Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

The effect of glucose and glutamine supplementation on serum HSP72 in non-athlete men during four weeks exhausting endurance-intermittent training

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glucose and glutamine supplementation on serum HSP72, in non-athlete men during four weeks exhaustive endurance - intermittent training that causes glycogen depletion. For this purpose 20 non-athlete healthy men were selected and randomly divided into four groups including: glucose supplementation with glycogen depletion training group (n = 5, supplement 1), glutamine supplementation with glycogen depletion training group (n = 5, supplement 2), glycogen depletion training group (n = 5, placebo) and a group without any treatment (n = 5, control). The blood samples were collected at the onset of training protocol period and 48 hours after final training session from anticubital venous. Serum HSP72 concentration were determined by ELISA technique. The main and interaction effects of variables were determined using TWO WAY ANOVA compeleted with Tukey post-hoc test. The significant level was chosen as α = 0.05.The results showed the significant effect of training variable for serum HSP72 concentration, [F(1,17)= 6.362 P<0.05] . The effect of supplementation variable was significant for serum HSP72 concentration, [F(1,17)= 15.362 P<0.01] . Post-hoc test showed the significant difference between placebo with supplement 1 group (p<0.05) and placebo with supplement 2 group (p<0.01). The interaction effect between two variables was not significant. In summery, the results suggested that in glycogen depletion training condition, glucose or glutamine supplementation have significant effect on serum HSP72 concentration.

اثر ترکیب تمرین مقاومتی ویژه و تمرین معمول شنا بر عملکرد شنای قورباغه

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of combination specific resistance and ordinary swimming training on Breaststroke swimming performance in young boys. Twenty boys of Alborz province swimming team age of 13±1 years ,weight 50/ 65±1/02kg and height 159/8 ±4/91cm, participated in this study. After the initial testing of the performance variable (Fifty-meter record of Breaststroke swimming) , technical variable (stroke number) and strength variable (strength of spinal extensor muscles), subjects were randomly divided in two groups, Experimental group (combination specific resistance and ordinary swimming training) and control group(ordinary swimming training).A week of familiarization training was performed to adapt with vest (specific resistance) and then training program were performed for 6 weeks, three sessions per week .Training program consisted of 15minutes of warmup and 8 repeats of 50 meters breaststroke with 1minute rest interval between repetitions, in exprimental group (with vest of training) and control group(without vest of training). At the end of the training, post test was performed in accordance with the conditions of the pre test. Kolmogorov –Smirnov test was used to determine normality of data distribution, Paired t-tests was used to determine within group changes and the covariance analysis was used to compare the progress of dependent variables between the two groups. The results of this study indicated that although swimming performance was significantly improved in both groups (p≤0.05) ,but there were no significant differences between the groups in fifty-meter record of Breaststroke swimming, stroke number and strength of spinal extensor muscles (p≥0.05).It may be attributed to non-professional subjects or Low-intensity resistance training.

The comparison of sport injuries in 2 premier leagues of taekwondo and the study of the protective equipments effectiveness in it: seasons 2006-2007 and 2011- 2012

Introduction: Taekwondo is one of the most popular martial arts in the world and Iran. Taekwondo is a contact
sport which contains a high rate of injuries. Thus, the more travelling through the time, the more protective
equipments is provided to prevent injuries. The present study purposed to compare the sport injuries of premier
leagues in 2 season and study the effectiveness of protective equipments such as protective gums, particular gloves
and socks, and electronic Hugo in the Iranian taekwondo athletes.
Method: For this prospective study, 197 athletes(with the mean age and body mass of 23.2 year-old and 70.52
kg, respectively) were studied for injuries incurred in 2011-2012 league. Afterward, the collected results were
compared with the results of the same league in 2006-2007, descriptively.
Results: As shown, the injury rate was declined from 69.5 injury per 1000 AE in 2006-2007 league to 19.09 injury
per 1000 AE in 2011-2012 league. All injury types were decreased except epistaxis. Likewise, number of injuries in
upper extremity, lower extremity, head and neck and trunk were decreased.
Discussion: The injury reduction may be due to the application of protective equipments like electronic Hugo which
was a main factor in reducing strikes’ power, and the usage of particular socks and gloves for more coverage and
protection. Additionally protective gums could protect tooth and mandible from injury. Of course the effect of getting
more professional and performing scientific conditioning trainings should not be ignored.

The investigating of relationship between changes of some of the cardiorespiratory factors during submaximal activity with slow component of Vo2 ,after static and dynamic stretching in active women

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between changes of some of the
cardiorespiratory factors during submaximal activity with slow component of Vo2 after static and dynamic
stretching in 16 active women from physical education college ( Mean ± SD : age, 23.87± 1.62 yr ; weight,
57.20 ± 7.84 kg ; height, 163.46 ± 6.23 cm; body fat % ,23.96 ± 2.70 and Vo2max, 42.15 ± 3.41 ml.kg-1.min-
1). After measurement of Vo2max and LT , the subjects performed two protocols of stretching (static and
dynamic) and one protocol without stretching before submaximal activity (treadmill running at 70% Vo2max)
in three separate sessions. Respiratory gas exchange and HR was measured by gas analyzer and polar
and time constants (τ1- τ2 - τ3) were calculated from O2 kinetics graph. Results revealed a positive correlation
between slow component of Vo2 with changes of VE (0.76), Fb (0.48), Tv (0.67), HR (0.41), τ1 (0.49) ,τ 2
(0.52) , τ 3 (0.46) and steady state oxygen uptake increased significantly after static stretching (P=0.031).
Therefore, results of this study showed that some of changes in slow component of Vo2 after static and
dynamic stretching related to metabolic and cardiorespiratory factors.

effect of 12 weeks Aerobic Exercise Training on Some Characteristics of Immune System and General Health of Women with Breast Cancer

Introduction: This research aimed to analyze the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise training on some
characteristics of immune system and general health of women with breast cancer. Methods: 40 female
with breast cancer, undertaking chemotherapy, were classified in exercise group with mean age of 36/9±13/2
years, weight of 67/2±9/95 kilograms and body mass index of 21/9±2/9 kg/m2 and control group with mean
age of 38/6±10/1 years, weight of 65/1±8/28 kilograms and body mass index of 21/4±2/1kg/m2. Exercise
group Perfored in 12 contionous weeks walking with moderate intensity (based on Modified-Borg scale and
40-60% Maximum Heart rate)/3 times a week/30-45 minutes in each session. General Health Questionnaire
(GHQ) was used for evaluating general health level. Before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks CBC DIFF test was
conducted for aim of assessing some characteristics of immune system. CANCOVA was used to determine
the pure effect of exercise intervention. The data were analyzed with significant level of p≤0/05 and by SPSS
16. Results: General health and hope of life was decreased significantly after intervention in control group
(p≤0.05). Number of leukocytes of exercise group was higher after the exercise intervention, but this
difference was not significant, but number of leukocytes of control group was decreased significantly
(p≥0.05). Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise with moderate intensity is an effective way in maintenance
the number of leukocytes, improving immune system and enhancing levels of general health.

The effects of creatine and L-carnitine supplementation on anaerobic performance in athletes

Aims: This study investigated the effects of creatine and L-carnitine supplementation on anaerobic
performance and body weight changes in athletes. Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 45
athletes were selected and randomly divided into four groups supplemented with: a) Creatine, b) L-carnitine,
c) Creatine- L- carnitine and D) placebo. The supplementation period was 28 days. Wingate anaerobic test
was done for assessing athletes' anaerobic performance and their weights were measured before and after
the supplementation period. To compare the variables before and after each test, paired t-test and anova
are used compare within and between variables respecdivey. Results: The anaerobic performance indices
in the groups receiving creatine and creatine- L-carnitine were significantly increased after intervention. Body
weights were also significantly increased in the supplemented groups. Conclusions: Based on the dosage
and duration of supplementation in this study, concurrent creatine and L-carnitine supplementation has
positive effects on anaerobic performance. Despite L-carnitine is a weight loss agent, the findings of this
study showed weight gain in the supplemented groups.

Biomechanical analysis of successful versus unsuccessful free throw shots performed by professional basketball players

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the kinematics and kinetics of successful versus
unsuccessful basketball free throw shots. Six professional basketball players (age= 23±2.09 years members
of Iranian premier basketball league participat in test. Kinematics of arm motion during basketball free throws
were recorded by two Casio zr200 camera in frequency of 240 Hz. Wilcoxon test was used for significant
differences between successful versus unsuccessful free throws (p ≤ 0/05). Angular velocity of the wrist was
found to be significantly higher in successful versus unsuccessful shots at the time of ball release (p ≤ 0/028).
Wrist (p ≤ 0/008) and shoulder (p ≤ 0/023) joints were found to have significantly more flexion in successful
versus unsuccessful shots while elbow (p ≤ 0/002) remained significantly less flexed in successful shots.
Angular displacement of wrist (p ≤ 0/034) and elbow (p ≤ 0/004) was shown to be significantly greater in
successful versus unsuccessful shots. Integrated EMG of Anterior Deltoid (AD), Triceps Brachii (TB) and
Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) muscles was more in successful free throw versus unsuccessful free throw, but
the only significant difference was observed in the Integrated EMG of the Triceps Brachii muscle (p ≤ 0/034).
In summery, increasing the wrist angular velocity and activity of triceps brachii muscle affected successful
free throws.

The effect of eight weeks comprehensive corrective exercises on upper crossed syndrome

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks comprehensive corrective exercises
on upper Crossed syndrome. 40 female college students with forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis
voluntarily participated in this study and randomly divided to two experimental group (with mean age
21.60±1.70 years, height 159.78±5.11 cm, and weight 59.04±4.6 kg) and control group (with mean age
21.85±1.87 years, height 160.15±4.32 cm, and weight 58.42±5.76 kg). The experimental groups performed
comprehensive corrective exercises included eight weeks and three times per week. The angles of forward
head and forward shoulder were assessed using photographic taken from lateral view and Kyphosis angle
was assessed using flexible ruler (r=0.93) before and after eight weeks corrective exercises program. The
data was analyzed by SPSS (p≤0.05). On the base of findings, we suggest that experts in order to obtain
better results in their training programs, pay attention to correct abnormalities simultaneously, as a new
approach.

Comparison of the predicting body fat equations during a maturation period in adolescent girls (12-16ys)

Validation of predicting fatness methods in the Iranian girls with respect to the maturity process could help
to identify anthropometric risk factors. This study evaluate the accuracy of four body composition prediction
equations in the teenager students in Hamadan city .Method: The anthropometry profile of 266 adolescent
girls (12-16 ys) including ,weight (55.69±10.18 kg),body mass index (21.93±3.6 kg/m2) and percent body fat
averages (29.65±4.41%) were measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a reference
style and the selected skinfold prediction equations, ie, Durnin-Rahaman, Deurenberg , Westrate-
Deurenberg, Slaugter. Results: Significant relationship was observed between BIA and four body
composition prediction equations (p<0/05) with intervene the maturity level. However the most relationship
was found among BIA method and Durnin-Rahaman logarithmic equation (R=0.82-0.92 ,p<001).
Conclusion: It seems that physical education coaches and health-related organizations for athletic
performance and Clinical assessments of body composition in young individuals probably can accurately
utilized fat prediction, especially by applying the Diurnin- Rahaman skinfold equation.