Mahsa Asgari, Zahra Raeisi,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Background and aim: The purpose of this study is to examine how eight weeks of general exercises (GEs) combined with cognitive functional therapy (CFT) affect women with chronic non-specific low back pain (CNSLBP) in terms of pain, quality of life (QoL), and muscle endurance.
Methods: 45 women with CNSLBP participated in this study for eight weeks in three groups: GEs, GEs with CFT, and control. Pain, QoL and muscle endurance were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), SF-36 questionnaire, and Biering-Sorensen test, respectively. Mixed-model repeated measure test with repeated measurement design was used for data analysis.
Results: The results revealed a significant difference in the investigated variables between the pre-test and post-test for the intervention groups, but no difference was seen in the control group.
Discussion and final conclusion: The group of GEs combined with CFT distinguished itself significantly from the group of GEs in the comparison of the factors of physical performance, emotional health, and general health from sub-sections of QoL, and also muscular endurance. According to the results, it is recommended that women with CNSLBP use GEs in combination with CFT to reduce pain, improve QoL, and increase muscle endurance.
Dr Amir Letafatkar, Faranak Amini, Bahram Sheikhi,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a combination of pain neuroscience education and targeted cognitive motor control training with targeted cognitive motor control training alone in patients with chronic low back pain.
Materials and Methods: Fifty-four chronic low back pain patients (pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control training group, n=27 and targeted cognitive motor control training only group, n=27) participated in this study. Pain, disability, central sensitization inventory, and kinesiophobia were assessed at baseline and eight weeks after interventions. Repeated measures analysis of variance and linear mixed models were used to examine between-group differences.
Results: A significant group×time interaction effect was found for pain (p=0.008), central sensitization inventory (p=0.002) and kinesiophobia (p<0.001) in the pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control training group compared to the targeted cognitive motor control training only group after eight weeks. Main effects of time were observed for pain, disability, and fear of movement after interventions (p<0.001). No significant group×time interaction effects was found for disability (p=0.50).
Conclusions: This study’s findings support the provision of pain neuroscience education as a clinically effective addition to targeted cognitive motor control training in chronic low back pain patients.
Roghayeh Afzali Nasab Gorohi, Abdolhamid Daneshjoo, Mansour Sahebozamani,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feedback and feed forward neuromuscular training on balance and isometric strength in female basketball players with a high risk of injury in Kerman.20women basketball players of Kerman city purposely selected and who were randomly divided into two groups of feedback and feed forward and performed intervention for 8 weeks, three sessions per week. Dynamic balance and isometric knee strength was measured using Biodex system and MMT device. One way ANCOVA was used for data analyze. The results showed significant differences between pre-post test balance Overall Stability and internal/external balance and Anterior/Posterior balance (P=0.001).Significant difference was observed in the strength of quadriceps muscle and hamstring between the two groups of feedback and feed forward exercises (P≥0.05).Isometric Quadriceps strength and hamstring in the post- test showed an significantly improvement of in feedback and feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).It can be concluded that neuromuscular training can enhanced balance and isometric strength, of women and training with feedback has more important than training with feedforward.
Faeze Nemati, Mostafa Zareei, Morteza Barzegar Bafrouei,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention program on the performance of elite female kabaddi players. Given the debilitating consequences of ACL injuries, the primary aim is to evaluate the effects of an eight-week prevention program on improving the performance of these athletes. This quasi-experimental research was conducted on 27 elite female kabaddi players (aged 18 to 24 years), who were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group underwent an eight-week injury prevention training program. The tests included T-test, 20-meter run, Y-balance test, flexibility, hopping, and movement screening. Data analysis was performed using Levene's test and ANCOVA. The results of the ANCOVA indicated that the intervention group scored significantly better than the control group in the Y-balance test for both the right (p=0.002) and left (p=0.001) legs, single-leg hopping (right leg: p=0.004 and left leg: p=0.001), crossover hopping for the right leg (p=0.023), and the sit-and-reach flexibility test (p=0.003). However, no significant differences were observed in the speed, agility, triple hopping, and functional movement screening (FMS) tests. Results: The findings suggest that the eight-week PEP program has a significant impact on dynamic balance for both the right and left legs, hopping (single-leg and crossover hopping for the right leg), and hamstring and lower back flexibility in elite female kabaddi players. However, it did not have a significant effect on left leg hopping, speed, agility, or FMS scores.
Maryam Ghorbani, Rasoul Yaali,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this research was the effect of Pilates exercises on balance and proprioception in female students. 98 female students voluntarily participated in this study. Of these, 91 healthy students were placed in the experimental group and 7 students with sports exemption were placed in the control group. The position senses of ankle and knee joints was measured using the active reconstruction test of the ankle and knee angles and static balance was measured using the Sharpened Romberg test before and after 16 intervention sessions. The results of Wilcoxon test showed that in the experimental group, static balance increased significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test. The position sense of dorsiflexion, plantarflexion of ankle joint and knee flexion position sense in the experimental group increased significantly in the post-test. Also, the results of the covariance test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test in the variables of static balance and position sense of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of ankle and position sense of knee flexion that according to the adjusted average, the experimental group performed better than the control group. The results showed that Pilates exercises are suitable for improving ankle and knee proprioception and improving postural control in teenagers and young adults.
Mohadeseh Ashrafizadeh, Ali Asghar Norasteh,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
Jumping motor tasks in people with motor control defects are probably associated with incomplete movement patterns, which can be related to non-collision injuries of the lower limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the eight-week training program of feedback on the biomechanical variables of athletes with selected motor control defects in landing jump tasks.
The present study is a randomized clinical trial study before and after the intervention. 34 male recreational athletes with movement control defects were selected based on the study criteria and then randomly assigned to control and feedback groups. To analyze the data, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests were used for each movement task at a significance level of P < 0.05.
The results of the study indicated an increase in the electrical activity of the VM and GM muscles in different phases of jumping in the feedback group. Also, the feedback group showed a decrease in knee valgus angle in the frontal plane (P < 0.05).
The results of the present study showed that feedback can be used to correct incomplete movement patterns in jump-landing tasks.
Mohammad Kalantariyan, Samaneh Samadi , Ramin Beyranvand,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the changes in static and dynamic balance and proprioceptive accuracy of knee and ankle joints of young taekwondo athletes before and after applying the fatigue protocol. The current research is semi-experimental. The research subjects were 20 teenage male taekwondo players (17/86±4/4 year, 174/37±5/2 cm, 65/61±6/1 kg) from the statistical population. Static and dynamic balance variables were measured respectively by Stork's static balance test and Y dynamic balance test, as well as the proprioception of the ankle and knee joints at 10 degrees of ankle dorsiflexion and 30 degrees of knee flexion, by the photographic method. Then the functional fatigue protocol was applied. After finishing the fatigue protocol, all the variables evaluated again. The results of the paired t-test showed that after applying the fatigue protocol, there is a significant difference between the average of static (P=0.028) and dynamic balance in all three anterior (P=0.001), posterior-medial (P=0.012) and posterior-lateral (P=0.009) directions as well as proprioceptive accuracy of knee joint (P=0.003) and ankle joint (P=0.001).
It is recommended to all taekwondo coaches and athletes, to perform specialized training exercises in the field of taekwondo and according to the age of teenagers.
Reza Khazaei, Mansour Sahebozamani, Ehsanolla Habibi, Khosro Jalali Dehkordi, Nafise Pishgooie, Banafsheh Parvaresh,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background and Aims:The necessity and importance of such research, especially among the young is quite tangible. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of corrective selected exercise and combination kinesiotaping and tera band training on the kyphosis angle of adolescent boys with kyphosis. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, spinal deformity information of 36 boy students in gym of Esfahan city, 15-18year participated in this study. Then boy student’s participated in an 8-week corrective selected exercise and Combination of Kinesiotaping and Teraband، the end their deformity were evaluated again.For data analysis descriptive statistics ، T tests and SPSS Software was used.The angleof kyphosis in pre-test (48/8± 0/9) after using corrective selected exercise have had a significant reduction (46/9±0/8). Angle of kyphosis in pre-test (49. 1 ± 0.7) after using Combination of Kinesiotaping and Teraband have had a significant reduction (46/97±0/8). Conclusion:corrective exercises alone or in combination with new methods of training, the subjects had a positive impact on improving the kyphosis. But according to the results of this study, no significant difference was found between the corrective exercises with the combined method.
Farshid Aghabeigi, Mohammad Karimizadeh Ardakani, Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh, Hooman Minoonejad,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background and Aims: The purpose of this research was to design and implement a system for the surveillance of sports injuries in students. Methods: Sports injuries of male and female high school students in Ilam province were recorded by physical education teachers using online methods and paper forms during one academic semester. At the end, a questionnaire was used to survey them regarding these methods. The research is of a descriptive-comparative type and Chi-square (x2) was used at the significance level (P<0.05) to analyze the results.
Results: A total of 151 injuries were reported, of which 76 injuries (50.4 percent) were registered with the online method, 70 injuries (46.3 percent) with the online paper method, and 5 injuries (3.3 percent) with the paper method. Online registration (146 injuries) is significantly more used than paper registration (75 injuries) (p=0.001).
Conclusion: physical education teachers give the reasons for using the online method more: availability, easier working with it, and recovery It is easier to record information. On the other hand, they mentioned the interruption and slowness of the internet speed as things that can cause disruption. According to the results, it seems that the use of online methods is more effective in registering sports injuries in schools.
Maryam Kavyani, Hadi Babarahimi, Mahtab Amiri,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introudution and aim:This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ). Methods:To achieve this, 120 athletes with different skill levels in various fields completed the AFAQ, along with the Kinesiophobia Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Sports Injury Appraisal Scale. The AFAQ was confirmed by using the translation-back translation method, face validity, and translation accuracy. Construct validity, internal consistency, and temporal reliability were checked using Cronbach's alpha index, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that the one-factor model of the athletes' fear-avoidance questionnaire had a poor fit. Therefore, after conducting an exploratory factor analysis and identifying three factors in these questionnaires, the confirmatory factor analysis model also fitted the data well with this three-factor model. The CFI index was 0.96, the TLI index was 0.94, and the RMSE index was 0.05. The chi-square ratio to the degree of freedom (X2/DF) was 1.39. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was also confirmed.
Conclusion: Therefore, the Persian version of the AFAQ has three factors and includes ten questions and three catastrophic constructs (items 1, 5, 8), fear of movement (4, 6, 7), and fear-avoidance beliefs (items 2, 3, 9, 10). This was confirmed in the community of Iranian athletes
Hamid Abbasi Bafghi, Mohammad Hasan Kordi Ashkezari, Abdolmajid Heratizadeh, Saeed Abedinzadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Ankle injuries are among the most common sports-related injuries, often caused by factors such as "direct contact with a player or the ground, tackles that push the ankle inward or outward, and during jumping and landing." Among these injuries, lateral ankle sprains are one of the most prevalent types, frequently associated with ankle instability. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of balance training and hopping exercises on the proprioception of athletes with functional ankle instability.
Methods: A total of 30 basketball, volleyball, and handball athletes with functional ankle instability, with a mean age of 24.58 ± 3.626 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 25.681 ± 2.126, were randomly assigned to two groups in a clinical trial. The first group (n=15) performed hopping exercises, while the second group (n=15) performed balance training. Proprioception of their ankle joints was assessed at baseline and after six weeks of training. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests and ANCOVA via SPSS version 20.
Results: Both balance training and hopping exercises significantly reduced the absolute error in reconstructing dorsiflexion and plantarflexion angles of the ankle (p<0.05). Additionally, the reduction in absolute error for these angles was significantly greater in the hopping group compared to the balance training group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that both balance training and hopping exercises improve ankle joint proprioception in athletes with functional ankle instability. However, hopping exercises demonstrated greater effectiveness compared to balance training.
Behnam Moradi, Amir Letafatkar, Malihe Hadadnezhad, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Khalegi,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and aim: Fatigue of injury-prone athletes and their placement in situations such as performing shear maneuvers increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Therefore, this research aims to answer the question, does functional fatigue change the effect of neuromuscular training on kinetic variables during cutting in injury-prone male athletes?
Methodology: The current research is semi-experimental and was carried out in two control and experimental groups as a pre-test and post-test design with and without fatigue before and after neuromuscular exercises. 32 males student-athletes aged 18 to 25 with trunk control defects were purposefully selected and randomly placed in the control group (16 people) and the experimental group (16 people). The force plane was used to measure ground reaction forces. Analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis at a level smaller than P<0.05.
Results: The results of the present study showed a significant improvement in ground reaction force variables in the post-test of the experimental group compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). While none of these variables had significant changes in the control group (P>0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that doing trunk and hip neuromuscular training in athletes with a trunk control defect leads to a significant improvement in the stability of the trunk control, so in the conditions with and without fatigue, they were able to show a significant improvement in the selected parameters of the ground reaction forces. Therefore, this training method can probably be recommended as a beneficial method for athletes and the mentioned conditions
Marzieh Sekonji, Hasan Sadeghi, Neda Boroushak, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Method: Flexible flat foot, or pes planus, is a common lower extremity abnormality characterized by a flatter medial longitudinal arch, causing the foot's sole to come into near or complete contact with the ground. This study investigated the effects of six weeks of localized and comprehensive corrective exercises on proprioception, balance, and navicular drop in female participants aged 10 to 18 with this deformity. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pre-test and post-test design with 51 females diagnosed with flexible flat foot. Participants were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (local and comprehensive) and one control group. A navicular drop test was conducted to assess foot posture. The experimental groups engaged in corrective exercises for six weeks (three sessions per week for 30 minutes), while the control group maintained their usual activities. Pre- and post-intervention assessments of ankle proprioception, balance, and navicular drop were conducted using a goniometer, the Sharpened Romberg test, and the Brody test. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 26, involving covariance analysis for between-group differences and paired sample tests for within-group changes.
Findings: The results indicated that the experimental groups showed significant improvements in proprioception, navicular drop, and balance after the interventions (P=0.000), whereas the control group exhibited no significant changes (P>0.05). Additionally, the experimental groups outperformed the control group in the post-test assessments.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that a six-week program of corrective exercises effectively enhances proprioception, balance, and movement performance in girls aged 10 to 18 with flexible flat foot.
Ranasadat Heydari, Mansour Sahebozamani, Fatemeh Karimi Afshar,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: Core stability is crucial for preventing and alleviating low back pain. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of suspended core stability exercises on the static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level in females with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain (NSCLBP).
Methodology: 21 females with NSLBP were randomly divided into experimental(n:11, age:35/1±8/2) and control (n:11, age:32/9±7/6) groups. The static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level were measured by Biodex balance system, valid tests of Core stability and Visual analogue scale (VAS) respectively. Mixed ANOVA were used for data analysis.
Results: Based on the results of the study, unlike the control group, there was a significant difference in static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level variables from pre-test to post-test in the experimental group. Also, this difference was observed between the experimental and control groups(P≤0/05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, Suspended Core Stability Exercises with TRX, may improve core stability, static and dynamic balance and decrease pain in female with NSCLBP. This may be due to the instability of these exercises, which enhances muscle activation in the core while also involving changes in body position and movements of the upper and lower limbs.
Afshin Moghadasi,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Introduction and aim: Strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles is effective in controlling pronation. However, the effects of strengthening other muscle groups remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comprehensive and local corrective exercises on foot posture index (FPI) in people with flexible flat foot.
Methods: Forty-four students referring to Neshat corrective exercises center in Ilam city with a foot posture index score between 6 and 12 were selected as a statistical sample and stratified randomly divided into four groups of intrinsic exercises, intrinsic + extrinsic exercises, comprehensive corrective exercises (CCE) and control. The FPI was measured in the pre-test, at the end of the sixth week and at the end of the twelfth week. The mixed model analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the FPI in the exercise groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the intrinsic and intrinsic + extrinsic groups in the right (P=0.980) and left (P=0.965) foots. FPI in the CCE group showed a significant decrease compared to all groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: CCE, considering the principle of chain reactions of the human body and focusing on the activation of all the distal and proximal muscles effective in misalignment, is more effective than local exercises in correcting the flatness of a flexible foot.
Maryam Ghorbani, Rasoul Yaali,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: Different postural stability and functional movements may play an important role in secondary injuries in people with flexible flat feet compared to people with normal feet. However, the difference between static and dynamic stability and functional movements of people with and without flexible flatfeet has not been investigated. Therefore, the current study was conducted with the aim of comparing static and dynamic stability and functional movements of subjects with and without flexible flatfeet and examined the relationship between functional movements and static and dynamic stability.
Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 96 subjects after evaluating the medial longitudinal arch of the foot with navicular drop test were divided into two groups, flexible flat feet group (n=25) and normal feet group (n=71). Functional performance using functional movements screening test, static stability using the Sharpened Romberg balance test, dynamic stability using the Y balance test were measured. In order to compare the parameters measured in two groups, non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test was used.
Results: The scores of functional movements and static stability in the normal feet group were significantly higher than the flexible flatfeet group (p≤0.05). The total score of the Y test was not significantly different between the two groups (p≥0.05). In the group of normal feet, a significant correlation was observed between functional movement scores and dynamic stability (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: These results show that subjects with flexible flatfeet have different movement performance and static stability compared to subjects with normal feet, but they have similar dynamic stability. It may indicate that there is no connection between static and dynamic stability and these two functions are separate from each other.
Allahyar Arabmomeni, Marzieh Ramazani,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Rectal prolapse, characterized by the protrusion of the internal anal wall, is a debilitating condition often associated with pelvic floor muscle weakness. The present study aimed to compare the effects of functional core stability exercises, electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), and a combination of these modalities on pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance in women with rectal prolapse.
Methodology: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design. A total of 48 women with rectal prolapse from Isfahan were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to four groups: functional exercise, EMS exercise, combined exercise and control. The intervention program lasted eight weeks, with three 60-minute sessions per week. Outcome variables were assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests.
Results: The findings demonstrated a significant improvement in pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance in both the EMS and combined exercise groups (P≤0.05). Although the functional exercise group showed an increase in muscle strength, this change did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). Furthermore, the combined training group exhibited significantly greater improvements across variables compared to the EMS-only and functional-only groups (P≤0.05).
Conclusion: These results suggest that integrating electrical stimulation with functional training provides superior benefits in enhancing pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance in women with rectal prolapse. Therefore, rehabilitation centers, physicians, and therapists are encouraged to adopt such combined approaches as an effective strategy for improving clinical outcomes in this patient population
Fadia Riasaty, Reza Rajabi, Shahrzad Zandi, Foad Seidi,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect and sustainability of eight weeks corrective exercises, postural reeducation and their combination on core stability in young females with lumbar hyperlordosis.
Methods: 55 female students with increased lumbar lordosis randomly divided into four groups (corrective exercise, postural reeducation,combination of exercise and postural reeducation and control). The degree of lordosis was measured by a flexible ruler and core muscls endurance by Mcgill tests before and after eight weeks, and then after eight weeks of follow-up.
Results: The results of repeated measure of ANOVA test indicated a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in study groups in reducing core stability. The results showed that pretest and posttest of exercise group compred with the postural reeducation and control group had a significant difference in core stability (p <0.05). In terms of sustainability the results showed that the difference between the exercise group and combined group with the control group was significant core stability score (p <0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that the use of corrective exercises, combined and postural reeducation program, are likely to be effective in improving core stability in young females with lumbar hyperlordosis, but the effect of the combined program was more than the other interventions.
Abouzar Saadatian, Mohmood Farzami , Asma Negahderi,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: Upper cross syndrome leads to widespread changes such as head forward, increased cervical lordosis, back kyphosis, round shoulder. Correcting musculoskeletal abnormalities and providing appropriate activities and movements to eliminate such disabilities and inefficiencies is of particular importance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of massage therapy on upper cruciate syndrome in male students.
Methods: In this research, 30 students with upper cruciate syndrome were divided into 2 groups (massage group (15 people) - control group (15 people)). The amount of head forward was evaluated with a camera and back kyphosis was evaluated with a flexible ruler method, and then for 8 weeks of Yomi Ho therapy massage, SPSS version 24 software was used to analyze the data of this research.
Results: The results of multivariate and univariate covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the two massage therapy groups and the control group in forward head (P<0.001) and kyphosis variables (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that Yumi Ho therapy massage is an effective method in improving upper cruciate syndrome and especially on forward head and kyphosis abnormalities.
Mohadeseh Ashrafizadeh, Ali Asghar Norasteh,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Introduction & Aim: Motor control deficits such as dynamic knee valgus and quadriceps dominance are recognized as key modifiable risk factors for lower-limb injuries. Feedback-based training has been proposed as an effective strategy to correct high-risk biomechanics. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of feedback interventions on lower-limb mechanics and performance during jump-landing movements
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar) and national databases (Magiran, Irandoc) from 2000 to 2023. Studies were included if they examined the effects of any form of feedback on healthy individuals with lower-limb motor control deficits. From an initial 540 retrieved articles, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening and full-text review.
Results: Most studies reported that feedback, particularly external or real-time feedback, led to increased flexion angles of the hip and knee in the sagittal plane during jump-landing. The findings regarding frontal plane mechanics were inconsistent: some studies showed a reduction in knee valgus angle, while others reported no significant change. A majority confirmed a reduction in peak vertical ground reaction force following feedback. However, limited studies assessed performance outcomes such as jump height or reactive strength index, and their findings were contradictory.
Conclusion: Feedback interventions appear effective in improving biomechanical risk factors related to lower-limb injury during jump-landing tasks; however, their impact on functional performance remains unclear. Further research is required to determine long-term retention and performance outcomes.
