Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

Kinematic Analysis Of Upper Extremity Of Elite Male And Female Fencers During Fencing Lunge

Heydar Sadeghi

The fencing lunge is one of the most common and fundamental attacking moves in fencing. The aim of this study was to provide kinematical compare of upper extremity among elite female and male senior fencers when performing a lunge. Four female and four male members of Iran National Team were selected as research sample. The participants were filmed when performing a complete lunge with a camera of 300 Hz sampling rate to evaluate kinematical parameters. The student's-t test revealed that elite male fencers had significantly shorter reaction and movement time comparing with elite female fencers. No major differences in other kinematic parameters indicate that elite male and female fencers performed lunge in similar way. The final conclusion of this study is that the existing differences in time of lunge technique may suggest the need for alternative training strategies to prepare fencing athletes.The examination of the kinematic analysis of the upper body in male and female elite fencers demonstrated that the dissimilarity in the execution speed of the lunge technique between the two genders cannot be accounted for by kinematic changes in joint movements. The differences highlighted in this study can serve as a basis for formulating distinct training and coaching strategies, with the aim of better preparing athletes for decision making and quick movements.

Comparing The Effects Of Performing Three Mental Exertion During Cycling Exercise On Indicators Fatigue In Men Cyclist

Rana Fayazmilani

Performing a mental exertion before and during an exercise increase fatigue indices. One of the important factors in inducing fatigue indices is the type of mental effort engaged. So, the purpose of the present study is comparing the effects of performing types of mental exertion during cycling exercise on fatigue indicators. Methods: 10 cyclist men (with average age 34.5 ± 4.5 kg, height 177 ± 4.5cm, peak power output 236 ± 36 W) invited for 5 different sessions. In the first session, anthropometric characteristics and of cycling peak power output have determined. In the next four sessions, cycling for 45-min at 65% PPO on the cycle ergometer with (Stroop, AX-CPT and PVT) or without (watching a movie) mental exertion. Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were recorded while cycling every 10 min and cortisol concentration was measured before and 30 min after exercise finished. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to analyzing data. Results: Performing 45 minutes of Stroop mental exertion during cycling exercise increased effort perception, mental demand in the NASA questionnaire, and cortisol concentration compared to cycling exercise alone (P˂0/05) but there is no differences between AX-CPT and PVT to cycling exercise alone . Conclusion: The results of present study showed that performing different mental effort simultaneously with the cycling exercise depending on the amount of challenge and their duration may affect some of the fatigue indices.

The Effect Of A Period Of Aerobic Exercises On Of Depression And Changes The Oxidative Stress In The Hippocampus And Prefrontal

Ali Barzegari

The aim of this study was the effect of a course of aerobic exercises on depression and oxidative stress factor changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats with Alzheimer's disease. For this purpose, 40 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 237±33 grams were randomly divided into four groups of 10: control, exercise, Alzheimer's, and exercise+Alzheimer's. The training protocol consisted of 12 weeks of running on a treadmill at a speed of 12 meters per minute and for 30 minutes in each session. At the end of the training period, the tests of feeding sensation suppression and tail suspension were performed to estimate depression as well as hippocampal and prefrontal malondialdehyde levels using the Bradford method. Also, in order to induce Alzheimer's, an amount of three mg/kg of streptozocin in a volume of five microliters of sterile distilled water was injected into the ventricle of the brain. The results showed that exercise training caused a significant decrease in depression in eating delay tests and immobility duration in Alzheimer's rats. Also, exercise caused a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's rats, while a significant difference was observed in the prefrontal area. It didn't happen. It seems that sports activity creates immunity against Alzheimer's and is probably effective in preventing depression in Alzheimer's patients.

The Effect Of Swimming Aerobic Training On The Levels Of IL-6 And IL-10 In The Brain Tissue Of Female Mice With Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Shahnaz Shahrbanian

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The imbalance of inflammatory cytokines in the brain causes mental fatigue. It is believed that aerobic exercise may moderate the level of inflammation of cytokines and thus reduce mental fatigue. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming aerobic training on pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) to evaluate mental fatigue in the brains of female mice after EAE induction. In this research, 21 mice (8 weeks old, 18 to 20 grams) were divided into three groups: healthy control, EAE control, and EAE swimming aerobic exercise. The animals in the training group performed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 4 weeks, with 5 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes. The western blot method was used to analyze the research variables. The results showed no significant difference in the amount of IL-6 between the EAE group and the swimming training group, but the amount of IL-10 in the swimming training group showed a significant increase compared to the EAE group. The ratio of IL-10/IL-6 values between the swimming training group and the EAE group was also not significant. It seems that moderate-intensity swimming aerobic exercises, without changing the pro-inflammatory factor, along with increasing the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, can lead to an improvement in the balance of the inflammatory index and a reduction in fatigue in the EAE group and the swimming exercise group.

Electromyographic Analysis Of Shoulder Girdle Muscle In Male Volleyball Players With Different Types Of Scapular Dyskinesia While Performing A Floater Serve

homman Minoonejad

Purpose: Volleyball has a high potential for shoulder dyskinesia due to the repetitive nature of it’s movements, so the aim was to investigate electromyography analysis of shoulder girdle muscle in male volleyball players with different types of scapular dyskinesia while performing a floater serve.
Methods: The current research method is the causal-comparative type. 41 volleyball players were selected non-randomly and purposefully and were divided into three groups (n=13 Pattern I, n=13 Pattern II, n=13 without scapulae dyskinesia). Electromyography of serratus anterior, upper, middle, and lower trapezius was evaluated while performing a floater serve using MyoMuscle.
Results: The results showed that during the acceleration phase of the serving, there was a significant difference in EMG of the upper trapezius (p=0.009) and middle trapezius (p=0.01) between the pattern II and no-dyskinesia, and there was a significant difference in EMG of serratus anterior (p=0.007) and middle trapezius (p=0.01) between the pattern I and no-dyskinesia,
Conclusion: It seems that during the acceleration phase, volleyball players with pattern II experienced an abnormal increase in upper trapezius activity and inhibition of the middle trapezius activity, while probably volleyball players with pattern I experience inhibition the activity of the middle trapezius and serratus anterior.

The Effect Of Time Of Day On Postural Control Of The Elderly With Open And Closed Eyes: With A Cognitive Dual-Task Approach

Shayan Hajebrahimi

Circadian rhythms play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions of the human body and can impact the ability tasks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of time of day on static and dynamic balance using the cognitive task approach. We recruited 24 elderly men who performed both static and dynamic balance tests with and without cognitive dual tasks. Our statistical analysis, using a significance level of 0.05, revealed significant differences in the parameters of the 95% confidence ellipse, length of path, and average velocity of the center of pressure when performing the dual task compared to normal walking. However, these variables did not significantly differ at different times of the day. Interestingly, our results showed that the center of pressure fluctuations in closed eyes and different times of the day did not have a significant difference. Overall, our findings suggest that healthy elderly individuals are at similar risk of falling during different hours of the day. Nonetheless, the simultaneous execution of dual cognitive tasks leads to balance disruption in both eyes-arm closed positions.

The Effect Of CX WORX Exercises On Postural And Functional Stability And Specific Skill In Basketball Players With Trunk Defects

narmin Ghani Zadeh Hesar

Purpose: Today, many new exercises are offered to strengthen central stability muscles, and CXWORX exercises are one of them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CXWORX exercises on postural and functional stability, proprioception, strength and specific skill in basketball players with trunk defects.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental and applied type of research. 30 female basketball players with trunk defects were selected by available sampling and randomly placed in two groups. Trunk defects were evaluated through the tuck jump test, lower limb stability through the Flamingo test, functional stability of the upper limb and dynamic balance through the Y test. CXWORX exercises were performed for six weeks by the training group. dependent t-tests and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that six weeks CXWORX exercises have a significant effect on improving the stability of upper limb function (P<0.05), dynamic and static balance (P<0.05) and specific skill (P<0.05) in basketball players with trunk defects.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it is recommended that health and corrective exercise professionals utilize CXWORX training to enhance the sports efficiency, sports performance, and sport-specific skill of basketball players.

Effect Of Pain Neuroscience Education Followed By Cognition-Targeted Motor Control Training On Pain, Disability, Central Sensitization And Kinesiophobia In Patient With Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain

Amir Letafatkar

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a combination of pain neuroscience education and targeted cognitive motor control training with targeted cognitive motor control training alone in patients with chronic low back pain.
Materials and Methods: Fifty-four chronic low back pain patients (pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control training group, n=27 and targeted cognitive motor control training only group, n=27) participated in this study. Pain, disability, central sensitization inventory, and kinesiophobia were assessed at baseline and eight weeks after interventions. Repeated measures analysis of variance and linear mixed models were used to examine between-group differences.
Results: A significant group×time interaction effect was found for pain (p=0.008), central sensitization inventory (p=0.002) and kinesiophobia (p<0.001) in the pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control training group compared to the targeted cognitive motor control training only group after eight weeks. Main effects of time were observed for pain, disability, and fear of movement after interventions (p<0.001). No significant group×time interaction effects was found for disability (p=0.50).
Conclusions: This study’s findings support the provision of pain neuroscience education as a clinically effective addition to targeted cognitive motor control training in chronic low back pain patients.

The Effect Of Using Silver And Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Clothing On The Physiological Responses And Sport Performance Of Active Women

masomeh aghazadeh

One of the ways to optimize sports activities is the use of nanotechnology. Silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles have valuable effects in improving sports performance of athletes. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of clothes containing silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the physiological responses and sports performance of female athletes. The statistical population of the research was women active in public sports in Maku city. The sample size was selected by random method and 10 female athletes (with an average age of 25.9, an average weight of 60 kg and a body mass index of 25.49) were selected. The effect of the treatments (sports activity with and without nano clothes) on endurance, moisture absorption, bacterial removal, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate of the athletes were investigated. The results showed that the use of clothes containing silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles increases their endurance. These clothes lead to an increase in bacteria removal in them. The clothes containing these nanoparticles were effective in reducing their blood pressure. It also improved moisture absorption in female athletes. In general, clothes containing silver nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles have an effect on reducing the physiological responses and sports performance of female athletes.

Effects of training on sand surface on biomechanics of individuals during translational motions: a systematic review with meta-analysis

AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero

Biomechanics is the knowledge that shows what forces enter the motion system of the human body and how it causes human movement. Therefore, the aim of this Meta-Analysis study was to review the studies conducted in the field of the effects of training on sand surface on biomechanics and physical fitness factors of human body during translational motions. The current study was a library and systematic review, the search for articles in Persian and Latin was from the beginning of the year 2000 to the end of 2023, which was done in the specialized databases of PubMed, WOS, Scopus, ISC and Google Scholar search engine. 568 related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random-effects models. The findings of eight articles indicated the improvement of mucle activity during training on sand. Examining the findings of one article indicated positive effects of kinematic variabls during training on sand. A number of two articles also reported that the reduction of the ground reaction forces and impact shock. In addition, five articles reported the improvement of sports performance in athletes, the increase of physical fitness factors. In general, training on sand surface can have significant positive effects on people's daily and sport life. Further study is warranted.

The Effect Of General Exercise Program Combined With Cognitive Functional Therapy On Pain, Quality Of Life And Muscle Endurance Of Women With Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain

Zahra Raeisi

Background and aim: The purpose of this study is to examine how eight weeks of general exercises (GEs) combined with cognitive functional therapy (CFT) affect women with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) in terms of pain, quality of life (QoL), and muscle endurance.
Methods: 45 women with CNSLBP participated in this study for eight weeks in three groups: GEs, GEs with CFT, and control. Pain, QoL and muscle endurance were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), SF-36 questionnaire, and Biering-Sorensen test, respectively. Mixed-model repeated measure test with repeated measurement design was used for data analysis.
Results: The results revealed a significant difference in the investigated variables between the pre-test and post-test for the intervention groups, but no difference was seen in the control group.
Discussion and final conclusion: The group of GEs combined with CFT distinguished itself significantly from the group of GEs in the comparison of the factors of physical performance, emotional health, and general health from sub-sections of QoL, and also muscular endurance. According to the results, it is recommended that women with CNSLBP use GEs in combination with CFT to reduce pain, improve QoL, and increase muscle endurance.

The Role Of Sensory Manipulation In Postural Control Responses: A Developmental Study

Saeed Arsham

This study aimed to determine the underlying mechanisms of age-related differences in postural control of 7-18 years old girls by determining the differences between different age groups and adults in their sensory preferences for compensatory responses. 118 non-athlete girls aged 7 to 18 were selected by available sampling and divided into four age groups: 7-9 (n=31), 10-12 (n=32), 13-15 (n=28), and 16-18 (n=27). A reference group of adults (n=28, Mean= 27.9 years) was examined for comparison. Sensory organization test (SOT) with computerized dynamic posturography was used to manipulate sensory inputs. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test showed a significant difference between all age groups in 6 test conditions (P<0.05). The use of somatosensory and vestibular sensory inputs to maintain balance was almost the same in different age groups, but significant differences were observed in the use of visual inputs. From the age of 13, the postural control performance of girls becomes similar to that of adults, which can be due to the delayed development of the visual system. In general, it seems that for perfect postural control, first the somatosensory sensory system and then the vestibular and visual systems mature.

The Combined Effect Of Aerobic Exercise And Vegetarian Diet On Blood Pressure In Adults With Overweight And Obesity: A Meta-Analysis Systematic Review

Fatemeh Kazeminasab

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of combining aerobic exercise (AE) and vegetarian diet (VD) on blood pressure and body weight in adults with overweight and obesity. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2023 for English articles, and 1065 articles were found. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity. Data analysis was performed using random effect model and weighted mean differences (WMD). The results of meta-analysis of 25 studies with 10192 adults showed that combined aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased in body weight [WMD=-4.63, p=0.001] , systolic blood pressure [WMD=-6.94, p=0.001] , and diastolic blood pressure [WMD=-4.5, p=0.001] , in adults with overweight and obesity. Aerobic training alongside vegetarian diet as a non-medication approach for weight loss and blood pressure control in adults with overweight and/or obesity. In addition, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet with both types of duration (less than 12 weeks and more than 12 weeks) cause a significant decrease in blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity.