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Purpose: Neuromuscular and biomechanical factors in ACL injuries are among modifiable risk factors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feedback and feed forward neuromuscular training on balance and isometric strength in female basketball players with a high risk of injury in Kerman.
Method: The present research is semi-experimental, prospective study and the subjects selected objectively based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.  Twenty women basketball players of Kerman city purposely selected and who were randomly divided into two groups of feed forward (age=15.73 ±0.78, weigh =61.38±9.09, height = 164.40 ±6.68) and feedback (age=14.70±1.33, weigh =56.31±8.38, height = 161.66±6.02) The training program designed based on the previous studies and conducted during 8 weeks, three sessions per week (each session 15 to 20 minutes) under the supervision of the examiner. Dynamic balance and isometric knee strength was measured using Biodex system and MMT device. One way ANCOVA was used for data analyze.
Result: The results showed significant differences between pre-post test balance Overall Stability index, internal/external index and Anterior/Posterior index (P=0.001).Significant difference was observed in the strength of quadriceps muscle and hamstring muscle between the two groups of feedback and feed forward exercises (P≥0.05). Also, the results of the paired sample t-test showed that Overall Stability in the feedback  and feedforward group (0.345% and 0.19%), Balance Anterior/Posterior in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.409% and 0.22%) and Balance Medial/Lateral in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.427% and 0.22%) has significantly improvement compared to the pre-test (p<0.002).Isometric Quadriceps strength in the post- test showed an significantly improvement of 2.16% in feedback group and 1.82% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001). Isometric hamstring strength in the post- test showed a significantly improvement of 2.07% in feedback group and 1.95% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that neuromuscular training can enhanced balance and isometric strength, of women and training with feedback has more important  than training with feedforward.
Keywords: neuromuscular exercises, Injury prevention, Anterior cruciate ligament, Feedback

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Background: In rehabilitation medicine using targeted and personalized approaches are proposed, so that training protocols adjustments, based on gender, age, level of disability and the rate of progress can have more favorable results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training on some induces of physical function in women with MS presenting different levels of disability.
Material & Methods:  In this quasi-experimental study, 92 patients admitted to the MS Society of Shahrekord city were selected and on the basis of disability were categorized into 3 groups of mild, moderate and severe. Then each group was randomly divided into experimental and control group. The personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training program was done 12 weeks, 3 times per weeks. Muscles strength, endurance and speed of walking, were assessed. Independent and Covariance test were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that 12 weeks training cause improving in muscles strength, speed of walking in women with MS presenting different levels of disability (p<0.05). Endurance of walking improve significantly in mild group (p<0.05), but in moderate and severe group were not significantly (P˃0.05).
Conclusion: The implementation of the comprehensive rehabilitation exercises affected the recovery of patients with MS and made a significant difference in physical functions of patients.
 

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Introduction: Studies have shown that anterior cruciate ligament injury causes long-term periods of disability and long-term effects; Therefore, it is necessary to adopt preventive measures as well as to have studies that determine the effect of injury prevention programs in improving the performance level of players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of the anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program on the function of elite female kabaddi athletes.
Materials and Methods: This research is semi-experimental based on the application of the intervention variable. 27 female kabaddi athletes with an age range of 18-24 years were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group performed prevention injury and enhance performance program exercises for 8 weeks. The tests were taken before and after eight weeks of the PEP program. These evaluations included T-test, 20-meter sprint test, Y-balance test, sitting and reaching flexibility test, hopping test and functional movement screening test. leven's statistical test was used to check the homogeneity of variances and ANCOVA test was used to evaluate and compare the data.
Findings: The results of the covariance analysis test showed that the intervention group had significantly better scores compared to the control group in the Y-balance tests of the right (p=0.002) and left leg (p=0.001), single leg hopping with right leg (p=0.004) and left leg (p=0.000), crossover hopping with right leg (p=0.023) and sit and reach flexibility test (p=0.003) after eight weeks of exercises In addition, in the tests of sprinting (p=0.649), agility (p=0.073), triple hopping with left leg (p=0.784) and right leg (p=0.204), crossover hopping with left leg (p=0.540) and functional movement screening test (p=0.943) did not show any significant difference between the two groups.
Results: The results of this research showed that the eight-week prevention injury and enhance performance program  has a significant effect on the dynamic balance of the right and left legs, hopping (single leg hopping and crossover hopping of the right leg), and the flexibility of the hamstrings and lower back of elite female kabaddi athletes; But hopping (triple hopping and left leg crossover hopping), speed, agility and FMS test scores have no significant effect.

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Different postural stability and functional movements may play an important role in secondary injuries in people with flexible flatfeet compared to people with normal feet. However, the difference between static and dynamic stability and functional movements of people with and without flexible flatfeet has not been investigated. This study compared static and dynamic stability and functional movements of subjects with and without flexible flatfeet and examined the relationship between functional movements and static and dynamic stability. 96 subjects (flexible flatfeet group: 25; normal feet group: 71) functional movement screening test (FMS); Sharpened Romberg balance test and Y balance test were performed. The scores of functional movements and static stability in the normal feet group were significantly higher than the flexible flatfeet group (p≤0.05). The total score of the Y test was not significantly different between the two groups (p≥0.05). In the group of normal feet, a significant correlation was observed between functional movement scores and dynamic stability (p≤0.05). These results show that subjects with flexible flatfeet have different movement performance and static stability compared to subjects with normal feet, but they have similar dynamic stability. It may indicate that there is no connection between static and dynamic stability and these two functions are separate from each other.
 

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The purpose of this research was to design and implement a system for the surveillance of sports injuries in students. Sports injuries of male and female high school students in Ilam province were recorded by physical education teachers using online methods and paper forms during one academic semester. At the end, a questionnaire was used to survey them regarding these methods. The research is of a descriptive-comparative type and Chi-square (x²) was used at the significance level (P<0.05) to analyze the results. A total of 151 injuries were reported, of which 76 injuries (50.4 percent) were registered with the online method, 70 injuries (46.3 percent) with the online paper method, and 5 injuries (3.3 percent) with the paper method. Online registration (146 injuries) is significantly more used than paper registration (75 injuries) (p=0.001) physical education teachers give the reasons for using the online method more: availability, easier working with it, and recovery It is easier to record information. On the other hand, they mentioned the interruption and slowness of the internet speed as things that can cause disruption. According to the results, it seems that the use of online methods is more effective in registering sports injuries in schools.

 

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Introduction and aim: One of the serious challenges in sports is injury prediction methods that can help prevent and reduce injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to answer the question, of Do functional movement screen, Y balance, and landing error scoring system tests have the power to predict sports injuries in female student athletes? Methodology: This study was a prospective cohort study. The population of the current research was university female athletes, and the research sample was 124 female student athletes participating in the 15th Iranian Student Sports Olympiad who were evaluated in an available manner. The Y balance test, landing error scoring system, and functional movement screening test were taken from the subjects before the Olympiad, and the injuries of the athletes during the competitions were recorded by the data collection form. In order to statistically analyze the data, the logistic regression test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results of the research showed that a total of 26 injuries were registered during the competition in 124 subjects. None of the predictor variables had the ability to predict the criterion variable (p>0.05). Conclusion: In general conclusion based on the results of this research, it is not possible to predict general injury using functional tests.

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Lack of sensory information, muscle weakness, lack of coordination and position sense of joint are predictor factors of musculoskeletal disorders, and it seems that sports activities will have an effect on posture control and joint proprioception. Therefore, the purpose of this research was the effect of Pilates exercises on balance and proprioception in female students. 98 female students between the ages of 18-25 years-old and weight 57.92±7 kg voluntarily participated in this study after completing the written consent form. Of these, 91 healthy students were placed in the experimental group and 7 students with sports exemption (with medical conditions such as: recent surgery for refractive errors of the eye, cysts, etc.) were placed in the control group. The position senses of ankle and knee joints was measured using the active reconstruction test of the ankle and knee angles and static balance was measured using the Sharpened Romberg test before and after 16 intervention sessions. Wilcoxon test was used to determine the difference in pre-test and post-test (intra-group difference) and covariance test was used to compare between groups (of course, the data were normalized earlier). The results showed that after the intervention, in the experimental group, static balance increased significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test. The position sense of dorsiflexion, plantarflexion of ankle joint and knee flexion position sense in the experimental group increased significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test. Also, the results of the covariance test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test in the variables of static balance and position sense of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of ankle and position sense of knee flexion. According to the adjusted average in the post-test stage, the experimental group performed better than the control group. The results showed that Pilates exercises are suitable for improving ankle and knee proprioception and improving postural control in teenagers and young adults. 

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Abstract
Introduction and purpose: Jumping motor tasks in people with motor control defects are probably associated with incomplete movement patterns, which can be related to non-collision injuries of the lower limbs. In relation to these people, it has been recommended that the design of exercise protocols should also be done with the aim of controlling and improving functional defects. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the eight-week training program of feedback on the biomechanical variables of athletes with selected motor control defects in landing jump tasks.

Materials and methods: The present study is a randomized clinical trial study before and after the intervention. 34 male recreational athletes with movement control defects (dynamic knee valgus and quadriceps dominance) were selected based on the study criteria and then randomly assigned to control groups with a ratio of 1:1 (age range, 28.10±4.70years; height, 171±5.49cm;  mass, 76.83±5.81kg; and BMI, 22.12± 1.54kg/m² ) and feedback group (age range, 29.80±3.61years; height, 173.80 ± 4.70cm; mass, 78.33±4.64kg; and BMI, 21.40±1.77 kg/m² ).Electromyography data (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius, Tensor fasciae latae and biceps femoris) and lower limb kinematics (knee valgus angle) were recorded while the participants performed the landing jump movement tasks (vertical jump, tuck and countermovement) in the two previous stages. From the protocol and after the protocol, they performed jumping exercises for two months. In addition, external feedback (first by using educational videos and then verbally while doing the task (place the knee in line with the toes, press the knee towards the wall (external source)) during the two months of the training program and during Performance of movement tasks was presented to the feedback group. To analyze the data, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests were used for each movement task at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Findings: The results of the study indicated an increase in the electrical activity of the VM and GM muscles and a decrease in the electrical activity of theVL, BF and TF muscles in different phases of jumping in the feedback group. As an example, the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant improvement in the feedback group in the amount of electrical activity of the VM muscle (effect size = 0.57, p = 0.001) and GM(effect size = 0.53, p = 0.002). In the eccentric phase, there was a significant improvement in the amount of electrical activity of the VM muscle (effect size = 1.05, p = 0.001) and GM(effect size = 0.77, p = 0.001) in the maximum knee flexion phase and improvement The electrical activity of VM muscle (effect size = 1.71, p = 0.001) and GM (effect size = 1.19, p = 0.001) had significance in the landing moment phase during vine jump. Also, the feedback group showed a decrease in knee valgus angle in the frontal plane (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that feedback has an effect on kinematic and electromyographic parameters and improves the jump-landing biomechanics of the lower limbs in people with knee motor control defects and can be used to correct incomplete movement patterns in jump-landing tasks. be used However, for a general conclusion, more studies are needed in different groups and different sports levels, as well as more samples.

 

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The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ). For this purpose, 120 atheltes with different levels of skills in different fields, were chosen and completed the the AFAQ, the Kinesiophobia Questionnaire, and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the Sport Injury Appraisal Scale. AFAQ was confirmed by using translation-back translation method and face validity and translation accuracy. Cronbach's alpha index, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to check construct validity, internal consistency and temporal reliability. The results showed that the one-factor model of the athletes' fear-avoidance questionnaire had a poor fit, for this reason, after conducting the exploratory factor analysis and identifying three factors in these questionnaires, the confirmatory factor analysis model also fitted the data well with this the three-factor model. So that the CFI index was 0. 96 and the TLI index was 0. 94 as well as the RMSE index of 0. 05 and the chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom(X²/DF) was 1. 39. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was also confirmed. Based on this, the Persian version of the AFAQ has 3 factors and includes 10 questions and three catastrophic constructs (items 1, 5, 8), fear of movement (4, 6, 7) and fear-avoidance beliefs (items 2, 3, 9, 10) was confirmed in the community of Iranian athletes.
 

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Aim and Background: Ankle is one of the most common sports injuries caused by direct collisions with opposing players or the ground, tackles from inside and outside, jumping and landing. Among these injuries, external ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries that is associated with ankle instability. The purpose of this research is to compare balance exercises and hopping on the proprioception of athletes with functional ankle instability.
Materials and methods: 30 athletes with functional instability of the ankle were randomly divided into 2 study groups of the clinical trial. The first group included athletes with functional ankle instability doing hopping exercises (15 people), the second group included athletes with functional ankle instability doing balance exercises (15 people). At first, the proprioception of their ankle joint was evaluated with the help of photography, and then they did exercises for 6 weeks, and at the end, the proprioception of the ankle joint was evaluated again. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data of this research.
Results: The results showed that balance and hopping exercises significantly reduced the absolute error of ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion reconstruction (p<0.05). Also, there is a significant difference between the two groups of balance exercises and hopping (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that balance and hopping exercises improved the proprioception of the ankle joint in athletes with functional instability of the ankle, and hopping exercises are more effective than balance exercises.
 

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Introduction and aim: Fatigue of injury-prone athletes and their placement in situations such as performing shear maneuvers increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Therefore, this research aims to answer the question, does functional fatigue change the effect of neuromuscular training on kinetic variables during cutting in injury-prone male athletes?
Methodology: The current research is semi-experimental and was carried out in two control and experimental groups as a pre-test and post-test design with and without fatigue before and after neuromuscular exercises. 32 males student-athletes aged 18 to 25 with trunk control defects were purposefully selected and randomly placed in the control group (16 people) and the experimental group (16 people). The force plane was used to measure ground reaction forces. Analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis at a level smaller than P<0.05.
Results: The results of the present study showed a significant improvement in ground reaction force variables in the post-test of the experimental group compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). While none of these variables had significant changes in the control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that doing trunk and hip neuromuscular training in athletes with a trunk control defect leads to a significant improvement in the stability of the trunk control, so in the conditions with and without fatigue, they were able to show a significant improvement in the selected parameters of the ground reaction forces. Therefore, this training method can probably be recommended as a beneficial method for athletes and the mentioned conditions

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Introduction: Balance and proprioception have been introduced as two of the most important internal factors related to the occurrence of injuries in the lower limbs. The purpose of this research is to investigate the changes in static and dynamic balance and proprioceptive accuracy of knee and ankle joints of young taekwondo athletes before and after applying the fatigue protocol.
Methodology: The current research is semi-experimental. The subjects of the research were 20 teenage male taekwondo players from the statistical population. Static and dynamic balance variables were measured respectively by Stork's static balance test and Y dynamic balance test, as well as the proprioception of the ankle and knee joints at 10 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion and 30 degrees of knee flexion, by the photographic method. Then the functional fatigue protocol was applied. After finishing the fatigue protocol, all the variables that were measured before applying the fatigue protocol were evaluated again. In order to examine the intra-group changes of the research variables in the pre- and post-test stages, the paired t-test was used.
Results: The results of the paired t-test showed that after applying the fatigue protocol, there is a significant difference between the average of all the investigated variables in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test.
Conclusion: The results of the present research showed that fatigue can reduce the static and dynamic balance as well as the proprioceptive accuracy of teenage taekwondo athletes. Therefore, it is recommended to all coaches and athletes of this sport, in order to delay the appearance of fatigue and the possibility of injury, to perform specialized training exercises in the field of taekwondo and according to the age of teenagers.
 

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 Rectal prolapse is a complication arising from internal sphincter dysfunction causing significant challenges. A primary factor in its development is pelvic floor muscle weakness. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effects of core stabilization functional, EMS, and combined exercises on muscle strength and endurance of the pelvic floor in patients with rectal prolapse. In this semi-experimental study, with a design pre and post-test and a control group, 48 women with rectal prolapse in Isfahan with an average age=45.2 years and a BMI=26.2 kg/m2, were selected and divided into 4 groups(n= 12); Functional training, EMS training, Combined training and Control randomly. Functional training protocol consisted of 9 movements, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted for 30 minutes in the first week and gradually increased to 90 minutes in the 8 week. Also, EMS trainings were carried out for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week for 40 minutes, using EMS and Biofeedback devices. Furthermore, the combined training protocol was implemented for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week (in each session, at first EMS training and then functional training) for 40 minutes according to the overload principle. Strength and endurance of pelvic floor muscles were measured before and after the exercise program. In order to analyze the data, multivariate covariance and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used using SPSS 26 software at a significant level (P≥0.05). The results of the study showed a significant increase in the strength and endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in EMS and combined exercise groups (P≥0.05). However, in the functional exercises group, although an increase in the strength of the pelvic floor muscles was observed, this increase was not significant (p≥0.05). Also, the changes caused by the combined group on the variables were significantly more than the groups of functional and EMS exercises alone (P≥0.05). These results show the effect of electrical stimulation along with functional training on increasing the endurance and strength of the pelvic floor muscles, which, as a result, improves rectal prolapse. Therefore, it is suggested that sports therapy centers, doctors, and therapists use these methods, especially combined exercises, to improve rectal prolapse.

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Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect and sustainability of eight weeks corrective exercises, postural reeducation and their combination on core stability in young females with lumbar hyperlordosis.

Methods: 55 female students with increased lumbar lordosis randomly divided into four groups (corrective exercise, postural reeducation,combination of exercise and postural reeducation and control). The degree of lordosis was measured by a flexible ruler and core muscls endurance by Mcgill tests before and after eight weeks, and then after  eight weeks of follow-up. 

Results: The results of repeated measure of ANOVA test indicated a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in study groups in reducing core stability. The results showed that pretest and posttest of exercise group compared with the postural reeducation and control group had a significant difference in core stability (p <0.05). In terms of sustainability the results showed that the difference between the exercise group and combined group with the control group was significant core stability score (p <0.05).

Conclusion: It seems that the use of corrective exercises, combined and postural reeducation program, are likely to be effective in improving core stability in young females with lumbar hyperlordosis, but the effect of the combined program was more than the other interventions.

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Background and Aims: The current study aims to investigate the immediate effect of a researcher-made wedge treadmill on the activity of the selected lower limb muscles of flat feet individuals, so by activating the muscles, it can be used to help in the area of corrective exercise and correction of flat feet, rehabilitation and injury prevention.
Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental intervention based on the creation and introduction of a new tool and its effect evaluation. 16 subjects over 18 years old with flat feet deformity were included in this study. The subjects performed the protocol of walking at a normal speed on the researcher-made wedge treadmill at each of the lateral angles of 0, 5 and 15 degrees for 90 seconds. The electromyographic activity of five selected muscles was recorded at those angles. Statistical analysis was performed on Matlab and SPSS software. Friedman's test was used to evaluate the significant differences between angles and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to compare two-by-two means.
Results: According to the results, the average activity of selected muscles (peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus and hallucis longus) during walking between angles of 5 and 15 degrees on a wedge treadmill had a statistically significant difference compared to 0 degrees (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the amount of muscle activity of the lower limbs of subjects with flat feet during walking at 5 and 15-degree lateral angles has a significant difference compared to the same people walking at a zero-degree angle. Our results suggest that using the researcher-made wedge treadmill can significantly increase lower limb muscle activity in people with flat feet.

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Introduction and purpose: The landing error scoring system is a valid and reliable tool for functional assessment of jump-landing movement. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of sports training on the landing error scoring system in athletes.
Methodology: Searching between 2014 and 2024 from IranDoc, Magiran, PubMed, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, PEDro and (ISI) Institute for Scientific Information databases using the combination of jump-landing keywords. Landing mechanics, landing kinetics and kinematics, injury prevention, training, rehabilitation and landing error scoring system were done. A total of 88 articles related to this field were found, after reviewing and screening through the inclusion criteria, 8 articles were reviewed in full text.
Results: Various exercises, including neuromuscular, suspension, knee injury prevention, fatigue and kinesiotype, have been used to be effective on the landing error scoring system test. As a result of corrective exercises and fatigue, the experimental groups showed an improvement and a decrease in the jump-landing movement performance in the landing error scoring system, respectively.
Discussion and conclusion: It seems that in order to prevent jump-landing movement errors and possible injuries caused by it, exercises should be done that, in addition to increasing concentration and coordination in movement, make athletes resistant to factors such as danger.
 

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