Journal title

Using of Alvita for Removing Fouling Fungus during Incubation Phases of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) eggs

Malachite green is a carcinogen and mutagen material that is not permitted by FDA as a fungicide for edible fishes. Alvita(sodium di acetate), is a fungicide and bactericide material which is admitted by FDA.The research has been done by two methods: invivo and invitro. In invitro, at first the eggs that fungi attached them, cultured on SDA, then fungi colonies pured. At last, Mucor and Rhizopus were known by Slide culture and morphological analysed. In the second phase, Alvita was added to SDA in 1,5,10,15 and 20 g/lit concentration. Then pured colonies, cultured on SDA with 1,5,10,15 and 20 g/lit concentration of Alvita. After 48 hours and one week, samples were examined. In blank(without Alvita), the fungi colonies grew, but no colonies grew on other samples with 1,5,10,15 and 20 concentration of Alvita, then 1 g/lit was recognized as a minimal concentration that any colonies didn't grow on it. In invivo method(which has been done in Niyak farm), there were 5 traphs for trout culture, that one of them was blank, three of them contained Alvita, with 1 g/lit for 30 minutes, 1g/lit for 1 hour, 2 g/lit for 30 minutes and one of them contained malachite green with 2 mg/lit concentration for one hour. All of examinations were done in triplicate. The results of study analyzed by ANOVA, with 95% confidence limit and(P=0.265), to show, concentration of Alvita(1 g/lit), is the best alternative of malachite green, between examined concentration.

An Investigation on the Effect of Initial Feeding on Growth Rate of Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Larval Stage

In the larviculture the use of high quality dietary components is critical for rearing fish. Artemia nauplii and decapsulated cyst have very wide usage on aquaculture industry. In most of fish species, especially in fresh water fish’s larvae stage, Artemia nauplii and decapsulated cyst have very important effects on growth rate and survival. In this study, effect or different initial feeding upon the second growth rate of trout larvae stage was studied. To this end, the new absorbed yolk sack trout larvae were used. All larvae in five feeding treatments(artemia nauplii, decapsulated cyst, commer-cial diet mixed with decapsulated cyst, commercial diet mixed with nauplii, commercial diet) for 20 day with intensity 6 larvae per litter at tanks 35-liter were reared. Then experiment extended in these treatments with the commercial diet (only) for 20 days more. Larvae fed with the artemia nauplii in the first experiment had the highest growth and the difference was significant compared with the other treatments (p<0.05). In the second experiment, after 20 day in the all treatments, the growth rate, survival, SGR, FCR, condition factor, feed intake rate, Gross efficiency were measured. Results showed that in the second 20-day period, the larvae fed with commercial diet mixed with decapsulated cyst treatment in first experiment, had a significant difference with the other treatments (p<0.05).The fish that were fed with decapsulated cyst mixed with commercial diet had the highest growth rate rather than the other treatments.

Aluminum-induced growth inhibition and changes in cell wall components of tobacco cells.

Aluminum is one of the most abundant minerals in the soil, comprising approximately 7%. At neutral or weakly acidic PH, Aluminum exists in the form of insoluble aluminosilicate or oxide. However, as the soil becomes more acid, aluminum is solubilized into a phytotoxic form. Aluminum is, therefore a major growth limiting factor especially root growth in acidic soils. It is estimated that approximately 30-40% of arable land in the world is acid soil. Furthermore, the acidity of the soil is gradually increasing as a result of environmental problems including acid rain. Thus, Aluminum toxicity is really an important issue. Under such situations, attention has been paid to improving the agricultural production in acid soil. Inhibition of rapid root growth is reported in some plants. Also, it is suggested that aluminum accumulates primarily and predominantly in the root apoplast where the pectin matrix with its negative changes is a major binding site. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aluminum on the amount of cell wall components of tobacco cells. In the present research, cell-cultured tobacco cell (Nicotiana tabacum L. CV. Burley 21) have been used as a plant cell model. After treatment with aluminum for 24 h, cells were harvested. Then, cell wall polysaccharides such as pectin, cellulose, Hemicellulose A and B were isolated from cell wall. Also,cell viability, aluminum absorption by cells and growth were measured. The results indicated that Al-induced increase in the amount of pectin and hemicellulose A. In these cells however, cellulose content reduced with 30µmol but not in the treatment with 60µmol of aluminum. Also loss of cell viability decreased cell growth

Role of mineral ions and proline in copper stress tolerance in two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars

Effects of various CuCl2 trearments (0, 100, 300, 500 µM) at rosette stage on accumulation of Cu+2, Fe+2, Mg+2, and K+, and proline concentration in root and leaf of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (PF and Hyola) were studied under greenhouse conditions. In general, in response to copper chloride treatments, significant differences were observed between physiological behaviors of these cultivars. With increasing in CuCl2 concentration, the increases in copper and proline levels and decrease in Fe+2, Mg+2, and K+ concentrations were greater in PF (especially root) than that of Hyola. Thus, it seemed that PF had more ability against heavy metal stress, compared with Hyola. Therefore, from biochemical point of view, PF could be introduced as more tolerant cultivar to heavy metal stress, in comparison to Hyola.

Taxonomic study the tribe of VICIEAE (FABACEAE) based on morphological characters in Khorassan provinces

This project was conducted to study the taxonomy of tribe Vicieae based on morphological characters. The specimens were collected from different parts of Khorassan, and after identification they were preserved at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Herbarium (FUMH). Diagnostic keys and a complete list of distribution regions for all species of this tribe in Khorassan were presented. Cicer kermanense, Vicia truncatula, V. cappadocica, V. variabilis, Lens culinaris, Lathyrus pratensis and V. sphaericus are reported for the first time for the flora of Khorassan provinces and V. pseudocassobica is probably as a synonym of V. venulosa.

Methane Conversion to More Valued Hydrocarbons and Methanol using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma

The experimental studies of methane conversion to higher hydrocarbons and methanol using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor are presented in this article. The process is carried out at ambient atmospheric pressure and temperature. The DBD reactor is stimulated by an alternative voltage of 50 Hz and amplitude of max.23Kv. The examination of the effect of voltage and flow rates on methane conversion and product selectivity shows that methane conversion increases linearly by increasing voltage but the product selectivity are in most of the cases independent of voltage. Introducing helium as a third body in methane –electron interaction enhanced methane conversion. When adding oxygen to the feed, the rate of methane conversion increased three times. In low partial pressure of oxygen in the feed and a threshold voltage of 12000 volts, the main product was methanol with a selectivity of 40% and a total yield of 1%.

Preparation of epoxy alcohols from cis and trans 2-(1-cyclohexenyl cyclohexanol and 2-cyclohexylidene cyclohexanone

Epoxyalcohols are useful intermediates in complex organic synthesis, and recently they have been recognized as versatile intermediates for synthesis of natural products. The treatments of cis and trans 2-(1-cyclohexenyl) cyclohexanol, separately with paranirto perbenzoic acid gave the corresponding 2-(1- cyclohexenyl) cyclohexanol oxide. On the other hand, 2-cyclohexylidene cyclohexanol oxide was prepared in two ways. The structure of all the compounds confirmed via IR, NMR spectroscopy, and position of hydrogen bonding was examined with IR spectroscopy. Nucleophilic opening of the corresponding compounds by various nucleophilic is under study.

A study of dTDP3--Complexes with Divalent Metal Ions and Determination of Their Acidity and Stability Constants

The stability constants of 1:1 complexes formed between M2+ : Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ , Cd2+ and the thymidine-5’-diphosphate (dTDP3-) were determined by potentiometric pH titration in aqueous solution (I= 0.1 M, NaNO3 25°C). For comparison, the same values were used the simple diphosphates monoesters (R-DP3-). The acidity constants for dTDP3- i.e. و و were measured also via potentiometric pH titration and various comparisons with related constants were made. By constraction of log versus p plots for the complexes of the diphosphates and by a carful evaluation of the various data pairs from the straight-line correlation, the results show that in the M(dTDP)-- complexes the points lie on the line and the metal ion is only diphosphate-coordinated. This means that there is no interaction between suger and nucleoside base with metal ion. The straight line equations, which result from the mentioned correlations, together with the pKa value of a given monoprotonated diphosphate monoester allow now to predict the stability constants of M(R-DP)--complexes.

A comparison of solvation of alkaline earth cations with MeOH, EtOH and PrOH in nitromethane using 1HNMR technique and determination of ionic solvation number

A proton NMR method for the study of the solvation of alkaline earth cations with methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH) and propanol (PrOH) in nitromethane (NM) as diluent is described. The method is based on monitoring the resonance frequency of alchohols protons as a function of solvent to metal ion mole ratio at constant metal ion concentration. The average solvation number of cation, , at any alchohol/methal ion mole ratio was calculated from the NMR chemical shift-mole ratio data and was plotted against the mole ratio values. The solvation numbers of alkaline earth cations were obtained from the limiting values of the corresponding vs. mole ratio plots. With regard to the results presented, there are increases in the solvation number from Mg2+ to Sr2+ about every alcohols, but decreases in solvation number from methanol to propanol as concerns every metal ion.