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The effect of relative and chronological ages on the motor abilities of 7 to 12 year old students
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of relative and chronological age on the motor abilities of students aged 7-12 years. 600 male and female students were selected in three age categories: 7-8 years, 9-10 years, and 11-12 years. To determine the relative age, the date of birth was collected. Then, the months of their birth were determined and it was converted into months and years. The motor ability test was used to assess motor ability. Results showed that the chronological age was significant for the variable of motor abilities. Also, the relative age was significant for the variable of motor abilities. Comparison of means showed that the students born in the first and second quarters have a higher mean motor ability than students born in the third and fourth quarters. Also, students born in the fourth quarter have the lowest average motor ability. Results showed that the relative age on chronological age was significant. Therefore, female students for each of the age groups in the first and second quarters of the year have the highest score of motor ability, and female students in the age groups of 7-8 years, 9-10 years.
Keywords: Relative age, Students, Motor Ability, Chronological Age

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One of the most important issues for the elderly is the issue of physical health and cognitive problems. The aim of this study was to compare the activity of dual resistance-cognitive task with different intensities on fatigue, balance and cognitive function of elderly women. The present study is an applied and quasi-experimental method with the presence of 20 elderly women aged 60 to 70 years, which was done as a one-session test and getting answers. Subjects performed exhausting tests of foot press with machine and shoulder press with dumbbell with combined cognitive load with two different intensities (70% 1RM with low cognitive load and 30% 1RM with high cognitive load) in two days with an interval of 48 hours and the results were recorded. Balance test, upper and lower torso muscle activity and Stroop test were measured. The results of fatigue time, cognitive test and balance were significantly different between the two intensities (p <0.05). But in relation to the middle spectrum of muscle frequency, no significant difference was observed between the two intensities (p> 0.05).  Using low-intensity, high-cognitive exercise is more effective in treating upper body fatigue, which puts more pressure, which may need further investigation to evaluate the long-term success of these programs.

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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of cyberspace dependence on the explicit and implicit motor sequence learning task. For this purpose, the number of 48 subjects aged 16 to 19, were selected as available and was divided in four groups (12 people) including cyberspace dependent - explicit motor learning, cyberspace dependent - implicit motor learning, normal - explicit motor learning and normal - implicit motor learning. Kimberly Young's internet addiction test was used to distinguish between normal and cyber-addicted people, and SRTT software was used to check participants' learning. The data were analyzed using the mixed analysis of variance test with repeated measures. The findings showed that cyberspace dependence had a significant effect on the explicit and implicit motor sequence learning task, so that there was a significant difference between the two groups of cyberspace dependent and normal peers in the explicit and implicit learning motor sequence task. Normal people performed better in both explicit and implicit conditions than cyberspace dependent participants. According to the findings, it is suggested to reduce the excessive use of virtual space in the students by creating energetic movement programs in schools.
 

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The present study aims to investigate the variables of social networks in different positions in basketball. These variables were applied in two levels of analysis: micro (individual) and macro (global interaction of the team). 24 official Chemidoor Club competitions in the 2020 men's Iranian Premier League were selected by available sampling. This research analyzed the network properties of Degree, Betweenness, Closeness, Eigenvector, and Density centrality across teams and positions. The one-way ANOVA for the factor position in the micro-level found statistical differences between the game positions in the dependent variables of  Dc: (F(4,15)= 61/29, p= 0/000), Bc: (F(4,15)= 210/11, p= 0/000), Cc: (F(4,15)= 78/55, p= 0/000). However, no significant difference was observed in the Eig: (F (4, 15) = 1/58, p= 0/184). Results of post hoc test indices were significantly different between position 1 (point guard) and other positions.  Macro-level team density analysis showed a significant difference between performance results in successful and unsuccessful. The guard player role was observed as the situation that establishes the most interactions with teammates during the competition. Therefore, players with higher degrees were not the ones assisting the most shots. The other players with higher degrees were not the ones assisting the most shots. These results may be used as a tool for coaching to improve their teams’ strategies in concrete, measurable ways.
 

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The aim of this study was Identifying the mental pattern of experts regarding sustainable revenue generation for sports federations (Karate, Judo, Taekwondo Federations). The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory analytical in terms of method, and based on the type of operations used, this research is of a mixed type. The statistical population of the research includes professors of sports management, managers of selected federations, and opinionated managers of the National Olympic Committee, who were investigated based on previous experiences using a purposeful sampling method with a snowball approach until the saturation point, in the number of 25 people. In the Delphi phase, the components and sub-components of the research were determined. Then the extracted factors were stratified using Q modeling by using Q factor analysis and SPSS 25 software. The findings showed that the most important revenue generating factors of the selected federations include the provision of non-sports products used by athletes by the federation, sponsors of athletes, income from the World Federation for the development of basic sports, income from participating in world competitions, annual contributions from the World Federation, Incomes from coaching classes, tuition fees for membership in basic teams, annual contributions from the Ministry of Sports, incomes from participating in world competitions. Therefore, it can be concluded that economic activities under the supervision of the federation to provide the products and services needed by athletes and to develop sources of income outside the federation should be included in the agenda of the federations.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of inducing positive stereotypes on perceived competence, interest and motor learning in adolescent girls. Therefore, among all of the adolescent girls in Shiraz, 30 adolescent with the age range of 10-13 years were selected by convenience sampling. Participants performed 10 trials as a pre-test and afterward, they were randomly divided into two groups  . The acquisition phase consisted of 50 trials (5 blocks of 10 trials), and the task required participants to perform inside kicks at targets area attached to a wall and touching the ground. Twenty-four hours after the acquisition phase, participants attended retention test (with 10 trials) to check learning effects on them. The participants were asked to answer the questions related to perceived competence and interest before pre-test, after the acquisition phase, and before the retention test. To analyzing data, one way and Mix ANOVAs analysis and Independent T test were conducted using SPSS21 at significance level P≤0.05. The results showed that in the acquisition phase, all groups significantly increased their accuracy, though difference among groups was not significant. Also, the results showed that the induction of positive stereotypes led to higher perceived competence and motor learning in adolescent girls

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The aim of this study was to comparison of the effectiveness of linear and non-linear pedagogy on locomotor motor skills Performance and movement motivation in children with developmental coordination disorder. The statistical population was all children with developmental coordination disorder in Urmia. The statistical sample consisted of 30 boys (age = 9.35 ± 1.37) who were selected from Urmia schools using the available method. MABC-2 test was used to diagnose developmental coordination disorder, TGMD- test was used to evaluate locomotor skills, and motor motivation test was used to evaluate movement motivation. To carry out this study, the participants practiced two 50-minute sessions of motor skills interventions in two linear methods (15 people) and task manipulation (15 people) for eight weeks. Variables were measured before and after the interventions. The results of covariance analysis showed that non-linear training compared to linear training significantly improved both in movement skills (p=0.04) and motor motivation (p=0.000) than the linear group. According to these results, non-linear methods considering the individual characteristics of each child are helpful for helping children with movement disorders. Considering the unique characteristics of each child helps to improve motor skills and to have enough motivation to continue the activity. Therefore, the use of non-linear methods is suggested for children with developmental coordination disorder.
 

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Objective:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of gender stereotype induction on girls' agility performance in the presence of secondary cognitive task. Method: 14 students studying in a physical education technical and vocational school participated in the study. Participants performed the hexagonal agility task in four different research contexts with a 20-minute time interval between each context. Findings: The results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed a significant difference between the different research contexts. By presenting the secondary task, the level of perceived difficulty increased and it decreased with the induction of stereotypes, and in accordance with the level of perceived difficulty, agility performance had a significant positive change compared to other contexts (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of the research showed that inducing gender stereotypes improves performance and presenting secondary tasks disrupts performance. It was also found that the induction of positive stereotype moderates the destructive effects of the secondary task. According to the results of the present research, gender stereotyping can moderate the dysfunction caused by the presentation of the secondary task in competitive and sensitive contexts. Educators can use positive gender stereotype induction to eliminate the harmful effects of the secondary task.

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Purpose: This study identified and explained the factors affecting the dynamics of sports businesses in the post-corona era based on the structural interpretation model.
  Method: The method of data analysis was divided into three stages. First, in the fuzzy Delphi method, with the opinion of twenty-six relevant experts, the most important factors affecting the dynamics of businesses were confirmed. Then Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to classify components and create a hierarchical model. Mick Mac analysis was also used to determine how the factors were interrelated.
Findings: This study identified 14 strategies related to the dynamics of sports businesses in Iran. The model that was developed has five levels. Also, Mick Mac analysis showed that there were five independent variables, two dependent variables and seven link variables.
  Conclusion: This study shows that the development of dynamic capabilities in sports organizations requires legal revision and improvement of governance performance. In addition, sports organizations must use digital technology, employee empowerment and comprehensive collaboration between different bodies to advance their capabilities.
 

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A B S T R A C T The aim of this research is to study and explore customer behavior and the relationships between sports good's consumers based on the results obtained from data mining, using the gathered information, and identifying profitable segments as the target market The research method is quantitative and its purpose is practical The target population of the study is online buyers of sports equipment After determining the variables based on the literature and designing a questionnaire derived from structural equation studies, and obtaining formal and content validity, and after collecting and screening the responses, a total of 300 samples were left for analysis based on thumb rule For reliability, validity, and data fit analysis, SPSS and Amos version 24 software were used, and for data mining, Excel and Weka 3.9.6 software were utilized. The results indicate that metropolitan cities, especially the capital, can be considered as ideal markets for the sale of sports equipment, and in preference among customers, employed and single people can be considered more profitable goals for marketers than unemployed or married people in the field of sports equipment, and women pay more attention to quality in choosing sports products than men, and men's priority in buying sports equipment is more reliant on the aspect of entertainment.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sensory-motor exercises with a game sense approach on the executive and motor control of children with learning disorder. For this purpose, 36 female children aged 7-9 years were randomly selected by referring to learning disorder centers in Mashhad and divided into two exercise groups (sensory-motor group with a game sense approach, sensory-motor group with a goal-oriented approach) and a control group. The exercise groups participated in the exercises in the form of two 60-minute sessions per week for a period of 8 weeks. During this period, the control group performed its normal activities. The changes in inhibition and gross motor skills of the subjects before and after the exercise period were measured by Stroop and Burininks-Oseretsky tests, respectively. The results of the Mixed analysis of variance analysis test showed that sensory-motor exercises with the game sense approach improved executive and motor control in the game sense group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, sensory-motor exercises with a game sense approach can help improve the executive and motor control of these children.

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Introduction
With the expansion of information and communication technology and its introduction into the workplace, the world has witnessed the close relationship between the application of information technology in organizations and the improvement of performance, as well as the better and faster achievement of organizational goals. Social media, especially Instagram, creates a space for users to express their opinions, allowing companies to contact users directly and without intermediaries, at the right time and with minimal cost. With an understanding of the importance of technology in sales, we analyze the factors affecting the sales of sports goods in the virtual space of Instagram.
Methodology
This research aims to provide suitable suggestions to companies active in the production and sale of sports products to increase their sales. It utilizes textual data from comments and captions on Instagram and examines and analyzes posts and user opinions regarding sports products (specifically two brands: Adidas and Majid). The analyses were conducted in two sections: the first section (captions) analyzed the methods and manners of the advertisements by the sellers of the brands' products, extracting their advertising patterns and techniques. In the second section (comments), user opinions on the products presented on Instagram were examined and analyzed. Text analysis (posts and user comments) and sentiment analysis were key components of the analysis. For analyzing user comments, data obtained from the Instagram API, including three key parameters: the user's name, the date and time the comment was posted, and the content of the comments, were evaluated.
Discussion
The research findings indicate that companies, sellers, and brands should have a very organized plan for advertising throughout all periods of the year. Continuous interaction and proper activity with social network users can also play a role in increasing the motivation of representatives across the country. The study emphasizes that user-generated content (comments) is an effective way to increase the connection between a brand and its audience. Therefore, user feedback must be used in the manner described (the method implemented for analyzing comments) to increase sales and user satisfaction. Additionally, the findings emphasize identifying and establishing relationships with users to maintain and increase customer loyalty, particularly those who post numerous comments on advertised products on Instagram, as they can be used as an advertising campaign for the brand. This study provides a suitable solution for the proper presentation of sports products and advertising on social networks to make the products more well-received.
 

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of manipulation of task constraints on functional indicators and cognitive status of the elderly. In this research, 30healthy elderly were randomly selected and placed in two intervention and control groups. Analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the homogeneity of the slope of the regression line and to compare the mean of the pre-test and post-test data. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. The results showed that the application of the exercise protocol for manipulation of task constraints improved strength(P=0.006), cardiovascular endurance(P=0.010), agility(P=0.001), composition(P=0.003) and Mental status(P=0.002) of the elderly in the intervention group. In addition, the results indicate that the flexibility of the control group decreased significantly from the pre-test to the post-test(P=0.007). The results of the analysis of covariance by removing the effect of the pre-test showed that the body composition variable did not differ significantly from the pre-test to the post-test stage(P=0.264). It seems that exercises with the manipulation of task constraints are effective on the performance and cognitive indicators of the elderly. Therefore, it is suggested to consider the exercises with the manipulation of task constraints to improve the quality of life of the elderly.
 

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Professional ethics in sports media plays a vital role in ensuring the accuracy, fairness, and accountability of sports news reporting, significantly shaping audience trust and the credibility of the media. The primary aim of this study is to propose a specialized model for news coverage in Iranian sports media, with a strong emphasis on professional ethics. Adopting Charmaz’s (2006) constructivist grounded theory approach, this qualitative research gathered data through purposive sampling, combined with the snowball sampling technique. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 experts in sports management, communication, and media, with the sample size determined by theoretical saturation. Data analysis was facilitated using NVivo V.12 software for systematic manual coding. The findings suggest that the proposed professional model for sports media news coverage, grounded in professional ethics, comprises five key components: producing content with a localized focus, fostering effective interaction with the target audience, diversifying content and programming, continuously adapting to audience needs, and aligning content and language with audience preferences. This model emphasizes the importance of ethically accurate and truthful reporting of sports events, while also ensuring responsiveness to audience needs and feedback. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of developing content that respects audience rights and reflects professional ethical standards. Key recommendations include expanding localized news coverage and organizing interactive events to enhance audience engagement.

 

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 This study investigated the relationship between young athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ achievement goal orientations and the coaches' fair play behaviors. The participants were 318 young athletes (M_age=16.60±4.10years) from basketball and volleyball who volunteered to participate. The participants completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (assessing task-involving and ego-involving climates) and the Coaching Fair Play Behaviors Inventory (CFBI). The results revealed a negative relationship between perceived task-involving and ego-involving climates. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between coaches’ task orientation and the six CFBI factors (i.e., teaching, modeling, expectations/pressure, reinforcement/reward, communication, and punishment). In contrast, coaches’ ego orientation showed a negative correlation with three CFBI factors (i.e., teaching, modeling, and expectations/pressure). The findings indicate that coaches who integrate teaching, modeling, expectations/pressure, reinforcement/reward, communication, and punishment in their fair play behaviors are more likely to create a task-involving climate within their teams. In contrast, coaches who apply less modeling, teaching, and expectations/pressure tend to cultivate an ego-involving environment. The primary takeaway for coaches is that emphasizing task-involving approaches and fostering a positive, supportive environment can promote sportsmanship, ethical values, and humanistic principles in sports.

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Objectives: Stereotypes consist of an organized set of characteristics and roles deemed appropriate for men and women, which can influence a person's perception, abilities, and performance. The current research aimed to psychometrically evaluate the Persian version of the Gender Stereotypes in Sports Scale.
Materials and Methods: The study's statistical population included both amateur and professional football athletes, as well as active staff and agents involved in sports teams. A total of 384 participants (200 men and 184 women) completed the Gender Stereotypes in Sports Scale through accessible means. This questionnaire consists of sixteen items measured on a five-point Likert scale. To examine the factor structure, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis using the principal components method. We assessed reliability using Cronbach's alpha and determined construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. The results were analyzed using Amos version 26 software.
Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaire was estimated at 0.87, and the content validity index for each item was higher than 0.78. Furthermore, three factors accounted for 82.24% of the total variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that all indicators, including RMSEA, GFI, and AGFI, were at acceptable levels.
Conclusions: Based on the findings, the Gender Stereotypes in Sports Scale, comprising sixteen questions, demonstrates appropriate validity and reliability. It offers new research opportunities for scholars in the field.