Journal title

Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Seed Germination early Growth and activities of some Enzymes in Feoniculum vulgare Seeds

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of static magnetic field (o, 25, 50 and 75mT) and exposure time (15, 30 and 60 minutes) on Feoniculum vulgare seed germination. Treatment of Foeniculum vulgare seeds in these magnetic fields increased the germination rat (GR), germination index (GI), germination rate coefficient (GRC), seedling length and seedling dry and fresh weight under laboratory germination tests. In germinating seeds, enzyme activities of &alpha-amylase, dehydrogenase and protease were significantly higher in treated seeds in contrast to controls. The higher enzyme activity in magnetic-field-treated Feoniculum vulgare seeds could be triggering the fast germination and early vigor of seedlings.

Taxonomy and morphology of Salvia atropatana Bunge (Lamiaceae) in Iran

The taxonomy and morphology of 24 Salvia atropatana Bunge (Lamiaceae) accessions were studied in Iran. The morphological variations are mostly related to the indumentum and trichome frequency in surface and base of stem, leaf length, form of leaf margin, indumentum of leaf surface, form of bract margin, indumentum of bracteole surface, indumentum of calyx surface, corolla length, indumentum of corolla surface and style length. The cluster analysis based on Euclidian Distance Coefficient and SPSS V.11.5 software was used to determine the infra-specific relationships. The results of cluster analysis show diversity among the accessions of this species. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the morphological variability of S. atropatana accessions is due to the polymorphism, and infra-specific hybridization.

The activity and gene expression of phenylalanine ammonialyase and peroxidase in flax (linum usitatissimum L.) roots under Aluminum stress

Aluminum toxicity is one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth and development in acidic soil (pH <5.5). Soil acidity and consequently availability of Al in the soil can be accelerated by some farming practices and acid rain. The mechanisms of Aluminum toxicity have not been elucidated yet. The first response of the plant to aluminium toxicity is the inhibition of root elongation, that is apparently resulted from increasing of cell wall cross links. Therefore, the effect of aluminium on activity and gene expression of enzymes involved in phenolic compounds biosynthesis such as phenylalanine ammonialyase and peroxidase was investigated in this research.To this end, the flax seeds grown in Hoagland’s solution were treated with 0, 50 and 100 &muM aluminium (as AlCl3. 6H2O). The results showed that aluminium decreased root growth but increased wall bound phenolics content, compared with those of the control plants. Increase of the activity of peroxidase especially in ionically and covalently fractions in Al-treated roots was consisted with reducing root growth. Increased activity, PAL expression and lignin contents were observed in higher concentrations of aluminum. The investigation of the expression of peroxidase isozymes, Flxper1 and Flxper3 suggested that Flxper3 is the isozyme which is more involved in aluminium toxicity in flax roots.

Biosystematical study of the genus Utricularia L. in Iran

In the present study morphological, anatomical, polynological and molecular biology features of the genus Utricularia L. belonging to Lentibulariceae family of Lamiales were studied. This genus contains two species, namely: U. minor L. and U. australis R. Br. The morphological characters of the two species such as the stolone length, presence or absence of rhizoids and bags shape (bladder) of the trapper are different. In anatomical studies, the epidermal stem cell shape, thickness and shape of aeranchymous cells and cortex are useful for separation of these two species from each other. In palynological studies, it was revealed that pollen of studied taxa are multi-aperature and without pore and ornamentation of exine surfce is also grooved. Results from chloroplasty analysis of trnL-F sequences indicate that U. australis and U. minor are related with U. macrorhiza and U. intermedia. respectively.

Multivariate analysis of cytological characters in different populations of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

In order to cytogenetically study on some populations of Foeniculum vulgare, karyotypes of 11 populations were analyzed. According to basic chromosome number, the species were 2n=22. According to Stebbins categorization populations foreign 1, Oromie and Lorestan were classified in symmetric class of 1A , populations Shiraz, Yazd, foreign 2, Fozveh Najafabad and Ebnesina were classified in 2A , Esfahan in 1B and Hamedan and Boshehr in 2B. Based on inter and intra chromosomal variations Hamedan and Boshehr which have the most asymmetric and evolutionary, karyotype-sis classified in the B class. Using the biplot of populations, based on two parameters of A1 and A2, and symmetry types of Stebbins, the same results were obtained. Using principal component analysis, the first two components justified %77.47 of total va-riance. In the first components, the arm ratio of long arm/short arm, %TF and A1 which had the highest coefficients of eigenvalues were the most important traits. In the second component, the ratio of the longest chromosome to shortest chromosome, A2 and length of shortest chromosome had the most important role for total variation. By cutting dendrogram resulted from cluster analysis (Ward) in metric distance of 5, the populations were classified into three groups. The furthest distances were obtained between Esfahan and Fozveh Najafabad, which indicates the least affinity between them. The shortest metric distance values were obtained between Najafabad and Lo-restan. The diagram of population's dispersion, based on two first components, grouped in three separated classes, which is in confirmation with the results of cluster analysis.

Introduction of plant groups of Yahya Abad region and their relationship with environmental factors

Saeed Afsharzadeh

Abstract
Introduction of plant groups of Yahya Abad region and their relationship with environmental factors
The region of Yahya Abad is located at Southern slops of Karkas mountains with about 6000 hectare area, at 35 kilometer-SW of Natanz in Isfahan, is one of arid mountain ecosystems in Iran. The aim of the study is grouping the plant species and their relationship with various environmental factors such as elevation and soil characteristics. sampling carried out in systematic-random method with 1.5×2m quadrates and percentage of plants cover estimated. In this research different methods of Cluster Analysis and Ordination were performed in order to study of plant groups and their relationship with environmental factors. Cluster Analysis demonstrated eight plant groups and Different methods of ordination indicated the altitude factor as the main factor in the separation of plant groups. Due to relatively uniform topography and livestock's grazing in this region there wasn’t clear relationship between altitude and diversity indeces.
Keywords: Vegetation, Environmental factors, Cluster Analysis, Ordination, Diversity indeces

The Florestic Investigation of the Shalam Watershed in Manesht and Ghalarang Protected Area (Zagros Mountains, Ilam Province, Iran)

Manesht and Ghalarang protected region with an area of 29146 hectares (ha) is located in the north part of Ilam province, between 33°34'27" and 33°48'32" northern latitudes and 46°20'31" and 46°38'45" eastern longitudes. The altitude of the area ranges from 1105 to 2650 m. The total annual rain is 536.2 mm and the median annual temperature is 17.43 °C. Manesht and Ghalarang protected area is a mountainous area of Zagros Range Mountains. According to the studies done, Manesht and Ghalarang protected area comprise of seven watersheds. In this study, the flora of Shalam watershed with an area of 4467 ha, has been studied. Totally, 221 taxa (species, subspecies and variety) were collected that belong to 219 species, 150 genera and 46 families. Results showed that from 219 species are known in this area 29 monocotyledones and 190 dicotyledones were determined. Asteraceae with 35, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae with 19, and Brassicaceae and Poaceae with 17 species were the families with the highest number of species. Throphyta 44.80%, Hemicryptophyta 32.58%, Geophyta 11.76%, Phanerophyta 6.33% and Chamaephyta 3.17% are the life forms in the area. The most extended chorotype with 141 taxa (63.80%) is related to Irano-Turanian region

Structural and anatomical study of Glycyrrhiza Glabra L. during developmental stages.

Plants from papilionoideae Subfamily of fabaceae family have a papilionoid flower. Glycyrrhiza glabra is an important plant of this family and is a perennial and bushy plant which includes raceme inflorescences with blue or dark violet flowers. Flower has synsepalous calyx with five lobes that at adaxial surface has secretory hairs. Corolla has three kinds of petals: a vexillium, two wings and two keels. In contrast to other petals, wings have secretory locules more and are darker in color. Keels do not attach to each other. Androecium is decamerous, diadelphous, heteromorphy. Anther characters are: tetrasporange, extrorse, longitudinal dehiscence, four wall layers, simultaneous cytokinesis, secretory taptum and sheroidal pollen. Gynoecium is monocarpate with campilotropous and crossinucelate ovules, open style and disk shaped stigma. Secretory thricomes are seen on the outer side of sepals. Fruit is pod with 2-5 seeds, which even at maturity stage has secretory thricomes. Eventually, it seems that flower color, its papilionoid structure, numerous secretory thricomes on ovary wall, sepals and wings are important charachters at insect attraction.