modern research physics

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Dibenzo sulfoxide macrocyclic diamides possess a hydrophilic cavity surrounded by hydrophobic ring, which enable them to diffuse from cell membrane and interfere with different living systems including ion channels. This study evaluated cytotoxicity effects of this compound in a range of different doses on Balb/C mouse via inter peritoneal injection. Results showed that LD50 concentration was at 2500 µg/Kg.bodyweight. Histological evaluation of animals livers after one-week treatment to 1500 µg/Kg of this compound revealed insignificant changes in hepatocyte cords, portal area, sinusoids and cells of coopfer and hepatocytes with respect to control animals. On the other hand, Histological evaluation of animals’ testis indicated significant decrease in weight, seminiferous tubule diameter and volume of testis and also in the cell number of spermatogonia (A and B), primary spermatocytes, spermatides, spermatozoids and sertoli. In this condition of exposure, antioxidative enzyme activities of peripheral blood, liver and testis increased in a dose dependent manner and reached the highest and significant levels at 1500 µg/Kg. However, the increase in oxidative damage biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and dityrosine were considerable for peripheral blood and testis. Accordingly, the studied compound had toxic effect and could affected testis when the animals were treated with chemical agent subLD50 for one week. The liver didn’t show toxicity effect of this compound even at 1500 µg/Kg exposure for one week. It could be attributed to high metabolism potential and marked antioxidative activities of this tissue.

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In order to consideration and distinguishing of Mondell pine species (Pinus eldarica) and its two natural generated morphotypes, needles samples were collected from three years old seedlings in similar conditions and then extracted. Protein band patterns of the samples were studied and compared using electrophoresis method on polyacrylamide gel in the SDS-PAGE system. 12 morphological traits related to seedlings and mature individuals of the three pines, compared with each other. The amount of total protein also obtained using Bradford procedure and content of chlorophyll a and b measured by spectrophotometer with Harborne method. One dimensional electrophoresis of proteins showed perfectly similar isozyme patterns for each type (i.e. Mondell pine, Ball-shaped and Conical-shaped pines). Furthermore the amount of total protein and chlorophyll a and b contents of samples did not showed significant difference using ANOVA test. But 11 features of morphological measured traits were more in Mondell pine than the new generated pines. These results indicate the nonexistence of biochemical differences among these pines in spite of obvious structural and morphological differences.

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Propolis or bee-glue is a natural sticky material gathered in the hives by worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L. ,Apidae) from the growing parts of trees and shrubs (e.g., leaf buds, trunk wounds). Typical propolis has approximately 50 constituents, primarily resins and vegetable balsams (50%), waxes (30%), essential oils (10%), and pollen. At least, 180 different compounds have been identified so far in propolis. The aim of this study is to examaine antimutagenesis effects of cosmetic creams containing ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) against two mutagenic substances named sodium azide (NaN3) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) by Ames test and microsome. In this test, various strains of Salmonella typhymurium TA100 and TA97 were used each having selective mutation in their operon histidine. Mutant strains (His-) were grown on culture media containing minimum salt and glucose in the presence of mutagen substances above. So, only those bacteria that reversed by mutation (His+) could grow and form colonies on culture media. If antimutagen (EEP) and mutagen substances are gathered, the rate of reversed mutation is reduced and the percentage of mutation inhibition can be calculated by means of the formula. In addition, the significant difference between the average of revertants per plate of the sample in relation to the mutagens was assessed by using statistical software SPSS and interpreted by one-way variant statistical test. Finally the results of in vitro antimutagenicity tests revealed that propolis in 0.1-4% concentrations could inhibit mutagenicity of two mutagens mentioned above in a dose-dependent manner. Also the results of microsomal assay (S9) revealed that propolis has a very high potential for inhibition of mutation and cancer. For these reason, ethanolic extract of propolis in defined concentrations can be used in cream formulation due to these reason

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Malayer granitoid rocks, as a part of Sanandaj-Sirjan plutonism, are located at latitude 34°00´-34°18´ and longitude 48°30´-48°52´. Tectono-‌‌magmatic investigation on the history of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone attributed the formation of these plutonic rocks to convergence of Iranian and Arabian plates in conjunction with subduction of Neo-Tethys in the western part of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. Geochemical studies of Major and Trace elements on Malayer granitic rocks reveal that these granitic plutons are formed in a compressive environment, such as active continental margin in the convergent zone of oceanic crust and continental plate at the magmatic arc of continental margin. High ratio of LILEs/HFSEs and negative anomaly of Sr, Nb, Ba and Ta confirm the relation of these granitoids to subduction zone. These, also point out the role of shallow continental crust in formation and evolution of granitoidic magma. Broad range of mineral composition in petrographical observations and large variations in field studies, high-K calc-alkaline affinity and assessment of trends observed in AFM, K2O-SiO2, FeO-MgO diagrams versus those of plutons of known tectonic setting accentuate the similarities between Malayer granitic rocks and Andian type Magmatic Arc of Active Continental Margins and as a result highlights the role of upper mantle mafic magmas and tectonic movement in formation of their parental magma.

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Salvia leriifolia (Lamiaceae) is an endemic plant of Khorasan and Semnan provinces which has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. In this research, antibacterial activity of of S. leriifolia leaf was investigated at different growth stages and the best harvesting time was determined. The leaves were harvested at vegetative (mid March), flowering (mid April) and ripening seed stages (late May). Different concentrations of metanolic extract(5,10,15 and 20 g/l) of leaves were applied on five different bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis) according to dick diffusion method. Inhibition zones were measured after 24 hours. Inhibitory effect of extracts at different stages were compared together and with certain antibiotics (Penicillin, Ampicilin and Tetracaiclin). Statistical analysis was performed through the JMP software. Maximum antibacterial activity of leaves was coincident with flowering stage. In this stage, antibacterial activity of leaves was significantly higher than the vegetative and ripening seed stage. Inhibitory effect of leaf extract at flowering stage on some bacteria was higher than the antibiotics or similar with them. It seems that flowering stage (mid April) is the best time for obtaining the maximum antioxidant activity of leaf.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown in hydroponic culture were treated with 50 &thinsp&mum CdCl2. Growth and metabolic parameters indicative of oxidative stress and antioxidant responses were studied in leaves and roots of plants. Apart from increasing lipid peroxidation, death cells and H2O2 accumulation, supply of Cd suppressed growth, fresh and dry mass of plants. The activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and gutathione reductase (GR) however increased in plants supplied with 50&thinsp&mumCd. Therefore, it can be concluded that a supply of 50&thinsp&mumCd induced oxidative stress by increasing production of ROS despite increased antioxidant protection in maize plants.

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This study was carried out in Kalat highlands of Gonabad, Eastern Iran, located in geographical position of 34º 6´ to 34º 16´ N and 58º 25´ to 58º 35´ E with the altitude of 1100 to 2830 m.a.s.l. The mean annual precipitation and temperature are 143.2mm and 17.2ºC, respectively. Species richness, evenness and species diversity, diversity and related models, diversity based on the rank/abundance plots as well as methods of diversity ordering were considered in three elevation zones including low, intermediate and high altitudes and in the four slope aspects. Species richness indices in the intermediate zone were more than those in the low and high altitudes. The intermediate zone showed the highest species diversity as well as the highest evenness among the zones. North aspect showed the highest species richness and lowest species diversity and evenness. The highest diversity and evenness were observed in the south and south and west aspects, respectively. The low altitude zone followed lognormal distribution however intermediate and high altitude zones do not fit any of the models. Species abundance patterns of the north and west aspects followed both lognormal and logarithmic models with a shift from being lognormal to logarithmic model. The intermediate altitude zone and the south aspect had more flattened rank/abundance plot therefore they have been more diverse than the others. The same was observed by using diversity profiles.

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The Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid presented in apple peels have a potential antioxidant acivity. Antiprolifertive acivity of the triterpenoids against human liver cancer cells, breast cancer cells and colon cancer ells is evaluated. In this study, we have used Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid which are predominant isolated triterpenoids of the apple peels.. The purpose of this study is to determine antimutation and anticarcinogen effect of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid against Sodium Azide mutagen substance by the use of Microsome and Ames test.
These substances were white powder and soluble in Acetone and bought from sigma company. The bacterium used in this test is a strain of Salmonella thyphimurium (TA100) that carries a selective mutation in its Histidine Operon. We also added Microsome to improve anticancer activity of this two triterpenoids. In this study, inhibition percentage from mutation was 83% for ursolic acid and 76.4 % for oleanolic acid in presence of Microsome ( and 77.6 % for Ursolic Acid and 69.8 % for Oleanolic Acid in absence of Microsome) . Therefore , presence of anti mutation Ursolic Acid and oleanolic acid along with mutagen substance, reduced quantity of back mutation and Inhibition over 40 % recommended as a powerful antimutation substance. Therefore, apple peel has large amount of active Phytochemicals, with Antimutation and Anticarcinogen activity and Ursolic Acid has more antimutation activity than Oleanolic acid

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One of the fundamental steps in management of drought involves identification and frequency analysis of its properties, e.g. duration and severity of drought. Regarding the high correlation among these factors, one must use a method that shows the relation and effects of these factors on drought analysis. Copula functions can be used to represent the dependency structure of several variables through a model. In this paper, we introduce the appropriate copula families for modeling drought phenomenon modeling. Then, their parameters would be estimated by maximum likelihood and Empirical Bayes methods and the most appropriate copula function for determining bivariate distribution of duration and severity of drought in Tehran stations is determined. Next, this copula function is used to model the drought phenomenon of Tehran for the period of 37 years from 1348 until 1384, Finaly the application of this model is represented in water supply management.

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The septum and hippocampus act in concert to control anxiety. In the present study, the possible interaction between septal GABAergic and hippocampal dopaminergic systems in the elevated plus-maze test, an animal model of anxiety were examined. We found that a 10-ng infusion of GABAa receptor agonist, muscimol in the medial septum have an anxiolytic effect , whereas lower doses (2.5 and 5.0 ng) did not induce any effect. Micro-infusion of 1 ng/rat of Baclofen, GABAb receptor agonist into the same location decreased  open-arm exploration in the elevated plus-maze, but lower doses (0.1 and 0.5 ng ) did not. Intra dorsal-hippocampal infusions of dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine had opposite effects on anxiety- like behavior in dose dependent manner. Lower dose of apomorphine (0.005 µg/rat) increased the percentage of open arm entries and open arm time, whereas higher dose (0.1µg/rat) decreased these parameters,but moderate doses of apomorphine (0.01, 0.05 µg/rat) could not alter the anxiety- like parameters. The infusion of combined sub(non)-effective doses of apomorphine(0.01µg)  and muscimol(2.5 ng) significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior, while co-infusion of sub(non)-effective doses of apomorphine and baclofen(0.1 ng) showed an anxiogenesis effect.The results may indicate that the hippocampal dopaminergic and septal gabaergic systems act synergistically in the modulation of anxiety and the involvement of dopamine is dose dependent.

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Maize (Zea mays L) plants grown in hydroponic culture were treated with 0, 50 and 100&thinsp&mumCdCl2. Growth parameters and some biochemical changes were studied in roots and shoots of plants. The results showed that with increasing Cd concentration, root weight, pigment contents (chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoids), reduction of dichlorophenol indophenol, nitrate content and nitrate reductase activity were decreased, while free amino acide, non-protein thiols, endogenous H2O2 and malondealdyde as indicator lipid of peroxidation were increased.

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Aquatic ecosystems are the main biotic ecosystems that contain variety of plant species and their destruction result in the reduction of plant species diversity. In the present investigation, species diversity of aquatic plants in permanent, seasonal, forest wetlands and ricelands of the west and east of Mazandaran province was determined. First, 30 habitats were determined on the map and the total 161 samples, based on systematic-random sampling, were established. 126 species of aquatic plant of the habitats were collected and the cover of each species ,based on the area of quadrate that accupied by plants, was recorded. The results showed that species diversity of aquatic plants in the west and east is governed by the moisture gradient. Based on De Martonne classification system of climate, the west and east of Mazandaran province have wet and mediterranean climate, respectively. Therefore, the condition for the growth of aquatic plants in the west is more appropriate than in the east. Species diversity of wetlands and ricelands in the west was higher than that in the east. In this study, classification system of den Hartog & Veld for aquatic plants that classify them as hygrophytes, real aquatic and wetland species was applied and diversity indices for all three categories were calculated. The results revealed that diversity of hygrophytes is the highest among them and the real aquatic plants have higher species diversity than wetlands. T-test, based on Shannon index, showed significant differences between diversity of the west and east as well as between three group of macrophytes (P<0.05).

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The taxonomy and morphology of 24 Salvia atropatana Bunge (Lamiaceae) accessions were studied in Iran. The morphological variations are mostly related to the indumentum and trichome frequency in surface and base of stem, leaf length, form of leaf margin, indumentum of leaf surface, form of bract margin, indumentum of bracteole surface, indumentum of calyx surface, corolla length, indumentum of corolla surface and style length. The cluster analysis based on Euclidian Distance Coefficient and SPSS V.11.5 software was used to determine the infra-specific relationships. The results of cluster analysis show diversity among the accessions of this species. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the morphological variability of S. atropatana accessions is due to the polymorphism, and infra-specific hybridization. 

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Abstract
Introduction of plant groups of Yahya Abad region and their relationship with environmental factors
The region of Yahya Abad is located at Southern slops of Karkas mountains with about 6000 hectare area, at 35 kilometer-SW of Natanz in Isfahan, is one of arid mountain ecosystems in Iran. The aim of the study is grouping the plant species and their relationship with various environmental factors such as elevation and soil characteristics. sampling carried out in systematic-random method with 1.5×2m quadrates and percentage of plants cover estimated. In this research different methods of Cluster Analysis and Ordination were performed in order to study of plant groups and their relationship with environmental factors. Cluster Analysis demonstrated eight plant groups and Different methods of ordination indicated the altitude factor as the main factor in the separation of plant groups. Due to relatively uniform topography and livestock's grazing in this region there wasn’t clear relationship between altitude and diversity indeces.
Keywords: Vegetation, Environmental factors, Cluster Analysis, Ordination, Diversity indeces

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This study presents the electric behavior of sandwich devices based on porous silicon (PS) thin films with Au/Ps/Si/Cu structure when the material’s surface is exposed to different gases. PS thin films were fabricated by the electrochemical anodization method of Si–c (100) substrates with resistivity 1.4-2.6 Ωcm. Samples were anodized in a solution of HF (48%), C2H5OH (99.98%) and distilled water with different current densities, etching time(t) and anodization length(L). They exhibit a different behavior after anodization process. This behavior can be explained by band gap measurement on   graph. In this research, measurement of I-V and I-T characteristics were carried out at different conditions, in the presence of O2, N2 and Co2 gases for gas sensing construction. The best response to gas exposure belonged to these parameters: current density= 20 mA/cm² ،t = 1800 S ، PH = 1.869 and L = 4 cm.

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Conducting polyaniline (PANI) nano particles doped with HCl were synthesized by a sonochemical method. Polyaniline/Poly (styrene- alt-maleic acid)/Polystyrene sulfonic acid nano composites with different polyaniline content were developed by solution-dispersion blending method. The influence of Poly (styrene-alt-maleic acid) (PSMAC) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) concentration in nano composite structure was investigated. The composite dispersed solution in tetrahydrofurane (THF) cast to fabricate conductive films with evaporation of the solvent. With only a mixing procedure and without any dispersant added, the PANI nanoparticles were well dispersed in the matrix polymer as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The conductivity of obtained nano composites was measured with four probe technique. All of obtained nano composites have conductivity and between them, the maximum electrical conductivity was 3 S/cm. The obtained nano composites were characterized by FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopiess.

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Salvia L. is one of the important genera of the Lamiaceae family, that most of its species have nutritious and medicinal values. This study aimed to examine the total phenol and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activities of S. aethiopis using spectrophotometric method. The essential oil of this species was analyzed using GC and GC/MS methods. In addition, antibacterial activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract were evaluated against six gram positive and negative bacteria, respectively. Results showed that the extract has high content of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. From GC analysis, 11 different compounds were indentified in which &alpha-copaene was the most abundant compound with 33.48%. The extract of the species showed a high antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris. However, the essential oil of S. aethiopis had no effect on examined bacteria.

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Nickelate with general formula La_2-xSr_xNiO₄ (x≈0.33) were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Then by changing the sintering temperature and growth parameters, particles with various sizes were produced. The crystal structure and physical properties of the prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and resistivity measurements from room temperature to low temperatures. The XRD results and investigation of the surface morphology show the lowest temperature to get a single phase tetragonal structure is 920°C. These data confirm the formation of single phase structure in samples sintered at higher temperatures. The particle size increases with increase in sintering temperature. The FE-SEM results show that the particles sizes are in range of 50nm to 2mm. The results of resistivity measurements versus temperature by fourprobe method indicate that the charge ordering transition temperature move to lower temperature with decrease in particle size. 

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In this article, tunneling resonance (transmission coefficient, current density and negative differential resistance) has been studied for Al_x Ga_1-x As / GaAs triangular double quantum wells. Time dependent Schrodinger equation has been used for triangular quantum wells structures accompanied with Airy function. Transmission and reflection coefficients before and after applying external electrical field were obtained for two symmetrical triangular quantum well in terms of effective mass approximation as a function of structural  parameters such as well width, barrier width, well depth and applied voltage. Results showed a negative differential resistance at this kind of quantum wells.

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Copper and nickel are an essential micronutrient for plants, playing an important role in maintaining plants' natural metabolism and growth, but in excess both heavy metal are also a proven inhibitor of various physiological functions. In this study maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown in hydroponic culture were treated with CuSO₄ (0, and 100 &mum),NiSO₄ (0,100 and 200&mum)and interaction of CuSO₄ (100 &mum)and  NiSO₄ (100 and 200 &mum). After 1 mounth of treatment, growth parameters and some biochemical changes were studied in roots and shoots of plants. The results showed that with increasing Cu and Ni concentration, pigment contents (chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids), root and shoot length and dry weight were decreased, while k⁺ leakage, malondealdyde as indicator lipid of peroxidation and some antioxidant enzyme activity were increased. Also result showed that interaction of Cu and Ni has been cooperation effects on together and intensify each other's work