---

    Motor performance and optimization is one of the most important goals of sports science professionals. Vision skills affect athletic performance and the acquisition of motor skills, which can be improved by practice. The purpose of study was to investigate the effect of visual and skill training on visual and performance skills, retention and transfer of Badminton backhand short service. 20 female students were randomly divided into two groups of 10 combined and skill. Depending on their type of training, the groups performed visual and skill training for 6 weeks. Before and after training, visual and performance tests, retention and transfer of backhand short service were done by the participants. For data analysis, t-test and mixed ANOVA analysis were used with a significant level of 0.05. The analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between groups in visual skills (p =0.00). The combined group had a significant improvement in perfomance, retention and transfer of the service (p = 0.00). Also, checking the interactive effect of time and type of training showed that the combined group was more advanced than the skill group (p = 0.00). The results of this study show the combined effects of vision and sports more than the individual trainings of vision and sports, and according to the results of the study, it is suggested that visual training be included as a supplementary training program in the Badminton field exercise.

---

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of learning methods analogy  and explicit on the skill of the prediction service in volleyball at the time fatigue. To this purpose, 40 female students , with the range of age 18 to 24 years for the sample sampling and a simple random in four groups: learning to manifest peppy, learning explicit tired, learning analogy  peppy and learning analogy tired were divided. Participants of the group learn the analogy method of simulating skills and group learning explicit from the traditional method to performing the service, hammer, volleyball. To apply the fatigue protocol Lee Owens was used. Also, to predict the extent, accuracy, and speed of execution of the participants of the software super lab was used. Data were analyzed using the test of analysis of variance two-way analysis of was.  The results showed that, the effect of fatigue, the type of practice, and the interactive effect of fatigue - training on the speed prediction in the efforts to correct and the impact of fatigue , the type of training , and the interactive effect of fatigue-training  on the speed prediction in efforts mistake was not significant. But the interactive effect of fatigue - practice the accuracy of prediction in the efforts to correct the (p=0/002), and the effect of the type of exercises in the wrong attempts (P=0/019) was significant. According to the results it can be said that the effect of fatigue on the accuracy of prediction depends on the type of learning (learning analogy) is an adopted person.
 

---

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of structured conversation and observation on the effectiveness of the dyed practice on motivation and the accuracy in learning the skill of Golf putt. The research participants consisted of 40 female students randomly divided into four groups: observation-conversation, observation, conversation and control. Participants should hit the Golf ball to the target area. During the training period, subjects completed 60 acquisition attempts, 10 retention attempts to measure the participants’ motivation before the beginning of the training and before the acquisition and retention phases. one-way ANOVA and to examine the role of the mediator on the accuracy of the scores of execution Hayes test was used. The results showed that motivational values were significantly higher in conversation-observation group compared to other groups, and  also The mediation role of motivation was not significant in the implementation of acquisition and retention efforts. Regarding the results of this study, coaches are advised to consider both verbal and observational information sources in the presentation of dyed practice.

---

Inclusive education refers to the placement of people with disabilities alongside their peers. Recent studies have found this method to be effective when it comes to manipulating the environment. The study investigated the effects of an inclusive education learning method applied in an extracurricular physical education to promote self-esteem and motor proficiency in a child with developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The research is a critical case study that involved one obese boy with DCD (age =8 years, height=127 cm and weight =33 kg) who participated in physical education activities with 14 other children without disability over a period of 9 weeks. Three tools, Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire, developmental coordination disorder questionnaire and Bruininks-Oseretsky-2 test and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Results of semi-structured interviews showed independence, belief, pleasure, family relationships, educational relationships, and social relationships improved. The Cooper Smith questionnaire also showed general (10 score), family (5 score), social (4 score), and educational self-esteem (6 score) increased. While motor proficiency increased (9 score), the body mass index decreased (1.24 score). Results emphasized the importance of applying nonlinear pedagogy in physical education by manipulating the environment and the task without direct instructions and feedback in inclusive settings.

---

The purpose of present study was to investigate the role of motor learning strategies (linear, non-linear, and differential) in the experience of flow and clutch in beginner footballers. Participants (66, M age= 27.49 and SD =2.68) participated in this study voluntarily and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants practiced in three groups: linear, nonlinear, and differential, for three months, two sessions each week and each session one and a half hours. The study method was quantitative and qualitative. In the quantitative part, flow and clutch questionnaire was used and in the qualitative part a semi-structured interview was used. The results of Tukey showed nonlinear pedagogy was effective in flow experience and linear method in clutch experience (p<0.05). In the differential learning, flow was experienced more than linear method (p<0.05) and less than non-linear method (p>0.05). In the qualitative part, four factors of purpose, pleasure, effort and exploration are identified that support the results of the quantitative part. Based on the results of this study, nonlinear and differential methods are effective in the flow experience and linear method are effective in the clutch experience.

---

Using auditory concurrent feedback with the goal of gaze path learning is one of the novelty methods in the attention field. The present study aimed to determine the effect of bisensory feedback using eye movement sonification on the decision-making of the badminton clear shot direction. In a Semi experimental strategy, with pre-post design without a control group and clinical method, participants performed recognizing the direction of the shot under unisensory and bisensory training conditions. Response accuracy, response time, and fixation duration were measured in the pre-test, immediate retention, and delayed retention. The results showed that in the immediate and delayed retention, the bisensory group had higher response accuracy and shorter response time than the unisensory group. The bisensory group had a longer fixation duration in key areas than the unisensory group in both times. The use of auditory feedback can probably be considered as a way to improve decision-making skills at the novice level.

---

Video feedback is a type of augmented feedback that includes showing an athlete or performing a skill with a video clip of oneself or another person performing a particular skill. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of dyad training with video feedback on learning crawl swimming. For this purpose, 24 male students ranging in age from 11 to 17 years, who had no previous experience in learning crawl swimming, formed two groups of 12 people in dual practice and dyad training with video feedback. Both groups were first justified by the instructor, then in the double exercise group, one of the trainees entered the water and the other watched him perform out of the water, and after trying, they reviewed the mistakes and movements with their friend. in the dyad rehearsal group, one of the friends filmed another performance and showed it to him. The training intervention lasted for 8 sessions and 10 training attempts in each session. After the end of the eighth session, the 10-meter breast crawl swimming acquisition test was performed, and then a reminder test was performed again one week later and filmed. The results showed that the two groups had significant differences in both acquisition and retention, and the dyad training group with video feedback performed better overall. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the dyad training with video feedback method, in addition to being cost-effective in terms of energy consumption and training space, is also more effective than dyad training in swimming training.

---

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of basic taekwondo exercises on the executive functions of children with a learning disorder. For this purpose, 20 boys aged 10 to 12 years with learning disorder in Mashhad were selected and randomly assigned to training and control groups. The training group practiced Taekwondo for 12 sessions, each session lasting 50 minutes, repeating three days a week. The control group also engaged in their normal daily activities during this period. Changes in subjects' cognitive functions were measured before and after the training period by the N-back and the Tower of London tests. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that basic taekwondo exercises improve executive functions in the training group; All these changes were significant compared to the control group (p<0/05). Therefore, based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that basic taekwondo exercises help to improve the executive functions of children with learning disorder by affecting brain areas related to executive functions.