Aliakbar Fazel, Laleh Bagheri, Nader Rahnema, Samira Emadi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background: In rehabilitation medicine using targeted and personalized approaches are proposed, so that training protocols adjustments, based on gender, age, level of disability and the rate of progress can have more favorable results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training on some induces of physical function in women with MS presenting different levels of disability.
Material & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 92 patients admitted to the MS Society of Shahrekord city were selected and on the basis of disability were categorized into 3 groups of mild, moderate and severe. Then each group was randomly divided into experimental and control group. The personalized comprehensive rehabilitation training program was done 12 weeks, 3 times per weeks. Muscles strength, endurance and speed of walking, were assessed. Independent and Covariance test were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that 12 weeks training cause improving in muscles strength, speed of walking in women with MS presenting different levels of disability (p<0.05). Endurance of walking improve significantly in mild group (p<0.05), but in moderate and severe group were not significantly (P˃0.05).
Conclusion: The implementation of the comprehensive rehabilitation exercises affected the recovery of patients with MS and made a significant difference in physical functions of patients.
Mehran Salimi, Dr Hooman Minoonejad, Dr Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani, Mohammad Javad Sherafat, Dr Elahe Arab Ameri,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Purpose: Core endurance is one of the factors that measuring the core stability. Researches have shown that the change in the attention during the activities causes changes in the electromyography activity of the muscles as well as changes in the quality of the movement. The purpose of this research is to determine whether changes in the focus of the attention can change the measurement of the core stability. Methods: 22 healthy non-athletes participated in this research ((
,which their core stability was measure by McGill test. These people were divided into three groups and performed this test in three consecutive days with a different attention (internal, external, control). Results: The results of the one-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed that there was a significant main effect of type of attention on core stability of nonathletic persons. However, the average core stability of the external attention stage was significantly higher than the average of the pre-test stage (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Focus of attention can cause changes in the measurement of the core stability, in such a way that adopting the external focus of attention during the test recorded more average core stability.
Ebrahim Soltanabadi, Maliheh Hadadnezhad, Mahdi Khaleghi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Muscle imbalances in the shoulder are a weakness in the external rotator cuff muscles compared to the internal rotator cuffs, in which the weakness of the external rotator cuff muscles is a risk factor for volleyball players' shoulder injuries. Shoulder dyskinesis can be caused by imbalance of the scapula stabilizing muscles, which improves with muscle coordination the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perturbation training on eccentric strength of external rotators and scapular kinematics. Twenty-four male volleyball players with a score of less than 30 on CKCUEST test participated in this study, which was randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. The eccentric strength of the external rotator cuff muscles was measured using an isokinetic at 120 degrees per second. Scapular upward rotation also measured with a dual inclinometer at 45 °, 90 °, 135 ° and the end range of motion of the shoulder abduction. Comparing the experimental and control groups, a significant difference was observed in the shoulder external rotators eccentric strength. There was a significant difference only in 135 ° of scapular upward rotation. In other angles, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. The results showed the positive effect of perturbation training on the eccentric strength of external rotators and scapular upward rotation in arm abduction; therefore, coaches and volleyball players can be advised to add these exercises to their training programs to increase performance and prevent shoulder injuries.
Ehsan Abshenas, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Mohsen Naderi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Introduction and aim: One of the serious challenges in sports is injury prediction methods that can help prevent and reduce injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to answer the question, of Do functional movement screen, Y balance, and landing error scoring system tests have the power to predict sports injuries in female student athletes? Methodology: This study was a prospective cohort study. The population of the current research was university female athletes, and the research sample was 124 female student athletes participating in the 15th Iranian Student Sports Olympiad who were evaluated in an available manner. The Y balance test, landing error scoring system, and functional movement screening test were taken from the subjects before the Olympiad, and the injuries of the athletes during the competitions were recorded by the data collection form. In order to statistically analyze the data, the logistic regression test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results of the research showed that a total of 26 injuries were registered during the competition in 124 subjects. None of the predictor variables had the ability to predict the criterion variable (p>0.05). Conclusion: In general conclusion based on the results of this research, it is not possible to predict general injury using functional tests.
Miss Nasrin Seyyedsiyahi, Dr Seyyedsadredin Shojaedin, Dr Raghad Memar,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
low back pain (LBP) is a significant issue and the aim of study was to compare two protocols, stretching exercises and combination of Pilates, regarding their effects on pain, disability, and electromyographic activity of core muscles in women with LBP.
This research employed a semi-experimental clinical trial design with pre-tes, post-test measures and a control group. Thirty women aged 20-35 with LBP were randomly assigned to three groups. Pain using a visual analog scale, disability using the Roland-Morris Questionnaire, and electromyographic activity was measured using bilateral electromyography. The experimental groups performed their exercises for 8 weeks, control group continued their regular daily activities.
Both protocols were effective in reducing pain and disability while increasing electromyographic activity of muscles. Analysis revealed significant differences in post-tests between the intervention groups and the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the two intervention groups. The results means indicated a greater effect of the combination exercises compared to stretching exercises alone.
The results suggest that stretching exercises and a combination of Pilates are effective in reducing pain, disability and increasing electromyographic activity of core muscles in individuals with LBP. it is recommended to utilize these exercises for improving non-specific chronic LBP.
Hossein Shahrokhi, Alibagher Nazarian, Negar Mehrolya,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Introduction and aim: The purpose of this study was to Comparison of the effect of neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision on core stability and proprioception and pain of housewives' with nonspecific chronic low back pain.
Methodology: In this semi-experimental study 30 housewives from Qazvin city selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups. (neuromuscular trainings without supervision: age: 46±10/4 yr., Height:154/7±8/7 cm., weight:74/8± 6/2 kg), neuromuscular trainings with supervision (age: 40/7±9/1 yr. Height: 161/9±5/9 cm., weight: 65/3±7/5 kg) And control: age: 46/4± 10/3 yr, Height:155/1± 8/8 cm., weight: 69/4± 10 kg)) with nonspecific chronic low back pain (age: 30-60 yr) Were affected. Training sessions held for 8 weeks under researcher supervision (3 session of 90 minutes per week). To assess pain and proprioception of trunk and core stability, Visual analogue scale (VAS), goniometer and McGill and Bearing-Sorensen test were used respectively. ANOVA was used to analyses data and for pairwise comparison, Tukey's test was used.
Results: Results of this study show that pain in two experimental groups (neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision) were significantly reduced compared to the control group (P=0.000), as well as deep sense and central stability in both neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision groups and these groups significantly increased compared to the control group (P=0.000), but there were no significant differences between neuromuscular trainings with and without supervision groups for all variables (p≥0.05).
Discussion and conclusion: According to the results it's recommended that these exercises, because of the minimum cost, when and where to focus on and execute people with non-specific chronic low back pain.
Ms Sara Matinfard, Phd Mojtaba Ebrahimi Varkiani, Ms Sabikeh Moghaddamnezhad, Ms Donya Asgari,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Introduction: Scapular asymmetry is considered as a significant abnormality in the resting position of the scapula. The present study aims to evaluate the stability, functional quality, and performance of the shoulder girdle among CrossFit athletes with and without scapular asymmetry.
Methods: Totally, 60 male CrossFit athletes aged between 20-30 years old with over one year of experience in CrossFit training were invited to participate in the study. Then, the participants were divided into two groups including the asymmetry (N=16) and normal shoulder status (N=22). In the next step, the statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0/05). Finally, the Nordic and DASH (disability of arm, shoulder, and hand) questionnaires, as well as the Davies CKCUES (close kinetic chain upper extremity stability) test, LSST (lateral scapular slide test), and YBT (Y Balance test) were administered.
Results: The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated a non-normal distribution of the data (p<0.000). Additionally, no significant difference was observed by the Mann-Whitney U test.
Conclusion: Based on the results, no significant difference was reported in sports performance quality, activity levels, or pain compared to the control group, despite the presence of asymmetry, representing that participation in CrossFit may mitigate the adverse effects related to scapular asymmetry.
Elahe Omidvar, Malihe Hadadnezhad, Mehdi Khaleghi Tazeji,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the impact of gait retraining using verbal feedback on pain and peak vertical ground reaction force in runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome, a common treatment and prevention method for the condition that involves modifying movement patterns to ensure knee joint stability. The current research was applied, and a semi-experimental study method with a pre-test-post-test design was used. The statistical sample of this research was made up of 20 runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome who were identified by a physiotherapist using the Clark test and were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group performed eight weeks of running and three sessions per week along with the walking retraining protocol with verbal feedback from the researcher, while the control group did not receive any intervention to their exercise. The variables studied in this research were the pain factor and the peak vertical ground reaction force, which were recorded respectively using a visual analog scale and a Bartek dynamometer with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz in both pre- and post-test stages. The results of the the mixed analysis of variance test with repeated measurements showed that the interactive effect of time on the group was significant and, the gait retraining protocol by verbal feedback reduced pain (P=0.000) and the peak vertical ground reaction force in the experimental group (P=0.003). The existence of differences in pain variables and peak ground reaction force during running confirms the need to use different strategies in the training of athletes. It is suggested that trainers have a special look at the gait retraining approach by verbal feedback to correct the movement pattern while running, in rehabilitation, and specialized exercises.
, ,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate eight weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercises on movement performance indicators, walking kinematics and lower limb damage in students with weak lumbopelvic control. Methodology: 30 female students with a mean age of 16.65±0.75 years, height of 161.80±4.11 cm, weight of 62.70±5.64 kg who had weak lumbopelvic control were purposively selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups n=15 and control groups n=15. The experimental group performed the neuromuscular for eight weeks, three sessions per week for 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive the intervention to assess lumbopelvic control a biofeedback device was used for jumping, static balance was used for stork test, dynamic balance was used for Y test, landing error was used for landing Error Scoring System Test, and lower limb motor function was used for tests (single-leg jump test, triple jump test, 6 - meter jump test in time, and cross jump test results: The present study showed that the effect of DNS exercises on motor performance indices 0.012, gait kinematics 0.001, and lower limb injury 0.012 was significant P<0.05.
Khatere Teknik, Reza Rajabi, Hooman Minoonejad,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aims: The current study aims to investigate the immediate effect of a researcher-made wedge treadmill on the activity of the selected lower limb muscles of flat feet individuals, so by activating the muscles, it can be used to help in the area of corrective exercise and correction of flat feet, rehabilitation and injury prevention.
Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental intervention based on the creation and introduction of a new tool and its effect evaluation. 16 subjects over 18 years old with flat feet deformity were included in this study. The subjects performed the protocol of walking at a normal speed on the researcher-made wedge treadmill at each of the lateral angles of 0, 5 and 15 degrees for 90 seconds. The electromyographic activity of five selected muscles was recorded at those angles. Statistical analysis was performed on Matlab and SPSS software. Friedman's test was used to evaluate the significant differences between angles and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to compare two-by-two means.
Results: According to the results, the average activity of selected muscles (peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus and hallucis longus) during walking between angles of 5 and 15 degrees on a wedge treadmill had a statistically significant difference compared to 0 degrees (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the amount of muscle activity of the lower limbs of subjects with flat feet during walking at 5 and 15-degree lateral angles has a significant difference compared to the same people walking at a zero-degree angle. Our results suggest that using the researcher-made wedge treadmill can significantly increase lower limb muscle activity in people with flat feet.
Behnam Moradi, Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah, Sajad Roshani, Narmin Ghani Zadeh Hesar,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Introduction and purpose: The landing error scoring system is a valid and reliable tool for functional assessment of jump-landing movement. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of sports training on the landing error scoring system in athletes.
Methodology: Searching between 2014 and 2024 from IranDoc, Magiran, PubMed, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, PEDro and (ISI) Institute for Scientific Information databases using the combination of jump-landing keywords. Landing mechanics, landing kinetics and kinematics, injury prevention, training, rehabilitation and landing error scoring system were done. A total of 88 articles related to this field were found, after reviewing and screening through the inclusion criteria, 8 articles were reviewed in full text.
Results: Various exercises, including neuromuscular, suspension, knee injury prevention, fatigue and kinesiotype, have been used to be effective on the landing error scoring system test. As a result of corrective exercises and fatigue, the experimental groups showed an improvement and a decrease in the jump-landing movement performance in the landing error scoring system, respectively.
Discussion and conclusion: It seems that in order to prevent jump-landing movement errors and possible injuries caused by it, exercises should be done that, in addition to increasing concentration and coordination in movement, make athletes resistant to factors such as danger.
Seyed Mohammad Hossini, Ali Keshtiaray, Mostafa Hossein Shahid,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Abstract:
Introduction and purpose: Back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Since it is difficult for people with back pain to bear weight, a treatment that can strengthen the muscles of the lumbar region while bearing weight without pain is of great interest. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the effect of eight weeks of traditional resistance training and TRX on the performance of people with non-specific chronic back pain.
Research method: 45 football players aged 20 to 30 years with chronic back pain were purposefully selected and placed in 3 groups, TRX exercises, traditional exercises and a control group of 15 people each. Before and after the training period, performance variable was evaluated by square test, and trunk endurance was evaluated by Magill tests. Further, the subjects of the experimental groups performed their respective exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions of 45 minutes each week, while the control group went through the research process without specialized back pain exercises. For the inferential analysis of the data, the statistical method of variance analysis of repeated measures was used.
Findings: In the intra-group comparison, a significant effect on performance was observed in both traditional and TRX training groups, but no significant difference was observed in the control group. The findings showed that, in the intergroup comparison between the intervention groups compared to the control and between the two intervention groups, a significant difference was observed in the performance and endurance variables of the trunk muscles, so that the TRX training group had a greater effect and effect size than the traditional training. .
Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that the TRX training program has a significant effect on improving performance compared to traditional resistance training.
Mohammadali Soleimanfallah, Ehsan Shayanfar, Behnaz Gangi Namin,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Abstract
Hamstring flexibility plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance of Wushu athletes and can increase their chances of success at both national and international levels. Aim: The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of a Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training program, with and without myofascial release(MR), on hamstring flexibility, range of motion(ROM), and the performance of the Knee and Hip joints in male Wushu athletes. Methodology: The study sample consisted of 36 Wushu athletes, aged between 18 and 38 years, who were purposively and randomly divided into three groups of 12 participants: a PNF stretching training group with myofascial release, a PNF stretching training group without myofascial release, and a control group. All participants followed the training protocol for 6 weeks, and at the end, a final test was conducted on all groups.hamstring flexibility was evaluate with the AKE 90-90 test, hip flexion ROM with a goniometer, and the function of knee and hip joints was performed with Sargent's jump. Results: The results of the statistical analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the effect of PNF stretching with release on hamstring muscle flexibility was significant (α = 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the PNF group with and without MR in terms of increased hamstring flexibility and hip flexion ROM (P>0.05). Also, knee and hip joints performance did not show any significant change from pre-test to post-test. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be recommended to wushu players to use PNF stretching with MR to increase hamstring muscle flexibility.
Mr Mohammad Shahpoori, Dr Amir Letafatkar, Dr Ali Abbasi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Introduction: Patellofemoral pain is one of the most common orthopedic knee problems in runners. The Pose model is an instructor-led gait training program that aims to modify gait to reduce the risk of injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the immediate effect of modifying the running kinematic pattern using the Pose model on kinematic factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners.
Materials and Methods: The present study was a field trial in which 20 healthy runners were divided into two groups: a control group and a gait retraining group using the Pose method. Running retraining was taught for 30 minutes, and lower limb kinematic variables including trunk angle, contralateral hip drop angle, dynamic knee valgus, knee flexion angle, and ankle dorsiflexion angle were recorded before and after the Pose intervention. SPSS20 software was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that using the Pose model can improve the running kinematic pattern, so that in the intervention group, the trunk angle on the right side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.656, the hip drop angle on the opposite side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.737,the dynamic knee valgus on the left side (P<0.02) with an effect size of 0.428 and on the right side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.583,and the maximum knee flexion angle on the left side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.746 and on the right side (P<0.01) with an effect size of 0.600.
Conclusion: retraining the running pattern using the Pose method as immediate feedback can affect the two-dimensional kinematics of the pelvic girdle and knee joints and improve their performance.
Mr Seyed Mostafa Tabatabai, Dr Farideh Babakhani, Dr Ramin Balochi,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (11-2019)
Abstract
Floss banding, as a new and effective technique, is becoming increasingly popular in the field of sports training, sports injury prevention, and rehabilitation. Given the need for further studies on the effect of floss banding on isometric strength and neuromuscular activity, this study aims to investigate the effect of floss banding. This study was conducted on judo players with a training history of at least two years and an age range of 20-30. The test method was as follows: first, the subjects were given an isometric strength test using a dynamometer, and at the same time, the neural and muscular activity was recorded using an EMG device. Then, the floss band was wrapped according to the protocol and after that, the strength and neuromuscular activity test was taken from the subjects immediately and 20 minutes after unwrapping the floss band. The results showed that eight weeks of floss banding had no significant effect on isometric grip strength from the pre-test to the post-test (p=0.096). The test results showed that there was no significant difference between the average isometric grip strength of judo players during the measurement stages (p=0.75). There was no significant difference between the average surface electromyography activity of the FCR muscle of judo players during the measurement stages (p=0.94). There was no significant difference between the average surface electromyography activity of the FCU muscle of judo players during the measurement stages (p=0.51). According to the results, using floss bands in a single session had no significant effect on the isometric grip strength and the electromyography activity of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm. Using floss bands as an 8-week protocol using at least two days a week had no positive effect on the isometric grip strength and the electromyography activity of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm.
Alireza Hosseini, Dr Mostafa Zareei, Fariborz Hovanloo,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
Wrestling is a high contact sport with a significant risk of injuries. Identifying risk factors can help preventing wrestler’s injuries. little is known about the contribution of balance and proprioception to sport injuries. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between dynamic balance and knee proprioception and the injuries in young wrestler.72 young wrestlers from Tehran primer league participated in this study. Before the start of season, proprioception was measured at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion using the Biodex Isokinetic pro 4 system. Dynamic balance was measured by Biodex balance system. Injuries were recorded by the team's medical staff. Logistic regression modeling indicated that there is no significant relation between Dynamic balance and proprioception of knee at 30 and 60 and at 90 degree and musculoskeletal injuries. Balance and proprioception testing, as performed in the present study, cannot be recommended as a screening test to predict injuries in young male wrestler.
Mohammad Alimoradi, Mansur Sahebazamini, Roya Bigtashkhani,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The movement patterns play a key role in the incidence of non-contact ACL injuries. This study attempts to investigate the effect of the +11 program on the jump-landing pattern in female amateur soccer players. Methods: 30 female amateur soccer players were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group performed the +11 program 3 times per week for 16 weeks whereas the control group maintained their regular warm-up method during the study. The jump-landing pattern of the players was investigated by a Special football jump-landing task using the landing error scoring system. Results: The results of the study showed that the 16 weeks of implementation of the +11 program significantly improved the jump-landing error scores of the players in the experimental group. Also, comparison of the results between experimental and control groups showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the +11 program could improve the jump-landing pattern of the female soccer players in pre_ participation evaluation (PPE). Therefore, trainers are advised to use this program as an alternative to regular warm-ups in order to prevent injury.
Zahra Ebrahimi, Ebrahim Mohammadali Nasab Firozjah, Sajad Roshani, Mostafa Zareei,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of injuries in the Iranian Football Premier League players before and after the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) through video analysis in the 2019-2020 season. The types of sports injuries were divided into acute and chronic categories based on the mechanism, and the injuries were analyzed by reviewing 143 videos from 239 matches. Prevalence, time of onset and affected area were recorded in a special sheet. According to the results, 219 injuries occurred before the outbreak of coronavirus and 276 injuries occurred after the outbreak of coronavirus. In the period before and after the outbreak of Corona virus, the lower limbs of the players (58/7%) were damaged more than other parts of their bodies. Also, the highest rate of injury occurred after the outbreak of coronavirus than before in the last minutes of the game (24/3%). Research Findings showed that the prevalence of injuries in Iranian Premier League football players in the post-outbreak period of Coronavirus increased due to home quarantine and closure of matches.
, , ,
Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Hyper-kyphosis anomalies are common disorders of spine. The aim of this study was to Establishment of dynamic postural assessment indicators in young girls with and without hyper-kyphosis.
In the study, 200 girls were selected according to the angle of kyphosis they were divided into two groups comprising of with and without Hyper-kyphosis. Evaluate dynamic posture, the tests back flattening, wall angle position, bilateral forward reach, pelvic tail tuck, head hanging forward, shoulder mobility, shoulder range in internal rotation and external rotation were used. The results showed a significant difference between the partial and general scores of the dynamic body condition assessment test for girls, with and without Hyper-kyphosis. The normal kyphosis group had better dynamic posture than the Hyper-kyphosis group. Dynamic body posture assessment tests can be considered good tool to assess and identify the limitations and movement disorders of people with Hyper-kyphosis.
, , ,
Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Considering the prevalence of pain and disability in the knee joint, the present study investigated the effect of core stability training with improving knee joint proprioception on balance, pain and functional disability of women with chronic knee pain. 20 women aged 30 to 50 with chronic knee pain were placed in two experimental and control groups. To measure static and dynamic balance, pain and functional disability, the stork balance tests, Y, VAS and VOMACK questionnaire were used, respectively. Exercises were followed for eight weeks in the experimental group. To evaluate the research hypotheses, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used in spss software version 24. The results showed that before the exercise protocol, there was no significant difference between the control and experimental groups in any of the measured variables. While the eight-week training protocol caused a significant difference in static and dynamic balance, functional disability and pain between the control and experimental groups. Therefore, core stability training with improving knee joint proprioception increase balance in people with chronic knee pain, which can reduce the risk of falling in these people and improve the quality of life by improving pain and functional disability.
