modern research physics

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Oxime is an important functional group in organic chemistry which can protect carboxilic groups and are applied as insecticides, fungicide and acaricides. It has been reported that some members of oxime family decrease spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Due to the similar structure of tolualdoxime with other oximes, in this study we evaluated the effects of tolualdoxime on spermatogenesis in order to achieve a male contraceptive compound with minimum side effects. LD50 standard was found 350 mg/kg B.W. In this research mature mice received 175 mg/kg /B.W. a daily single dose for two weeks .The analysis of results showed significant decrease in different parameters (p<0.05) in the experimental group compared with the controls. The results observed are as follows: decrease in body weight and the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyts, spermatids and sperms. In addition, in some experimental groups, spermatid cysts and release of primary spermatocytes, and spermatids into the lumen of seminiferous tubules were observed.

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Abstract
In lizards spermatogenesis takes place in two different ways: seasonal and non-seasonal. In seasonal type usually found in temperate-climate lizards, the process of spermatogenesis is limited to a defined period of the year, whereas in non-seasonal type observed in tropical-climate lizards this process occurs continuously year-round. In this research the spermatogenesis activity was studied in species of Laudakia caucasia occur in central Zagros Mountains. To fulfill this task, we collected 34 specimens of this species from Norabad, Lorestan province, during two seasons of their biological activity. The specimens were then killed and their testes were removed. After measuring the testis dimensions the specimens were prepared for histological observations. The results obtained from morphometric, histometric as well as histological examinations showed that the spermatogenesis in this taxon is seasonal and contains two phases: active and inactive. The active phase which coincides with late spring to early summer is the period in which cells in seminiferous tubules are actively involved in sperm-making process and all shapes of spermatogenic cells are seen within the tubules. During the inactive phase which begins in late-summer and lasts until the next spring, no spermatozoids is seen in the tubules as the process of spermatogenesis has been ceased. However, in this period, the regeneration activity is taking place in the gonad and the animal is preparing for its next spermatogenesis season.

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In this study, the effects of semen ion ratios on spermatological parameters and pH in carp were evaluated. The Spermatological and biochemical parameters from 14 males fish in the laboratory by microcentrifuge, stereomicroscope, spectrophotometer, flame photometer and ph meter were measured. Na⁺/K⁺, Na⁺/Ca²⁺, Na⁺/Mg²⁺, K⁺/Ca²⁺, K⁺/Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ ion ratios of each treatment were divided into three groups. The results of this study showed that sperm quality increased with increasing of Na⁺/K⁺ but decreased with increasing of Na⁺/ Ca²⁺, K⁺/ Mg²⁺ and K⁺/Ca²⁺. Also, change of ion ratios Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ and Na⁺/Mg²⁺ has no influence on sperm quality. The refore, it can be concluded that ion ratios are effective in increase or decrease of sperm quality.

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In this research the effects of insulin and insulin +hCG on the sexual activity of male gonad of Bufo viridis have been investigated. The familiar manifestations of sexual activity in amphibian, such as clasping, mating call, associated with histological changes have been studied. The object of this study was to examine reproductive cycle under experimental condition. The experimental animals consisted of four groups in each we used 5 mature male toads ranging 23-25gr of body weight. Animals of first experimental group received insulin 4 times during a 2 week period with every 3 day interval intraperitoneally (IP). The first injection was 7 IU/kg B.W. and the others were 3.5 IU/kg B.W. The second experimental group received insulin together with hCG 4 times during a 2 week period with every 3 day intervals intraperitoneally (IP). The first injection was 7 IU/kg B.W insulin and 50 IU/ml hCG and the others were 3.5 IU/kg B.W insulin with 50 IU/ml hCG. The control groups received Ringer solution in each injection. The researchers found that in the second experimental group after third injection skin became darker and sexual behavior such as mating calls and clasping were appeared. The testes of experimental animals were histologically studied. The number and diameter of seminiferous tubules and number of spermatogenic cells in first and second experimental groups were increased. The researchers can conclude that insulin caused cell division and increased number of spermatogenic cells but did not affect on sexual behavior, where as hCG produced sexual activities

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), which results in the destruction of myelin sheath. MS could be induced in laboratory animals, by injection of ethidium bromide (EB) into Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). This disease may cause impotence or subfertility in men. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of MS on spermatogenesis, sperm parameters such as… and sex hormones of wistar rats. A total of 36 rats (5 weeks old) were divided into 3 groups of control, sham and experimental. 20ul of physiological saline was injected into cerebellomedullary cistern (CC) of rats in sham group, and, 20ul of EB was injected into CC of experimental group. One week after EB injection, two rats from each group were killed randomly to investigate the morphology of pons. The rest were killed 5 weeks after injections to study the spermatogenic cells, sperm parameters and sex hormones. The results showed that sperm progressive motility was significantly reduced from 74.4 2.2 in control group to 60.61.4 in experimental group (p<0/001). Also, the number of round cells was increased from /73 0/1 in control group to 2.16 /25 in experimental group (p

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Cadmium is an important environmental pollutant with much application. The main use of this metal is in electroplating and used as a cathode material for nickel cadmium batteries. Chronic exposure to cadmium can result in damaging of various tissues such as the liver, kidney and tested. In this study, we used cadmium chloride at a dose of 2mg/kg, taurine at a dose of 400mg/kg both were used intreperitneal administration for the long-term treatment for 4 weeks (two days in week). The parameters include relative testicular weight, body weight, testicular volume, the thickness of tunca alboginea and spermatogonia A and B, spermatocyte, spermatid, leyding cell and sertoli cellwere investigated. The results indicated that cadmium significantly increased the thickness of tunca alboginea and relative testicular weight, whereas, the other parameters were significantly decreased also no change never observed after treatment with a combination of taurine and cadmium. This results demonstrated that cadmium induced damage was protected by taurne in mice.