modern research physics

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Some boundary value problems for the Cauchy-Riemann equation with non-local boundary conditions in several regions of plane have been investigated and solved by authors. In this paper, by making use of fundamental solutions of Cauchy-Riemann equations and by presenting analytic solutions to the above-mentioned boundary value problems, we try to present an analytic expression for the solution of Cauchy-Riemann equation in the first semi-quarter.

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The modules (rings) satisfying acc on certain submodules investigated in [2] and various important properties of Noetherian modules and rings can be generalized to modules and rings of this class. The present author introduced and developed the concept of modules (rings) satisfying dcc on certain submodules in [5] and [6]. In this paper we present a new characterization of rings satisfying dcc on certain submodules.

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This paper presents an appropriate numerical method to solve nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential equations with time delay. Its approach is based on the Taylor expansion. This method converts the integro-differential equation and the given conditions into the matrix equation which corresponds to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations with unknown Taylor expansion coefficients, so that the solution of this system yields the Taylor expansion coefficients of the solution function. Then, the performance of the method is evaluated with some examples

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In this research, ac measurements of copper phthalocyanine thin film using aluminium electrodes are investigated in the frequency range 102 to 105 Hz and within the temperature range frequency and the capacitance and dissipation factor(loss tangent) decrease with increasing relative importance of the hopping model and band theory in describing the film condution with regard to the operating conditions. It was observed that the band theory is dominant at high frequencies and high temperatures, whereas hopping model is dominant at low frequencies. The energy gap of CuPc was determined using dc measurements.

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Rudbar Lorestan dam is constructed on Abrudbar River, 100 km south of Aligudarz city. There is a segment of Main Recent Fault(MRF) called Saravand – Baznavid Fault(SBF) at 1.6 km south of dam site. Using Automatic Extraction Method, based on STA Algorithm, lineaments were extracted from sattelite images and Shaded Relif Model. For detailed structural analysis, the study area was divided into three zones based on geological map. In Eslamabad Fault zone, Eslamabad fault is the main structural element, That is of P-type fractures likely. The main structure in the SBF zone is Saravand – Baznavid active Fault, which caused the drainage to be displaced as much as 500–1000m in the northern height of study area. In the Dam axis zone, the main important structure is F1 fault. This fault is about 150 meters in length with right lateral strike slip component. Thermoluminescence dating, sence of movement, dominant slikenside and the orientation of groove marks on the fault plane indicate this fault to be active. Large dicplacements along strike- slip faults in the study area, such as F1 fault, have been considered using shear zone and enechelon models. However the main faults in the study area is SBF, that relate in an enechelon pattern to seismic Dourud fault and has the right potential to movement in the future.

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Intrusions between Arak and Borujerd in northern Sanandaj Sirjan zone are present different field and lithology. Three different groups: (a) the Astaneh intrusion, (b) the Borujerd complex, and (c), Tavandasht-Gosheh intrusions can be identified. First attempt to date these intrusions began with K-Ar method and obtained ages were about 60Ma based on studies on Alvand in Hamadan. Further Rb-Sr dating, published older ages and revealed two phases 60Ma and -120Ma for Borujerd complex and 100Ma for Astaneh intrusion. Following dating based on zircon, established the age of 170Ma for all unites. In order to cover gaps in data, we have undertaken MS U-Pb zircon geochronological studies for selected granitoids. Results confirm the presence of granitoids with 170Ma in Astaneh and Borujerd complex. But, for first time, the young age of 34.8Ma initiated for Tavandasht intrusions. It could be concluded that emplacements of plutons in this part of Sanandaj Sirjan began in Mid Jurassic (Bathonian stage) and last phase was on Late Eocene (Priabonian stage). However, based on the presence of field and geochemical differences between intrusions, more study needs to find the interval phases. Emplacement of these intrusions are related to calk alkaline subduction of Arabian plate with Central Iran plate, and obtained data, could assist on timing of offered tectonomagmatic models.

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The most popular phenomenological approaches for investigating the decay channels of B meson is the hypothesis of factorization, which applies to certain two body semileptonic decays. This research utilizes the factorization method according to the colour transparency hypothesis. We use the factorization method for obtaining the b quark decay amplitudes for calculating the B mesons decays amplitudes. We use the factorization method for leptonic and semileptonic decays.

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Zolachay river has an area about 960 square kilometer located in south-west of Salmas city. The evaluation of shape and drainage density of catchment area shows a dense catchment with high flood discharge and erosion potential. The texture variations and particle size growth are investigated at 84 locations in river catchment area. The particle size increases exponentially toward the river downstream. The results indicate that particle size growth is due to tributary entry and lithology changes. In overall view the river sediment particle size distribution shows bad sorting with positive skewness. It is used the trend of particle size mean and median for selecting the proper SDR method. Also the river suspension sediment loads estimated approximately 105 ton per day using the Yang method.

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Many pistachio cultivating areas are exposed to excess magnesium amounts. In this study, the effect of excess Mg was considered via treating pistachio var. Badami with different concentrations of MgSO4 in a pot culture experiment in the soils with VA mycorrhizal fungi according to a complete randomized block design. Total length of roots and shoots, dry weights, the number of spores produced by VAM fungi, colonizations rate of the roots to VAM and the contents of Ca, Mg, K in the roots and shoots were measured. The results showed that VAM spore number, plant dry weight and root colonization rate increased as more MgSO4 was added to the pots. The contents of Ca, Mg, K in the roots were also increased. However, the Mg content of roots was higher than that of shoots

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Maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown in hydroponic culture were treated with 50 &thinsp&mum CdCl2. Growth and metabolic parameters indicative of oxidative stress and antioxidant responses were studied in leaves and roots of plants. Apart from increasing lipid peroxidation, death cells and H2O2 accumulation, supply of Cd suppressed growth, fresh and dry mass of plants. The activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and gutathione reductase (GR) however increased in plants supplied with 50&thinsp&mumCd. Therefore, it can be concluded that a supply of 50&thinsp&mumCd induced oxidative stress by increasing production of ROS despite increased antioxidant protection in maize plants.

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Several experiments have been performed during the last few decades to evaluate the responses of plants to enhanced solar UV radiation (UV-R) that may occur because of stratospheric ozone depletion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of UV radiation on some anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of pepper plants (Capsicum longum L) in the greenhouse. Pepper plants were grown in a uniform environment and after 35 days they were exposed to UV-A and UV-C radiation for 15 and 8 days, respectively. The results indicated that the changes in root growth was not significant but the growth of shoot decreased in UV-R exposed plants and this reduction was significant in UV-C exposed plants. Leaf area was also reduced in UV-R exposed plants and this reduction was significant in UV-C exposed plants. The root diameter was not affected under UV treatment, but the stem diameter and leaf thickness were significantly increased in both UV-A and UV-C treatments. The number and size of stomata were also increased in UV-R exposed plants. At the ultrastructural level, it was found that the thylakoids of chloroplast were dilated and starch reduction was observed. UV treatment resulted in the formation of crystalline inclusion in the peroxisomes of the mesophyll cells. Formation of these crystals may be due to the increased activity of catalase, which is an antioxidant enzyme. The study shows that pepper plants are sensitive to UV-R and this finding provides insight into the structural and ultrastructural changes during UV exposure, and indicates the sensitivity of these plants to UV-C more than UV-A radiation.

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A study of flora and population changes in a sample paddy field in Kalat (Mashhad) were done from May to September 2007 in four stages. Physical and chemical factors such as EC, pH and temperature were measured. Totally, 23 species, 8 genera and 5 families were identified. The identified species were: Chroococcaceae: Chroococcus, Gloeothece, Aphanothece Oscillatoriaceae: Oscillatoria Rivulariaceae: Calothrix Nostocaceae: Cylindrospermum, Nostoc, Anabaena Scytonemataceae: Scytonema. Regarding the heterocystous species, the most abundant cyanobacteria belong to genus Nostoc. pH in 4 collection were alkaline and did not show significant difference. Colony number did not indicate direct relation with pH despite of EC. Maximum colony number was seen in minimum temperature.

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The puropose of this study is determination of optimize conditions in root culture of Carthamus tinctorius L. to obtain more amounts of roots that may have remarkable ability in production of important compounds with different uses. As Carthamus tinctorius L. is a plant with known benefits in industrial, edible and medicinal fields, optimization of their root culture condition is desired. In the present work, one of the condition that is considered for this purpose is light condition. Light condition included darkness and lighting. The next factor has been studied here was pH factor. In this method roots derived from young stems of the growth seeds in solid MS medium were transferred to liquid MS medium and after regeneration and more growth were exposed to mentioned treatments. After 21 days was measured fresh and dry weight, special pigment of Carthamus tinctorious L .(red pigment concentration at 517 nm and yellow pigment concentration at 403,321nm), photosynthetic pigments (Chla, Chlb, Total chlorophyll, Carotenoid) in samples. The most important achievement of researches obtain to remarkable amounts of special pigment of Carthamus tinctorious L. and photosynthetic pigments in root of plant that later reported in shoot parts and flowers. Addition observations and results indicate light condition has great impact on growth mean and produce compound rather than dark condition and in case of second treatment(pH factor) Carthamus tinctorious L. has been adopted with whole used pH range to increase growth and compounds production.

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This study was carried out in Kalat highlands of Gonabad, Eastern Iran, located in geographical position of 34º 6´ to 34º 16´ N and 58º 25´ to 58º 35´ E with the altitude of 1100 to 2830 m.a.s.l. The mean annual precipitation and temperature are 143.2mm and 17.2ºC, respectively. Species richness, evenness and species diversity, diversity and related models, diversity based on the rank/abundance plots as well as methods of diversity ordering were considered in three elevation zones including low, intermediate and high altitudes and in the four slope aspects. Species richness indices in the intermediate zone were more than those in the low and high altitudes. The intermediate zone showed the highest species diversity as well as the highest evenness among the zones. North aspect showed the highest species richness and lowest species diversity and evenness. The highest diversity and evenness were observed in the south and south and west aspects, respectively. The low altitude zone followed lognormal distribution however intermediate and high altitude zones do not fit any of the models. Species abundance patterns of the north and west aspects followed both lognormal and logarithmic models with a shift from being lognormal to logarithmic model. The intermediate altitude zone and the south aspect had more flattened rank/abundance plot therefore they have been more diverse than the others. The same was observed by using diversity profiles.

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Many investigations have been carried out to produce ectomycorrhizas on the growth and nutrent absorption of plants. However, no investigations has been carried out on the effect of ectomycorrhizas on nutrient contents of pistachio Badamy, when mycorrhzal (M) and Non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants exposed to different amounts of Mg. To study the resistance role of ectomycorrhizal Pistachio plants exposed to excess Mg, mycorrhizal (M) and Non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants of pistachio var Badami were grown at axenic condition and were treated with different levels of Mg (MgSo4) prepared as a Hogland nutrient solution with 1/2 concentration. The colonization rates of the plants with Agaricus bisporus and mineral nutrient contents in roots and shoots were measured and statistically compared. The results showed the increasing of mycorrhizal colonization as Mg increased in the medium. Mycorrhizal plants had higher Mg, Ca, P, k, Fe, Na, Mn, Zn, Cu contents at high levels of Mg treatment. At low amounts of Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu contents of NM plants were higher than M plants.

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In this study, tree and shrub species that planted in the streets, parks and other landscaping of Hamedan were studied and counted. Results indicated the presence of 20 Families, 32 genera and 37 species in the studied area. From 26 tree species that was planted, 12 species were non-indigenous and others were native. Eleven shrub species were determined out of which nine were non-native and only two species were recognized as native species. From 37 species that were observed in different parts of the city, nine were native or non-native and could grow without direct effects of the man. From those, some are introduced as Neophyte species that are indicated following as bolded: Acer negundo L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Fraxinus rotundifolia Miller, Juglans regia L., Morus alba L., Ulmus minor Miller, Populus nigra L. var. pyramidalis. The presence and dispersal of indigenous and neophyte shrub species indicates that these species have potential to select some biotypes inside the city, without direct control of man for their survival (specially in segetal environments). The presence of naturalized species indicates the fact that if proper environment are selecteded for them, they are able to survive under extensive control and cost-effective conditions. In this case, it is possible to prepare appropriate and naturalized environment for the groups of animal and plants.

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Nickel is one of the essential elements (micronutrients) for plant growth. In this study, the effects of different concentrations of nickel, (0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280&mu M) and some environmental factors such as pH and Ca2+ concentration on the growth of seedlings of four wheat cultivars (Sardari, Zarrin, Alamout and C-73-20) were investigated. Moreover, the impact of high concentration of Ni on root sugar secretion has been assessed using sulphuric-phenol method .The results indicated that Alamout was more resistant than the other cultivars regarding to nickel stress. On the other hand, root and shoot tissues showed different growth responses to Ni and radical growth was more sensitive than shoot growth. Decreased pH increased the impact effect of nickel on shoot and root growth. Our study showed that increasing Ca2+concentration decreases Ni toxicity. Finally, Ni inhibited the leakage of soluble sugars from root tissue.

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The effect of various CuCl2 concentrations at rosette stage on protein level, catalase and peroxidase activities of leaf and root of two canola cultivars were studied under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted as factorial in completely randomized design with 4 replications and 4 treatments (0, 100, 300, and 500µM CuCl2). In general, protein concentration and catalaze and peroxidase activities were increased with increasing CuCl2 concentration. This enhance was more in PF cultivar than Hayola, and was more in root than leaf. Thus, it seems that PF cultivar has more ability in protein biosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes activation in compare with Hyola in stress conditions. Therefore, PF can be introduced as a cultivar with more tolerance to cupper stress, in compare with Hayola cultivar.

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The Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid presented in apple peels have a potential antioxidant acivity. Antiprolifertive acivity of the triterpenoids against human liver cancer cells, breast cancer cells and colon cancer ells is evaluated. In this study, we have used Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid which are predominant isolated triterpenoids of the apple peels.. The purpose of this study is to determine antimutation and anticarcinogen effect of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid against Sodium Azide mutagen substance by the use of Microsome and Ames test.
These substances were white powder and soluble in Acetone and bought from sigma company. The bacterium used in this test is a strain of Salmonella thyphimurium (TA100) that carries a selective mutation in its Histidine Operon. We also added Microsome to improve anticancer activity of this two triterpenoids. In this study, inhibition percentage from mutation was 83% for ursolic acid and 76.4 % for oleanolic acid in presence of Microsome ( and 77.6 % for Ursolic Acid and 69.8 % for Oleanolic Acid in absence of Microsome) . Therefore , presence of anti mutation Ursolic Acid and oleanolic acid along with mutagen substance, reduced quantity of back mutation and Inhibition over 40 % recommended as a powerful antimutation substance. Therefore, apple peel has large amount of active Phytochemicals, with Antimutation and Anticarcinogen activity and Ursolic Acid has more antimutation activity than Oleanolic acid

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This study was performed to investigate the effects of ultraviolet light (UVC) on the third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. To address such effects, double heterozygote larvae for two linked genes sepia and ebony (se e/++) were exposed to UV light at the wavelength of 254 nm in different exposure times (5-35 seconds). Our study showed that the UVC exposure induced a series of significant morphological abnormities in adult flies which had received radiation in their larval life-time. Short exposure times of UVC caused abnormalities in adult flies such as abdominal cuticular damages and abnormal legs and wings, but had no significant effect on the rate of gene recombination. Therefore, it seems the time of exposure which was used in this research affected some imaginal discs and histoblasts on the larvae.