postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics include 8 items (physical and mental injuries, disorder). In the training program, there was a decrease in the level of performance, athletes' injuries, athletes' retirement, uncertainty of quotas, coaches' contracts, financial difficulties).
Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, although the one-year postponement of the Olympic Games due to the spread of the Corona virus was an opportunity for the athletes to gain more experience, heal the injured and increase the chances of getting a quota for the Iranian sports caravan, However, the use of these opportunities in the circumstances of the crisis depends on the written planning of the country's officials and sports officials so that they can increase the chance of winning medals for our country's athletes and improve the status of the Iranian caravan.
Marziyeh Azadegan, Ghasem Rahimi Sarshabadarani, Rasoul Nazari,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this foresight of Iran's educational sports with a balanced scorecard approach was in the horizon of 2035. The current research was of mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) and its design was of sequential exploratory type.
Methods: The participants of this research were educational sports experts. The sampling method was snowball and based on theoretical saturation, 12 people were selected. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data and Lincoln & Guba (1985) criteria were used for its audit, which included validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability. In order to analyze the data in the interview analysis section, the coding method was used, the fuzzy Delphi method was used to screen the indicators and the structural analysis and scenario writing method was used in the future research section.
Result: By analyzing the interviews, 150 effective factors on the future of Iran's educational sports were identified based on the balanced scorecard, and by combining the primary codes in the secondary coding stage, these factors were reduced to 105. Then, in the axial coding stage, 18 subcategories based on 6 aspects of the balanced scorecard were formed by aggregating the final concepts adapted from the interview text, and the results of the Delphi analysis showed that the calculated factors correctly explain the desired phenomenon. Finally, based on the findings, 4 key drivers of efficient management, increase in audience satisfaction, development of information capital, and socialization of educational sports were obtained, which are the basis of the two main scenarios of transformation and fruitless willfulness.
Conclusion: As a result, it is suggested that in order to develop educational sports in Iran, synergy and efficient management, increase audience satisfaction, development of information resources, and socialization of educational sports should be implemented.
Afsane Nejad Ghani, Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mosavi, Saleh Rafie,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Physical literacy is a topic that has attracted the attention of sports and health science researchers in recent years, and research is necessary and important to promote physical literacy. In this regard, the aim of this study was to the effect of physical education classroom of dynamic schools on the development of physical literacy of 9-year-old students.
Methods: To achieve this goal, one class from dynamic schools (31 people) and one class as control group (34 people) were selected. To assess physical literacy, the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy was used, which evaluates general body literacy as well as the subcategories of daily behaviors, knowledge and understanding, physical competence, and motivation and self-confidence.
Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups for the variable of daily behavior (p=0.506) and knowledge and understanding (p=0.052). But this difference is significant on physical competence (p=0.010), motivation and self-confidence (p=0.01) and the total score of physical literacy (p=0.000). With this solution, all variables improved more in the experimental group than the control group from pre-test to post-test.
Conclusion: In general, the results of this study confirmed the positive impact of dynamic schools on physical literacy, which reveals the need to pay attention to the activities of dynamic schools. And its results can be used in schools and kindergartens.
Hiwa Bahramfard, Ghodratallah Bagheri, Asadullah Kordnaeij, Ali Saberi,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: Given the rapid pace of technological changes, any business that fails to adapt to environmental changes will undoubtedly fall behind in the competition. Therefore, in order to take advantage of emerging opportunities, entrepreneurs must make decisions in the shortest possible time. This makes entrepreneurial decision-making more complex and challenging. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate opportunity exploitation decisions with an emphasis on the role of entrepreneurial personality in sports businesses.
Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods approach and is classified as developmental-applied in terms of its objective. In the first step, through meta-synthesis of 32 scholarly articles, 36 indicators were identified. In the second step, using thematic analysis of interviews with academic experts, 36 indicators were extracted, of which 27 were confirmed through the Delphi method. In the third step, narrative inquiry was used to explore the lived experiences of six entrepreneurial leaders in the field of sports, leading to the identification of 34 themes.
Findings: Based on the results, after integrating the three stages, 44 indicators were classified into seven dimensions. The validity and appropriateness of these dimensions were confirmed using the t-test and the four criteria of coherence, comprehensibility, generalizability, and control.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that entrepreneurial personality significantly contributes to improving decision-making regarding opportunity exploitation in sports and reducing environmental risk. This is achieved through the development of seven key roles: self-efficacy, autonomy, risk-taking, personal traits, creativity, perseverance, entrepreneurial networking, and entrepreneurial skills and experience.
Seyed Ahmad Nejadsajadi, Seyed Jalil Miryousefi, Hossein Bakhshandeh,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the customer relationship management dimensions in promoting public sports from the perspective of sports managers in Kerman.
Methods: The research method is descriptive correlation and the statistical. The population of this study included all managers of clubs and sports organizations in Kerman city, that 150 persons selected by full number method. For data gathering, the questionnaires of the customer relationship management and the public sports are used. In order to analyze the data obtained for the research variables, the structural equation modeling the Smart PLS software is used.
Result: Findings indicated that three dimensions of customer relationship management namely Customer focus, relationship management and knowledge management has a direct and significant impact on promotion of public sports.
Conclusion: According to the research results, it can be concluded that all managers of clubs and sports organizations governmental and nongovernmental need to do their utmost In order to communicate with the customer to encourage community participation and promote in public sports.
Zahra Fazli, Masoumeh Majidiparast, Ali Asghari Sarem, Mohammad Jalilvand,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current research was to provide a work-life balance model for working women with an emphasis on improving the quality of free time.
Methods: The current research was interpretative, applied and qualitative based on thematic analysis method. The statistical population was sports management professors and leisure experts, 17 of them were interviewed using the snowball method and considering information saturation. The measurement tool included a semi-structured interview and data were analyzed according to the six stages of thematic analysis.
Result: The results showed that the work-life balance model for working women with an emphasis on improving the quality of leisure time has three dimensions of effective factors (cultural factors, inhibiting factors, motivational factors, facilities and equipment, Consciousness, the characteristics of physical activities in the leisure time program, financial issues and management issues), strategies (educational, managerial and financial strategies) and consequences (increasing vitality, increasing health, economic development and sustainable socio-cultural development).
Conclusion: Leisure time managers should pay attention to educational and management issues and by privatization, proper budget allocation and incentive packages, they should contribute to the prosperity of free time as much as possible and to balance the work and life issues of working women.
Masoumeh Dehghan, Chalak Majidi,
Volume 15, Issue 29 (4-2025)
Abstract
Aim: The study aims to examine and compare the motivations for watching esports among Generations X, Y, and Z, highlighting generational differences and similarities in engagement with competitive gaming content. Understanding these motivations can provide valuable insights for esports marketers, organizers, and content creators to tailor experiences and communication strategies effectively.
Method: A quantitative approach was adopted. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling through online esports communities, social media platforms, and gaming forums. Data collection employed a structured questionnaire measuring various motivational factors, including entertainment, social interaction, competition, skill development, and escapism. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests to identify significant differences across generations.
Results: Generation Z exhibited higher scores for social interaction, escapism, and skill development, reflecting their digital nativity and integrated online social networks. Generation Y showed balanced motivation, emphasizing entertainment and competition, while Generation X primarily focused on competition and entertainment, with relatively lower social and escapism motivations. ANOVA results confirmed significant differences in motivational dimensions across generational cohorts, particularly in social interaction and escapism (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analyses further indicated that Generation Z significantly differed from Generations X and Y in these dimensions, whereas Generations X and Y did not differ significantly from each other in entertainment and competition motivations.
Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of generational segmentation in understanding esports audiences. Marketers and organizers should design differentiated content and engagement strategies to address generational preferences. Generation Z may respond best to interactive and socially connected esports experiences, while older generations may prioritize competitive and entertainment-oriented content.
Hojjat Mardaneh Taleshmekaiel, Fariba Askarian, Hosein Akbari Yazdi,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Hasan Alikhani, Samira Naziri Nilash, Asiye Mirza Aghajani, Narjes Sayari,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Perceptual-motor skills form the foundation for advanced future skills. This study aimed to investigate the effects of perceptual-motor programs on Stroop performance and the enhancement of the theory of mind in 8-12-year-old girls in Rasht. The research utilized a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and a control group. A total of 24 children, with a mean age of 10.5 ± 1.2 years, were selected via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=12 each). The training protocol consisted of 16 sessions of 45 minutes over eight weeks, focusing on balance, spatial awareness, temporal awareness, body awareness, and orientation exercises. Stroop performance was assessed using a computerized Stroop test, and the theory of mind was evaluated using Sternman’s 38-item scale. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests in SPSS-23 software (p<0.05). Results indicated significant improvements in the experimental group compared to the control group in emotion recognition and pretend play (p=0.023), understanding false beliefs (p=0.011), understanding humor and secondary false beliefs (p=0.048), and Stroop effect time (p=0.015). These findings suggest that perceptual-motor programs can enhance Stroop performance and the theory of mind in children.
Ms Soosan Taabodi, Dr Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni, Dr Marjan Namjoo,
Volume 100, Issue 100 (10-2020)
Abstract
Previous research has indicated the effectiveness of parent-based and instructor-based interventions on children with developmental coordination disorder, but investigation of these two approaches in mentally retarded children has not been considered until. The purpose of this study was to compare the parent-based and instructor-based educational approach on motor proficiency and cognitive development of children aged 7 to 10 years with educable mentally retarded. 40 children with educable mental retardation in Jahrom city were selected by available sampling method and were divided into two experimental groups of parent-based (7.7±1.80) and instructor-based (8.10±0.91). In pre-test, participants performed a cognitive development test (my brain cognitive intervention software). After, all participants were tested motor proficiency (Bruininks Ozertsky) in school environment. The intervention for instructor-based group was done individually by the teacher in school and for the parent-based group, the intervention was done by parents at home. The intervention was performed for both experimental groups for 6 weeks and 3 sessions of 45 minutes each week. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that instructor-based exercises compared to parent-based exercises can improve motor proficiency, cognitive development (P≤0.05). Parent-based exercises can as well improve fine skills (P≤0.05).
