Journal of Spatial Analysis

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Abstract
Ecological resilience is a concept that implies the reversibility of ecological structures and functions against the shocks experienced. The northern zone of Tehran, as the most important ecological support of this city, has undergone many land-use changes in recent decades. The present study has analyzed the role of land-use change in the ecological resilience of green infrastructure (as one of the pillars of ecological structure) in District 1 of Tehran Municipality. This study is an applied one in terms of purpose and is considered a descriptive-analytical one in terms of the method used. In this study Landsat satellite data (1976-2021) were used to detect the changes of interest, and landscape metrics were used to analyze the ecological resilience conditions. Based on the results of this study period, the Number of Patches (NP) has significantly increased and the Class Area (CA) has decreased during the period covered by this study. These changes indicate the fragmentation process and loss of structural cohesion of the green patches. The measurement results for the connectivity metrics (ENN and GYRATE) also showed a small connectivity between the green patches in the area. In addition, the results for CONTAG (Contagion Landscape metrics) measure indicated that, due to low connectivity, the transmission rate is low. Therefore, it can be said that the green infrastructure of the region has lost its structural cohesion in the face of land-use change, and as a result, the expected ecological functions and services have also failed. According to the results, the green infrastructure of the study area is vulnerable to land-use changes and their ecological resilience has been significantly reduced.

 

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Geological diversity has created a new branch of the tourism industry called geotourism , where geological and geomorphological features are explored . The main focus of geotourism on geological elements includes two items, form and process . There is a set of geological forms and processes in places , which are called geosites . This has given rise to a new branch of tourism called geotourism , which examines places that have the ability to attract tourists and management aspects that can help the local community for economic development. In the first stage , it is very important to know the abilities and characteristics of the studied area . Scientific, tourism and educational evaluation of geosites in the region is the basis for optimal exploitation and sustainable development. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the Garmsar region, which has led to the development of geotourism. The impact of tourists and mines that have been created by humans, the Tastkan caves that have changed the strength of the salt caves, and also the role of natural factors, have all led to the environment's reaction

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Economic resilience to natural disasters, which is actually how economic capacities affect disasters, is one of the issues that must be considered in any society. It is noteworthy that the type of attitude towards economic resilience and how to analyze it on the one hand, plays a key role in how to recognize the current situation resilience and its causes, and on the other hand also affects policies and measures to reduce risk and how to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to rank the economic resilience of new urban Habitations in the ​​Isfahan Metropolitan against earthquake risk. Due to the studied components and the nature of the subject, the approach of this research is "descriptive-analytical". The statistical population of this study includes 6 new urban Habitations of Shahin shahr, Majlesi, Sepahan shahr, Fooladshahr, Baharestan and Shahid Keshvari. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in the research literature section, information has been collected through the library method. According to the results obtained from ASI in this study, the new urban Habitations of Baharestan, Majlesi, Fooladshahr, Shahid Keshvari, Sepahan Shahr and Shahin Shahr have the first to sixth ranks in terms of economic resilience to earthquake risk, respectively. In order to reduce the adverse effects of earthquake risk, pay attention to the economic capacity of the studied Habitations and reduce the economic risk factors in each community, economic resilience should be considered to avoid financial losses caused by these possible accidents.
 

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 Investigation and monitoring of desertification in arid and semi-arid regions is a major concern for societies and governments due to its increasing rate. It is essential to identify areas at risk of desertification to manage and control this phenomenon in the shortest possible time and at minimum cost. The objective of this study is to create a map of desertification intensity in the MoradAbad plain of Saravan using the Albedo-NDVI model, which is based on remote sensing. Two Albedo and NDVI indicators were extracted from Landsat 8 satellite images in Erdas Imaging software after necessary corrections. A linear regression was formed between the two indicators by selecting 200 pixels corresponding to each indicator. Based on the slope coefficient of the line obtained from linear regression, the equation for determining the intensity of desertification was obtained. A map of the intensity of desertification was prepared based on Jenks’ natural refractive index. To evaluate the accuracy of the model, a clutter matrix was formed between 100 corresponding points. The results of linear regression between NDVI and Albedo indices showed that these two indices have a high negative correlation with each other (R = -0.85). The results of the desertification severity classification based on this model showed that 35% of the area is in the very severe class and only 5% of the area is without degradation. The model’s accuracy value was obtained with a kappa coefficient equal to 0.58, indicating good accuracy of the model.
 

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Coastal areas are constantly changing physically and ecologically, depending on natural and human factors. The natural causes of coastline changes are assessed in three ways: short-term changes including the effects of up and down currents, long-term changes including climate change, periodic storms and waves, and accidental changes including sudden natural events. Today, coastal tourism is considered as one of the important factors in the development of coastal areas. In this regard, the Caspian Sea, with many tourist attractions such as lush forests, accessible foothills and mountains, historical monuments and appropriate welfare facilities, benefits from the sea and beaches. The coastal area of Babolsar City, due to its many facilities and capabilities to attract tourists, much of which is due to natural and environmental attractions, every year, hosts a large number of tourists who come to this area to take advantage of its facilities and attractions, including the beautiful beach and very beautiful forests. This coastal area because its dynamic nature, is exposed to permanent erosion and variability due to processes such as river, wind, tectonic, wave and tide and marine transgression-regression in the area causes the destruction of coastal facilities and recreational places. Therefore, any planning to change the land use and construction in this coastal area should be considered in terms of the sea water fluctuation impacts on the shoreline position. Coastal environmental degradation as a result of Caspian Sea water level fluctuation are very probable and human behaviors in non-optimal choice of the land use locate intensify these losses. Coastal tourism, as one of the coastal land uses is heavily influenced by fluctuations in sea level in both marine transgression-regression statuses.
 

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This study aimed to systematically explain the potential of the landslide occurrence to provide a prediction model of the possibility of this phenomenon in the Yamchi catchment in Ardebil province. In this regard, both approaches of discrete and continuous variables were used by means of overlay and logistic regression, respectively. Independent variables included elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, annual rainfall, roughness, general curvature, topographic wetness index, vegetation index, distance to fault, distance to stream and distance to road. The results, firstly, revealed the areas with high landslide potential by the matching layers of independent variables with the landslide layer in the geographical information system (GIS). These areas were in the middle elevation, high slopes, northern slope, high roughness, erodible formations, high rainfall, medium vegetation, surroundings of faults and rivers. Secondly, the results of the logistics regression model by providing a prediction equation of probability of landslide occurrence showed that the resulting model with pseudo r² and ROC 0.22 and 0.86, respectively, had good power and efficiency to predict landslide through the catchment. In addition, the resulting beta coefficients for independent variables indicated that the importance of the variables was as follows: vegetation index distance to road, rain, lithology, distance to fault, elevation, topographic wetness index, roughness index, aspect, slope, and distance to river. In the end, the need to pay serious attention to the supporting and protection of vegetation cover of the mid -range and upstream of the catchment was determined because of unstable geomorphic conditions of these areas.
 

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Evapotranspiration is one of the main elements of hydrologic cycle. Accurate determination of reference crop potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) is crucial in efficient use of water in irrigation practices. ET₀ can be measured directly by lysimeters or estimated indirectly by many different empirical methods. Direct measurement is cumbersome, needs for more time and costly. Therefore, many investigators used empirical methods instead of direct measurements to estimate ET₀. Nowadays, the FAO-56 Penman Monteith (PMF56) method is known a bench mark for comparing the other empirical methods. For example, in the works of Zare Abyaneh et al. (2016), Biazar et al. (2019), Dinpashoh et al. (2021) and Dinpashoh et al. (2011) PMF56 method was used to estimate ET₀ and comparing the outputs of other empirical methods. Many researchers analyzed trends in ET₀ time series in different sites around the Earth. Among them it can be referred to the works of Sabziparvar et al. (2008), Babamiri & Dinpashoh (2015), Dinpashoh et al. (2021), Dinpashoh  (2026) and Tabari et al. (2013). ET₀ can be affected by many different climatic factors such as maximum air temperature (Tmax), minimum air temperature (Tmin), relative humidity (RH), wind speed, and actual sunshine hours. Factor analysis (FA) is a multivariate method that reduces data dimensionality. In general, climatic variables have high correlation with each other. On the other hand, these variables affect ET₀. The FA can be used to reduce data dimensionality in which correlated variables converted to few uncorrelated factors.
 

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Gully erosion is one of the advanced forms of soil erosion, which needs to be analyzed and identified in order to protect the soil. In this research, according to the complex system of factors influencing the creation of ditch erosion, 23 factors were analyzed in the two famous Dempster-Schiffer models and the entropy model, and using Google Earth images and field visits, 331 ditch points were identified, recorded, and a ditch distribution map was prepared. Spatial data of gully erosion distribution were divided into two random training (70%) and experimental (30%) groups. In this research, two indicators of tolerance coefficient and variance inflation factor were used to check the collinearity test, and as a result, two indicators of waterway density and relative humidity index were removed and 21 factors were used in the modeling process. The output results of the layers, weighting and classification and integration in two Dempster-Schiffer and entropy models are the extraction of the zoning map of the gully's erodibility sensitivity. and 30% of the calibration and validation of the models, the area under the ROC system performance characteristic curve and the area under the AUC diagram of the Dempster-Schiffer model with an explanation factor of 0.934 and the maximum entropy model with an explanation factor of 0.936, both models have an acceptable percentage of the area under the curve were that this issue shows the high performance of both models in the region. Among other results of statistical analysis, the prioritization of the impact of 21 factors in causing ditch erosion in the region was determined. The scientific results of the research can be promoted and taught, and from the practical point of view, the relevant executive body to control ditch erosion can take the necessary measures using the results of this research.
 

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Developing roads and constructing new highway are urban policices contributing to solve transportation problems in cities. These projects often being passed through urban fabrics, so it is nessessery to buy and demolish buildings from their owners including individuals or governmental and public institutions to imply the projects. However, acquiring land is not an easy task and completing these projects may hit with long-term delays. This paper aimed to analyze the impacts of delaying in constructing Shoosh Highway in Tehran. The investigated impacts originate from land acquisition problems. The research data was obtained from many sources including documents and research reports, a survey, and interviews with Tehran Municipality managers. The One Sample T-Test in SPSS software was performed to analyze the data obtained form the survey. Findings indicate that the residents are often dissatisfied with the project because since the beginning of the project, social security decreased a lot and people are less likely to respect citizens' rights than before, recreational sites are often demolished, the value of residential buildings slowed down significantly, living costs incresed, and businesses were stagnant. In conclusion, if urban highways are not contributing to proper planning and site selection, they will disrupt the physical, social, and economic structures of urban neighborhoods and cause to many environmental problemes including air pollution. To avoid these adverse outcomes, it should be thought in advance about sufficient financial resources and possible practical methods to acquire land for projects. These consequences are reduced by studying and managing the risk of projects.
 

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Abstract
Dust storm is a complex process that it was affected by relation between earth-atmophere system and point of veiw climatologist and meteorologist that they assessing atmospheric and climatic change, in general of world veiw, monitoring from dust cover is a need structures.
The western region of Iran is the study area. The data used in this study are divided into two categories: ground-based observations in 27 synoptic stations extracted from the Iran’s Meteorological Organization during period (1998-2010) and satellite MODIS images during the first to fourth days of July 2008. Finally, the aim has analyzed using Arc GIS and ENVI softwares and NDDI index.
According to results, interpolated map for the number of dusty days during the study period over the western half of Iran showed that extent of case study have not a equal system aspect quantity of occuring from dust phenomenon and how is it trend. The number of dust days increase from north toward south and sites located in northen proprotion of studied area have experienced a lower dust events. While, maximum hotspots are occuring over southwestern sites such as: Ahvaz, Ilam, Boushehr and Shiraz. Therefore, principle offspring of dust input has been out of country boundaries and arrived far way area. On based resultes obtined on satellite images using NDDI index also idicate that maximun of intense cover dust is observed over Fars, Ilam, Boushehr and Ahvaz provinces on the first, second, thrid and forth of July. But, the lowest rate of index situated in extent far such as: Eastern Azarbayjan, Western Azarbayjan provinces. Thus, parts located on the north of the study area experienced less dusty days and the maximum dust core was located in the southwestern (mostly ahvaz). The long-term result was consistent with the use of NDDI index and the daily average of NDDI index in the whole study area indicated the hotspot areas (Ilam, Ahvaz, Omidieh, Bushehr and Shiraz) during the first to fourth days July 2008. However, in the region has reduced the level of dust cover when a wet and cloudy synoptic system pass over the central and northwestern parts of the study area.

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In order to plan, manage and exploit water and land resources, awareness of the spatial variability of resources, as well as understanding the response behavior of the watershed in order to model physical processes, has an identical significant role. Due to its location in arid and semi-arid areas, special climatic and geomorphological conditions, Qom-Roud basin is prone to flash floods. Due to the lack of hydrometric and topographical data with high accuracy in the basin, the use of hydraulic models does not lead to accurate results of the hydraulic characteristics of floods. In such a situation, the methods based on the geomorphological features of the basin can be advantageous. In this article, Variable flood stage method (VFS) method is used, which combines the hydraulic characteristics of the river with the geomorphic characteristics of the basin in order to estimate the water depth in the river caused by floods with different return periods. The water depth was investigated for different return periods of two, five, ten, twenty-five, fifty and hundred years. In each period, the highest water depth was in the parts near the outlet and the lowest water depth was in the upstream parts of the river. The research illustrations there is a direct relationship between the depth of water and the area of the sub-basin. The results of this research can be used for basins without hydrometric and topographic statistics with high accuracy in order to estimate the peak speed and flood depth.
 

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Dust storms affect different regions of the globe countries and Iran. The dust storm events were considered as one of the climatic components in arid and semi-arid regions and it is called one of the most important environmental problems of these regions. Therefore, in this research, the activity class of sand dunes were investigated based on the Lancaster index in Iranshahr city in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The aim of this study is to investigate the climatic different conditions on the mobility of sand dunes in Iranshahr city. Meteorological data for synoptic station of Iranshahr were collected from the Iranian Meteorological Organization for 15 years (2003 to 2018). After examining the wind speed velocity in Iranshahr, and extracting the seasonal and annual Wind rose diagrams, Dust Storm Index (DSI) was calculated.  Finally, the effects of possible changes in climatic elements on the mobility of sand dunes were predicted. The results showed a significant correlation between the Lancaster index and the amount of annual rainfall, wind and drought index. The results of the sensitivity analysis also showed that if the frequency of erosive winds and potential evaporation and transpiration increases to 30%, the activity of sand dunes in Iranshahr station increases by 25 and 23%, respectively, on the other hand, with a 30% increase in rainfall, the activity of sand dunes decreases by 30%.
 

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The zoning of phenomena in order to recognize and evaluate the current situation as a basis for decision-making is one of the of scientific management essentials of natural resources. In the management of desert areas to prevent paying exorbitant costs and making incorrect decisions, strong and well-reasoned methods are needed to understand the current situation and the development process. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to provide a suitable model for zoning the spatial distribution of desertification risk by using Moora, Aras scoring techniques and the use of geographic information system in Yazd-Khizrabad sub-basin. At first, after determining the working units by geomorphological method, the importance of indicators in each unit was obtained based on the Delphi method. Shannon's entropy method was used for the relative importance of indicators. Then the decision matrix was formed and after weighting, the potential of desertification intensity was estimated by calculating the desirability coefficient from Moora and Aras scoring method. The results of the analysis of both models showed that the land units of Mountain Agricultural Grounds (MAG) and Plan Agricultural Grounds (PAG) have the highest desertification potential, which covers 7135 ha (9.11%) of the entire study area and Quantitative value of desertification potential for the whole region based on the all of indicators was placed in the middle class (IV). It is suggested that the obtained results and ranking should be taken into consideration in the plans for controlling and reducing the effects of desertification and rehabilitating degraded lands.
 

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The growth of settlements and the increase of human activities in the floodplains, especially the banks of rivers and flood-prone places, have increased the amount of capital caused by this risk. Therefore, it is very important to determine the extent of the watershed in order to increase risk reduction planning, preparedness and response and reopening of this risk. The present study uses the common pattern of the machine and the classification of Sentinel 2 images to produce land cover maps, in order to construct sandy areas and determine land issues affected by the flood of March 2018 in Aqqla city. Also, in order to check and increase the accuracy of the algorithms, three software indices of vegetation cover (NDVI), water areas (MNDWI) and built-up land (NDBI) were used using images. The different sets of setting of each algorithm were evaluated by cross-validation method in order to determine their effect on the accuracy of the results and prevent the optimistic acquisition of spatial correlation from the training and test samples. The results show that the combination of different indices in order to increase the overall accuracy of the algorithms and to produce land cover maps, the forest algorithm is used with an accuracy of 83.08% due to the use of the collection method of higher accuracy and generalizability than compared to. Other algorithms of support vector machine and neural network with accuracy of 79.11% and 75.44% of attention respectively. After determining the most accurate algorithm, the map of flood zones was produced using the forest algorithm in two classes of irrigated and non-irrigated lands, and the overall accuracy of the algorithm in the most optimal models and by combining vegetation indices (MNDWI) was 93.40%. Then, with overlapping maps of land cover and flood plains, the surface of built-up land, agricultural land and green space covered by flood was 4.2008 and 41.0772 square kilometers, respectively.
 

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Natural biological crises are a constant threat to human societies; Therefore, it is considered important to be prepared to control and prevent such disasters. In dealing with such urban crises, addressing the category of non-pharmacological interventions against infectious diseases can be a way forward. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to find the main effective indicators in the epidemic and to explain the environmental components resulting from the interaction and correlation of the relevant measurable indicators at the locality level based on previous environmental studies.
 In this research, in order to obtain a community of opinion about effective indicators in epidemiological crises, a systematic search was first conducted using the keyword of pandemic resilience. For this purpose, several widely used databases such as Web of Science, Scopus and Elsevier were searched between 2013 and 2023. After checking the quality of the conducted researches, 42 indicators were selected. Further, in order to find out the underlying variables and identify the basic factors or criteria in order to explain the correlation pattern between the observed variables, the exploratory factor analysis method was used and SPSS version 26 software was used to analyze the data. Data from 118 Tabriz neighborhoods were used for exploratory factor analysis. After collecting the data, the process of change, standardization has been done to prepare the data and convert the raw data into percentage, growth rate, average and ratio. Then, the status of urban resilience components against epidemic diseases was calculated and normalized separately based on factor load for each neighborhood. Finally, the results were illustrated using Arc GIS software.
 The findings of the research indicate that 42 indicators affecting the spread of epidemic diseases at the level of localities can be re-categorized into 8 components of accumulation, diversity and design, social factors, density, economic factors, health infrastructure, environmental pollution and green spaces. Also, based on the findings, it can be said that the condition of most of the components in the neighborhoods of Tabriz city is at an average level.
 Based on the results, the effects of environmental factors on the transmission of Covid-19 are differentiated spatially. These components represent more than 82% of the changes in effective environmental factors.
 

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Considering that there are different forms of mass movements in the ChamGardlan watershed, especially along communication routes, agricultural and residential areas, it is necessary to create refugee maps Therefore, it is impossible to examine the factors influencing its situation in order to prevent and control this phenomenon. Therefore, during the field visits, geographical, physiography, land use, vegetation cover, soil, climatology, geography and geomorphology maps were produced in the GIS environment. The method of this research has been accomplished base of distinction of the geomorphological units while using aerial photos and crossing  basis maps. Then, the effective factors on the occuration of mass movements were studied using logistic regression equations. So that, the factors such as slope, geological formation type, pedologic, climatic, etc. were taked into consideration as independant variables, and mass movements occurance frequency as function of mentioned factors.The result indicated that the effective factors related to frequency of land sliding happening in the area in arrangement, are slope, geological formation type and mass  movements  type (both kind and amount of salts in soil) and also landuse.