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Introducing And Designing A Home Fitness Machine Without Weights With Digital Adjustment
Mohammadreza Rahimi, Neda Boroushak,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
This study focuses on the design, construction, and validation of a digital-adjustable, weight-free home fitness device for muscle training. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the device's performance. Initially, existing equipment and resistance training methods were analyzed, gathering essential information for the preliminary design. Three-dimensional models and prototypes were developed using software such as Rhino Cross 6 and AutoCAD 2018. For validation, the device’s resistance was tested with a digital dynamometer in eight different settings, yielding a high validity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9. The reliability of the device was also assessed across three exercises (seated leg extension, seated chest press, and seated biceps curl) with 10 kg weights, repeated five times, resulting in a reliability coefficient of 0.8. These results indicate the device's high accuracy and consistent resistance. With precise digital adjustments and the capability for varied strength exercises, this device enables users to conduct effective, high-quality workouts at home, contributing to muscle strengthening and improved fitness.

The Effect Of Virtual Education Conditions On Musculoskeletal Status And Physical Activity Of Students During The Corona Pandemic
Mohamadjavad Razi, Hasan Modares, Zahra Shakeri Hosinabad,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and virtual learning may adversely affect students' musculoskeletal health and physical activity levels. This study aimed to investigate the impact of online education and prolonged sitting on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and physical activity among university students.
Methods: In this descriptive study, 440 male and female students from Farhangian University, Yazd Branch, were selected as the sample. Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and Beck Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using McNemar, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman’s correlation tests at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of MSDs during the pandemic showed a significant increase compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.05). A significant correlation was observed between reduced physical activity and increased MSDs (p<0.05). Students who did not follow proper sitting postures had significant disorders in the neck (p<0.0001), shoulder (p=0.006), wrist (p=0.002), lower back (p=0.001), hip (p=0.01), and knee (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that quarantine conditions and virtual learning may exacerbate musculoskeletal problems and sedentary behavior among students. Promoting ergonomic practices and physical activity during pandemics is crucial.

Comparing The Selected Kinematic Variables Of The Four Common Methods Of Performing The Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri Technique By Elite Male Karatekas
Salar Hariri, Heydar Sadeghi, Amir Ghiamirad, Saeed Nikookheslat,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since identifying the best way of performing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique is one of the concerns of coaches and karatekas, the aim of this study was to compare the selected kinematic variables of four methods of implementing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique by elite male karatekas.
Methodology: Eighteen elite male kumite practitioners voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. Nine markers were attached to the anatomical points of the hitting foot and the four methods of implementing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique were filmed by three Hero3 cameras at an imaging speed of 240 Hz. Using SkillSpector software (version: 1.3.2), the resultant of the peak velocity of the lower limb joints, total distance, total velocity, and total acceleration was directly obtained. The one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post-hoc test (p≤0.05) were used with SPSS software (version: 22) for statistical analysis due to the normality of data distribution.
 Results: The results showed a significant difference in the four methods of performing the Judan Mai-Mawashi-Geri technique in the peak velocity of the pelvic, knee, and ankle joints as well as total distance, total velocity, and total acceleration.
Conclusion: According to the results، the first method of execution، which starts in the first phase with 90 degree hip flexion (knee lift)، due to high speed and the possibility of scoring in the shortest appropriate time interval، against other tactics, Due to the closure of the opponent's attack route، Dai and Deashi can be recommended as a more efficient technique to the Athlete of the Kumite.

 
A Comparison Of Forces Excreted On The Foot While Running On The Ground And Artificial Turf In People With Pronated And Supinated Feet
Amirali Jafarnezhadgero, Arezoo Madahi, Milad Piran Hamlabadi,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background and Aims: The surface quality and type are an important factor that may influence the risk of sustaining injuries during running. The aim of the present study was to compare forces excreted on the foot while running on the ground and artificial turf in people with pronated and supinated feet.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of healthy men with pronated and supinated feet in Ardabil province. A statistical sample of 30 people aged 20-25 years was selected by available sampling and participated in the present study. Statistical samples were divided into three groups. There were 10 patients in the pronated foot group, 10 people in the supinated foot group and the third group of 10 people as the control group. The navicular drop test was used to measure foot type. A Bertec force plate was used to record ground reaction forces while running on ground and artificial turf at constant speed (about 3.2 m/s). The ground reaction forces in the vertical (Fz), anterior-posterior (Fy) and medio-lateral (Fx) directions were recorded during running.
Results: The results revealed greater medio-lateral ground reaction force at the heel contact in males with pronated feet while running on the ground than that artificial grass. In addition, the time to reach the peak of the vertical component at heel contact during running on grass was greater compared to the ground.
Conclusion: The results showed that the use of artificial turf can improve the risk factors for injury in people with pronated and supinated feet.

 
Reliability Study Of Various Single Leg Landing Tasks To Evaluate Knee Joint Biomechanics (Systematic Review Study)
Hamidreza Zanguie, Mohammad Yousefi, Abbas Farjadpezeshk, Khorshid Bijari,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Aim: Most studies have compared the single-leg landing task in terms of biomechanical characteristics, especially kinematics and kinetics of movement planes, and concluded that reliability for knee valgus angles and hip adduction is moderate to excellent. However, no studies have been conducted on the reliability of different types of single-leg landing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review studies investigated the reliability of single-leg landing types to evaluate the biomechanics of the knee joint.
Methods: The relevant articles from valid databases with the keywords Single Leg Landing, Landing, Kinematic, Biomechanics, Return to Sport, Performance Test, Functional Test, Hop Test, Kinetic thematic search methods from 1995 to 2023 were examined.
Result: A total of 1022 articles were identified then duplicate studies were eliminated in the next stage, the titles and abstracts of the studies were reviewed and 439 studies were excluded due to inconsistency with the research question. Finally, only 9 articles that met the inclusion criteria were examined.
Conclusion:  This study showed that different single-leg landing tasks for kinematic variables, including internal rotation, adduction, hip flexion, knee extension, knee valgus, trunk lateral flexion, and pelvic tilt have good reliability.

Effects Of Quadriceps Muscle Fatigue On Electromyography Activity Of Lower Limb Muscles During Lifting Load
Masume Fadaei, Mehrdad Anbarian,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of quadriceps muscle fatigue on electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during lifting loads using different techniques.
Methods: Surface electromyography activity of the rectus femoris, vastus latralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, semitendinous, gastrocnemius medialis and tibialis anterior muscles of 20 able-bodied women were recorded before and after the quadriceps muscle fatigue using leg-press movement, squat, stoop and strudel techniques with 20% of body weight. Analysis of Variance with repeated measures was used for data analyses (p<0.05).
Results: After fatigue when lifting the load, the activity of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius medialis in squat and stoop techniques was significantly different compared to before fatigue condition. But no significant difference was observed between the activity of any of the muscles before and after fatigue in the straddle method.
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that when quadriceps muscle fatigue, the use of straddle technique to lift the load is more appropriate.

 
An Adaptive Closed-loop Control Based Machine Learning For Rehabilitation Parkinson’s Patients
Saeed Mollahoseini Paghale, Milad Fallahzade, Mohammadreza Amirseyfadini,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Controlling hand tremors in neurological disorders like Parkinson's has gotten a lot of attention in recent decades. The number of theories about closed-loop deep brain stimulation is rapidly growing. The goal of this work is to offer a machine learning-based automated closed loop system for the rehabilitation of Parkinson's patients with hand tremor symptoms.
Materials and Methods: In the current study, vibration was simulated using a mathematical model that included a muscle model, basal ganglia, cortex, and supplementary motor area. To manage hand tremor, the non-integer PID proportional controller, as well as the intelligent Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm as a subset of reinforcement learning, are employed to adapt the coefficients.
 Results: One of the advantages of the proposed method, aside from reducing hand tremor and automatic learning to use at various levels of the disease, which has yielded acceptable results when compared to other control methods, is its practical implementation in the real world due to the simplicity of the controller. The automatic adjustment of artificial intelligence network coefficients in the presented strategy (PPO) makes it simple to create intelligent system.
Conclusion: The proposed intelligent system significantly reduces the side effects of continuous brain stimulation in the open-loop manner stimulation, in addition to optimizing output signals such as hand tremor compared to other controllers and being usable for all levels of the disease due to its adaptability.

Comparison Of Effects Of two Type Resistance Exercises On Vertical Force And Impulse Caused By Diagonal Blows On The Spike Skill Of Female Volleyball Players
Mohsen Barghamadi, Roghayeh Parsa, Amir Fatollahi,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Volleyball players apply force at short speed more oblique strokes to the ball so that it lands quickly on the ground.The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of two types of resistance training with cable and barbells on vertical force and impulse caused by oblique strokes in the spike of female volleyball.
Materials and Methods: The present study method was semi-experimental. The statistical population of this study included 45 female volleyball players from Mohaghegh University. The statistical samples was divided into three groups of 15 people in the training groups 1 with barbell, dumbbell, medicine­ training ­­tools, and groups 2 with­­  training with cable bodybulding equipment, and the third group in as control group. Force plate was used to record ground reaction forces.The table was used to adjust the height diagonal shots, the invisible string and the volleyball ball for the dominant hand shot volleyball players.
Results: The effects of the force resulting from the diagonal impact on the ball on the vertical ground reaction force were significant in the group1 (p< 0.008) and not significant in group 2 (p< 0.133).The effect of the impulse time factor in the strength training group on the vertical component of the ground reaction force was significant in group1 (P<0.030) and in group 2 (P<0.023).
Conclusion: combined strength training with barbell and medicine increases power in diagonal shots and produces maximum vertical force in a shorter time to the ball in diagonal spike shots in volleyball.


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