Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

Comparing The Selected Kinematic Variables Of The Four Common Methods Of Performing The Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri Technique By Elite Male Karatekas

Heydar sadeghi

Background and Objective: Since identifying the best way of performing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique is one of the concerns of coaches and karatekas, the aim of this study was to compare the selected kinematic variables of four methods of implementing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique by elite male karatekas.
Methodology: Eighteen elite male kumite practitioners voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. Nine markers were attached to the anatomical points of the hitting foot and the four methods of implementing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique were filmed by three Hero3 cameras at an imaging speed of 240 Hz. Using SkillSpector software (version: 1.3.2), the resultant of the peak velocity of the lower limb joints, total distance, total velocity, and total acceleration was directly obtained. The one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post-hoc test (p≤0.05) were used with SPSS software (version: 22) for statistical analysis due to the normality of data distribution.
Results: The results showed a significant difference in the four methods of performing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique in the peak velocity of the pelvic, knee, and ankle joints as well as total distance, total velocity, and total acceleration.
Conclusion: According to the results، the first method of execution، which starts in the first phase with 90 degree hip flexion (knee lift)، due to high speed and the possibility of scoring in the shortest appropriate time interval، against other tactics, Due to the closure of the opponent's attack route، Dai and Deashi can be recommended as a more efficient technique to the Athlete of the Kumite.

Effect Of Physical Activity In Enriched Movement Environment On The Expression Of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor And Ornithine Decarboxylase-1 In The Cerebellum Of Mouse Model Of Multiple Sclerosis

SHahnaz SHahrbanian

Introduction:Disruption of the homeostasis of immune regulatory mediators Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Ornithine decarboxylase-1(ODC-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical activities play a role in controlling and improving the symptoms of MS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of physical activity in enriched movement environment on the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum tissue of an MS mice model.
Method: This experimental study was conducted on 30 female C57BL/6 mice (age: 8 weeks and average weight: 18 ± 2). Mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 including 1) healthy control, 2) Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and 3) EAE + physical activity in enriched movement environment for 4 weeks. Clinical score were recorded daily from induction until 28 days. The gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum was measured by RT-PCR method. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance.
Results: Activity in the enriched movement environment significantly decreased the gene expression of AhR compared to the EAE group (P=0/02) and also decreased the gene expression of ODC-1, but it was not statistically significant (P=0/28). Also, the clinical score improved significantly after activity in the enriched movement environment (P= 0/001).
Conclusion: In general, it seems that lifestyle change and activity in enriched movement environment lead to the down regulation of the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum and improved the clinical score of animals with MS.

The Design And Implementation Student Sports Injuries Surveillance

Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani

Background and Aims: The purpose of this research was to design and implement a system for the surveillance of sports injuries in students. Methods: Sports injuries of male and female high school students in Ilam province were recorded by physical education teachers using online methods and paper forms during one academic semester. At the end, a questionnaire was used to survey them regarding these methods. The research is of a descriptive-comparative type and Chi-square (x²) was used at the significance level (P<0.05) to analyze the results.
Results: A total of 151 injuries were reported, of which 76 injuries (50.4 percent) were registered with the online method, 70 injuries (46.3 percent) with the online paper method, and 5 injuries (3.3 percent) with the paper method. Online registration (146 injuries) is significantly more used than paper registration (75 injuries) (p=0.001).
Conclusion: physical education teachers give the reasons for using the online method more: availability, easier working with it, and recovery It is easier to record information. On the other hand, they mentioned the interruption and slowness of the internet speed as things that can cause disruption. According to the results, it seems that the use of online methods is more effective in registering sports injuries in schools.

A Comparison Of Forces Excreted On The Foot While Running On The Ground And Artificial Turf In People With Pronated And Supinated Feet

AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero

Background and Aims: The surface quality and type are an important factor that may influence the risk of sustaining injuries during running. The aim of the present study was to compare forces excreted on the foot while running on the ground and artificial turf in people with pronated and supinated feet.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of healthy men with pronated and supinated feet in Ardabil province. A statistical sample of 30 people aged 20-25 years was selected by available sampling and participated in the present study. Statistical samples were divided into three groups. There were 10 patients in the pronated foot group, 10 people in the supinated foot group and the third group of 10 people as the control group. The navicular drop test was used to measure foot type. A Bertec force plate was used to record ground reaction forces while running on ground and artificial turf at constant speed (about 3.2 m/s). The ground reaction forces in the vertical (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fy) and medio-lateral (Fx) directions were recorded during running.
Results: The results revealed greater medio-lateral ground reaction force at the heel contact in males with pronated feet while running on the ground than that artificial grass. In addition, the time to reach the peak of the vertical component at heel contact during running on grass was greater compared to the ground.
Conclusion: The results showed that the use of artificial turf can improve the risk factors for injury in people with pronated and supinated feet.

Sports Talent Based On Genetic Profile: Narrative Review

Kia Ranjbar

Introduction: The purpose of the present study is to introduce and examine several genes that are related to people's sports performance and can be effective in their selection and selection in their favorite sports field. Various factors of physical fitness and training ability have been investigated along with the risk of sports injury and mental fitness of athletes.
Findings: The sports performance of people and the monitoring of sports exercises have been influenced by the vast genetic map and environmental interventions. In the present study, the performance of the aerobic system with the ACE gene and its different alleles, the strength and power performance of people with the ACTN3 gene, and the risk of injury of people with different genes such as COL1A1, COL5A1, Tenascin (TNC), apolipoprotein E and blood groups were investigated. It is a prediction; also, the trainability and mental preparation of people in the talent search process can be predicted and possibly measured by genetic knowledge. On the other hand, using the knowledge of genetics and genetic profiles of athletes can be useful for detecting genetic and cellular doping and help organizations that work in the prevention of doping, such as WADA.
Conclusion: The combination of genetic knowledge and environmental interventions play an effective role not only in discussing an athlete's talent, but also in monitoring and improving their performance. While genetics can play a significant role, the prediction of sports success based on genetic knowledge has been limited to a specific set of genes. However, developing this knowledge and identifying more genes that can aid in talent identification and exercise monitoring requires further research.

Does Functional Fatigue Change The Effect Of Neuromuscular Training On Kinetic Variables During Cutting In Injury-Prone Male Athletes?

behnam moradi

Introduction and aim: Fatigue of injury-prone athletes and their placement in situations such as performing shear maneuvers increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Therefore, this research aims to answer the question, does functional fatigue change the effect of neuromuscular training on kinetic variables during cutting in injury-prone male athletes?
Methodology: The current research is semi-experimental and was carried out in two control and experimental groups as a pre-test and post-test design with and without fatigue before and after neuromuscular exercises. 32 males student-athletes aged 18 to 25 with trunk control defects were purposefully selected and randomly placed in the control group (16 people) and the experimental group (16 people). The force plane was used to measure ground reaction forces. Analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis at a level smaller than P<0.05.
Results: The results of the present study showed a significant improvement in ground reaction force variables in the post-test of the experimental group compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). While none of these variables had significant changes in the control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that doing trunk and hip neuromuscular training in athletes with a trunk control defect leads to a significant improvement in the stability of the trunk control, so in the conditions with and without fatigue, they were able to show a significant improvement in the selected parameters of the ground reaction forces. Therefore, this training method can probably be recommended as a beneficial method for athletes and the mentioned conditions

Reliability Study Of Various Single Leg Landing Tasks To Evaluate Knee Joint Biomechanics (Systematic Review Study)

Mohammad Yousefi

Aim: Most studies have compared the single-leg landing task in terms of biomechanical characteristics, especially kinematics and kinetics of movement planes, and concluded that reliability for knee valgus angles and hip adduction is moderate to excellent. However, no studies have been conducted on the reliability of different types of single-leg landing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review studies investigated the reliability of single-leg landing types to evaluate the biomechanics of the knee joint.
Methods: The relevant articles from valid databases with the keywords Single Leg Landing, Landing, Kinematic, Biomechanics, Return to Sport, Performance Test, Functional Test, Hop Test, Kinetic thematic search methods from 1995 to 2023 were examined.
Result: A total of 1022 articles were identified then duplicate studies were eliminated in the next stage, the titles and abstracts of the studies were reviewed and 439 studies were excluded due to inconsistency with the research question. Finally, only 9 articles that met the inclusion criteria were examined.
Conclusion: This study showed that different single-leg landing tasks for kinematic variables, including internal rotation, adduction, hip flexion, knee extension, knee valgus, trunk lateral flexion, and pelvic tilt have good reliability.

The Effect Of Virtual Education Conditions On Musculoskeletal Status And Physical Activity Of Students During The Corona Pandemic

Mohamadjavad razi

Introduction and Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and virtual learning may adversely affect students' musculoskeletal health and physical activity levels. This study aimed to investigate the impact of online education and prolonged sitting on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and physical activity among university students.
Methods: In this descriptive study, 440 male and female students from Farhangian University, Yazd Branch, were selected as the sample. Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and Beck Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using McNemar, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman’s correlation tests at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of MSDs during the pandemic showed a significant increase compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.05). A significant correlation was observed between reduced physical activity and increased MSDs (p<0.05). Students who did not follow proper sitting postures had significant disorders in the neck (p<0.0001), shoulder (p=0.006), wrist (p=0.002), lower back (p=0.001), hip (p=0.01), and knee (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that quarantine conditions and virtual learning may exacerbate musculoskeletal problems and sedentary behavior among students. Promoting ergonomic practices and physical activity during pandemics is crucial.

The Effect Of Balance And Hopping Exercises On Ankle Joint Proprioception In Athletes With Functional Ankle Instability

Hamid Abbasi bafghi

Introduction and Objective: Ankle injuries are among the most common sports-related injuries, often caused by factors such as "direct contact with a player or the ground, tackles that push the ankle inward or outward, and during jumping and landing." Among these injuries, lateral ankle sprains are one of the most prevalent types, frequently associated with ankle instability. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of balance training and hopping exercises on the proprioception of athletes with functional ankle instability.
Methods: A total of 30 basketball, volleyball, and handball athletes with functional ankle instability, with a mean age of 24.58 ± 3.626 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 25.681 ± 2.126, were randomly assigned to two groups in a clinical trial. The first group (n=15) performed hopping exercises, while the second group (n=15) performed balance training. Proprioception of their ankle joints was assessed at baseline and after six weeks of training. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests and ANCOVA via SPSS version 20.
Results: Both balance training and hopping exercises significantly reduced the absolute error in reconstructing dorsiflexion and plantarflexion angles of the ankle (p<0.05). Additionally, the reduction in absolute error for these angles was significantly greater in the hopping group compared to the balance training group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that both balance training and hopping exercises improve ankle joint proprioception in athletes with functional ankle instability. However, hopping exercises demonstrated greater effectiveness compared to balance training.

Validity And Relieability Of Persian Version Of The Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ)

Maryam Kavyani

Introudution and aim:This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ). Methods:To achieve this, 120 athletes with different skill levels in various fields completed the AFAQ, along with the Kinesiophobia Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Sports Injury Appraisal Scale. The AFAQ was confirmed by using the translation-back translation method, face validity, and translation accuracy. Construct validity, internal consistency, and temporal reliability were checked using Cronbach's alpha index, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that the one-factor model of the athletes' fear-avoidance questionnaire had a poor fit. Therefore, after conducting an exploratory factor analysis and identifying three factors in these questionnaires, the confirmatory factor analysis model also fitted the data well with this three-factor model. The CFI index was 0.96, the TLI index was 0.94, and the RMSE index was 0.05. The chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom (X2/DF) was 1.39. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was also confirmed.
Conclusion: Therefore, the Persian version of the AFAQ has three factors and includes ten questions and three catastrophic constructs (items 1, 5, 8), fear of movement (4, 6, 7), and fear-avoidance beliefs (items 2, 3, 9, 10). This was confirmed in the community of Iranian athletes

Examining Adaptation In The Response Of Stimulatory And Inhibitory Genes Of Angiogenesis After Resistance Exercise Intervention In Older Adults’ Men

Sajad karami

Introduction and purpose: Age-related changes in the expression of angiogenesis-stimulating and inhibitory genes are characteristics of aging and endothelial dysfunction. Aerobic exercise can stop or reduce this disorder. Considering the importance of resistance training in the rehabilitation of the elderly, the aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility of the response of the stimulating and inhibiting factors of angiogenesis after resistance exercise intervention in the elderly. Methodology: 24 elderly men with an average age of 67.75 years were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner. Blood samples were taken before and after a resistance activity session before and after 8 weeks of resistance training. Real Time PCR method was used to express HIF-1, VEGF, SDF-1 and VEGI genes in blood tissue. The difference in the values of the variables was evaluated by the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurement of mixed design at the level of P≤0.05 using SPSS software version 25. Findings: HIF-1, VEGF and SDF-1 gene expression levels of the training group increased in the stages of the primary post-test (after one session), secondary pre-test and secondary post-test (after 8 weeks of training) and VEGI had no gene expression. Discussion and conclusion: It can be cautiously said that although one session of resistance training leads to gene expression of angiogenesis factors, long-term resistance training with sufficient intensity and volume can It activates the rate of angiogenesis in a much wider range and should be considered as a supplement to aerobic exercises in old age.

The Impact Of High-Intensity Interval Training On Cardiometabolic Factors In Adults With Overweight And Obesity: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis

Fatemeh Kazeminasab

Aim: Excessive fat deposition is associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes as well as hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the net effect size of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on some factors associated with insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight and obesity.
Methods: A search for English articles was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases without limiting the year of publication until February 2023. To calculate the effect size, WMD and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model. Fixed effect model meta regression was used to determine treatment effects associations with other variables.
Results: In total, 13 studies with 446 adults with overweight and obesity (149 females, and 317 males) with 24.7-57 years old were included in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that HIIT caused a significant decrease in fasting glucose [WMD=-8.65 mg/dL, P=0.002], fasting insulin [WMD=-1.88 U/L P=0.005], and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) [WMD=-3.33 mmHg. Weak correlations were observed in between HIIT’s net effect on DBP and insulin (r=-0.32, p=0.019) as well as with subjects’ age (r=-0.29, p=0.037) respectively in meta-regression assessments.
Conclusion: The rate of DBP reduction is sharper and these changes are also correlated with age. Therefore, HIIT is suggested as a Non-pharmacological Approach to prevent against future cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.

The Effect Of Six Weeks Of Local And Comprehensive Corrective Exercises On Proprioception, Balance, And Ankle Navicular Drop In Individuals With Flexible Flat Foot Deformity

hasan sadeghi

Introduction and Method: Flexible flat foot, or pes planus, is a common lower extremity abnormality characterized by a flatter medial longitudinal arch, causing the foot's sole to come into near or complete contact with the ground. This study investigated the effects of six weeks of localized and comprehensive corrective exercises on proprioception, balance, and navicular drop in female participants aged 10 to 18 with this deformity. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pre-test and post-test design with 51 females diagnosed with flexible flat foot. Participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (local and comprehensive) and one control group. A navicular drop test was conducted to assess foot posture. The experimental groups engaged in corrective exercises for six weeks (three sessions per week for 30 minutes), while the control group maintained their usual activities. Pre- and post-intervention assessments of ankle proprioception, balance, and navicular drop were conducted using a goniometer, the Sharpened Romberg test, and the Brody test. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 26, involving covariance analysis for between-group differences and paired sample tests for within-group changes.
Findings: The results indicated that the experimental groups showed significant improvements in proprioception, navicular drop, and balance after the interventions (P=0.000), whereas the control group exhibited no significant changes (P>0.05). Additionally, the experimental groups outperformed the control group in the post-test assessments.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that a six-week program of corrective exercises effectively enhances proprioception, balance, and movement performance in girls aged 10 to 18 with flexible flat foot.