Showing 38 results for Type of Study: Applicable
Ms. Negar Rostami, Dr. Mohamad Galedari,
Volume 19, Issue 21 (9-2021)
Abstract
Determining the intensity of exercise in children's sports programs has always been very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the rope skipping exercise with three different intensities on the acute response of salivary chromogranin A and alpha-amylase in girl students. 45 fourth grade students were divided into three groups (low, moderate and high intensity). They performed one session of rope skipping with three intensities of 50, 65, and 75% reserve heart rate, according to the metronome rhythm. The reserve heart rate was calculated by the Karvonen method. Samples of salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol were collected before and immediately after the exercise and measured by the ELISA method. T-test and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the data. Alpha-amylase and chromogranin A increased significantly after all three intensities. It was Also shown that there is no significant difference between intensities in the amount of chromogranin A, While the amount of alpha-amylase in the group with an intensity of 75% of the reserve heart rate was more than 50%. Although more research is needed in this area, according to the present results, it can be said that probably a session of rope skipping with 50% of reserve heart rate has a less increasing effect on salivary alpha-amylase of girl students.
Dr Amir Ghiamirad, Mr Farhad Esmkhani, Mr Salar Hariri,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematic characteristics of the two skills of Judan and Chudan Giakozuki Karate, professional and semi-professional male men. Methods: 10 Professional and 10 semi¬-professional amateur male Karate athlethes participated in this study and performed the techniques. The ground reaction force during the impact, which was an indirect parameter to calculate the impact power, was measured using a force plate with a frequency of 250 Hz. The ADXL320 accelerometer was also used to calculate the hand transfer acceleration. The motion data were recorded using Phase Space real time optical tracking system with 8 high speed cameras at 480 fps. Then the kinematic parameters associated with each fist were modeled and quantified by a three-dimensional imaging system.Paired t-test and independent t-test were used to analyze the research data.The test results in the parameters of wrist, elbow, shoulder movement in Judan and Chuadan Gyakozuki skills, ground reaction force, peak speed of elbow and shoulder in Chuan Gyakozuki skill, peak wrist velocity in Judan Gyakozuki skill in semi-professional karate and professional showed a significant difference. Fainaly, the results showed that the type of impact and the level of experience of karatekas were the main factors in determining the size of the displacement parameters and peak velocity, which are considered an important factor in success in competitions and lead to better scores in competitions.
Dr Ali Asghar Ravasi, Dr Mousa Khalafi, Dr Karim Azali Alamdari,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and objective: Effects of exercise training on metabolic disorders through modifications in fibroblast growth factor -21 (FGF-21) level are controversial. Therefore, the aim of study was to determine the quantitative effect of exercise training protocols on serum FGF-21 level in adults with metabolic disorders. Methods: A systematic search of the published Persian or English-language studies from PubMed and Google Scholar databases up to march 2021 was done and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random-effects models. Results: a total of 14 studies (aerobic training=3, resistance training=3, HIIT=4, concurrent training=4) including on 19 interventions conducted on 503 subjects (with overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and or fatty liver disease) were eligible to include in the meta-analysis. However, because of the heterogeneity, the final quantitative impact of 16 interventions was calculated as a declining serum FGF21 level after training [SMD=-0.44(CI: -0.65 to -0.22) p=0.001] which had no correlation with subjects age(p=0.10) or BMI(p=0.50) level. Conclusion: exercise training protocols are efficient tools for a remarkable decrease in serum FGF-21 in patients with metabolic disorders which seems to lead to more beneficial effects on metabolic disturbances. However, more clinical trials are still warranted in this area considering the role of exercise components such as exercise intensity and type
Zahra Ebrahimi, Ebrahim Mohammadali Nasab Firozjah, Sajad Roshani, Mostafa Zareei,
Volume 19, Issue 22 (12-2021)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of injuries in the Iranian Football Premier League players before and after the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) through video analysis in the 2019-2020 season. The types of sports injuries were divided into acute and chronic categories based on the mechanism, and the injuries were analyzed by reviewing 143 videos from 239 matches. Prevalence, time of onset and affected area were recorded in a special sheet. According to the results, 219 injuries occurred before the outbreak of coronavirus and 276 injuries occurred after the outbreak of coronavirus. In the period before and after the outbreak of Corona virus, the lower limbs of the players (58/7%) were damaged more than other parts of their bodies. Also, the highest rate of injury occurred after the outbreak of coronavirus than before in the last minutes of the game (24/3%). Research Findings showed that the prevalence of injuries in Iranian Premier League football players in the post-outbreak period of Coronavirus increased due to home quarantine and closure of matches.
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Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Hyper-kyphosis anomalies are common disorders of spine. The aim of this study was to Establishment of dynamic postural assessment indicators in young girls with and without hyper-kyphosis.
In the study, 200 girls were selected according to the angle of kyphosis they were divided into two groups comprising of with and without Hyper-kyphosis. Evaluate dynamic posture, the tests back flattening, wall angle position, bilateral forward reach, pelvic tail tuck, head hanging forward, shoulder mobility, shoulder range in internal rotation and external rotation were used. The results showed a significant difference between the partial and general scores of the dynamic body condition assessment test for girls, with and without Hyper-kyphosis. The normal kyphosis group had better dynamic posture than the Hyper-kyphosis group. Dynamic body posture assessment tests can be considered good tool to assess and identify the limitations and movement disorders of people with Hyper-kyphosis.
Vahideh Ranjbari, Mehdi Rafei Borujeni, Shahram Lenjannejadian,
Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction and aim: The kinematic analysis of elite athletes’ performance is an important method to determine effective parameters of sport performances. The purpose of the present study was to compare kinematic characteristics of the upper extremity in adolescence and adult players in three-step shoot in Handball. Methods: Nine elite adult handball players working in the Super League (23.55 ± 2.69 years) and ten teen handball players (16.4 ± 0.69 years) participated in this study. The pictures related to the final stage of the shoot were recorded three dimensionally and analyzed by a graphic interface in MATLAB software. The data related to the angular position, angular velocity and peak angular velocity and position corresponding to the upper limb joints of athletes, including the wrist, elbow and shoulder were obtained. Statistical data were used for analysis through student t-test for two independent groups with significance level p ≥ 0.05 in order to compare two groups. Findings: There were significant differences between two groups in angular position of elbow joint during extension at maximum angular velocity and linear velocity of the ball at the time of the release. Conclusion: it seems that other factors than cinematic characteristics such as anthropometric characteristics along with muscle strength in adult are important to get the maximum velocity of ball release.
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Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Considering the prevalence of pain and disability in the knee joint, the present study investigated the effect of core stability training with improving knee joint proprioception on balance, pain and functional disability of women with chronic knee pain. 20 women aged 30 to 50 with chronic knee pain were placed in two experimental and control groups. To measure static and dynamic balance, pain and functional disability, the stork balance tests, Y, VAS and VOMACK questionnaire were used, respectively. Exercises were followed for eight weeks in the experimental group. To evaluate the research hypotheses, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used in spss software version 24. The results showed that before the exercise protocol, there was no significant difference between the control and experimental groups in any of the measured variables. While the eight-week training protocol caused a significant difference in static and dynamic balance, functional disability and pain between the control and experimental groups. Therefore, core stability training with improving knee joint proprioception increase balance in people with chronic knee pain, which can reduce the risk of falling in these people and improve the quality of life by improving pain and functional disability.
Hossein Nabavinik, Mohsen Ali Darchini, Reza Azimi,
Volume 20, Issue 23 (9-2022)
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Core stability and plyometric exercises are training methods that athletes use to improve their performance. The purpose of this study was exploring the effect of a period of six week plyometric and core stability exercise on some of physical fitness of boy's athlete. Methods: 36 male athletes who were male with 11-14 years old participated in the semi-experimental study. They randomly divided in three group that each group has 12 subjects (first group; core stability exercise, second group; plyometric exercise and third group; control). The performance tests (standing broad Jump, Vertical Jump, 9.1 m Sprint, Shuttle Run, Flexibility and seated medicine ball toss tests) applied a day before starting core stability and plyometric exercises. Then post-test applied. In order to analysis data, ANOVA test was used (p<0.05). Results: Both core stability and plyometric exercise group showed significance increase in performance tests (Standing Broad Jump, Vertical Jump, 9.1 m Sprint, Shuttle Run). Conclusion: Based on the findings, we recommend the core stability and plyometric exercises in order to improve some of physical fitness of athletes.
Nafise-Sadat Shahamiri, Dr Mohammad-Ali Soleiman-Fallah, Dr Foad Feizolahi,
Volume 20, Issue 24 (3-2023)
Abstract
The aim of this study is the effect of one period core stability exercise with and without kinesio taping on biomechanical effective factors in lower cross syndrome on female. 36 female between 30 to 40 were randomly divided in to 3 groups (control, with taping and without taping). each group consist 12 participant. To measure Pelvic slope, Hip and Knee ROM, Isometric strength of flexors and extensors, Abdominal muscle endurance, Flexibility of spine extensors, Endurance of core muscles, respectively was used Inclinometer, Goniometer, Dynamometer, Body flection test, Body straightening test and Planck test to the side. To evaluate research hypotheses, if there is a significant difference between them we was used analysis of covariance test and multiple comparison in averages with post hoc bonferroni test. The result of the survey indicate that difference between taping and control groups were significant in pelvic slope, hamstring and rectus femoris flexibility, knee and hip flexors muscle strength )p≥0/05(. Difference between without taping and control groups were significant in pelvic slope, rectus femoris and spine extensors flexibility (p≥0/05(. Difference between with and with¬out taping groups were significant in hamstring and iliopsoas flexibility, knee flexors, hip flexors, extensors, adductors strength, core muscles endurance )p≥0/05(. The results show that training with taping has an effective role on reducing lower cross syndrome. So it is suggested that taping can be used as an non-aggressive and low-cost method at the same time with exercise.
Seyed Mohammad Hosseini, Seyed Vahid Seyedazizi, Sahar Bala Khiyavi, Ali Keshtiaray,
Volume 21, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
The researchers conducted the present study with the aim of investigating the pain and muscle disorders of patients with covid-19 with people who have experienced it. The research was applied and comparative. Samples were calculated using G-power of 303 people, and sports teachers were excluded from the research. The Nordic questionnaire was provided to Ardabil education and training employees after the investigation, the number of people with one year of identification and the number of 113 people with the age range of 30 to 45 years reported no reduction. Then, musculoskeletal disorders of 9 body areas in both groups were evaluated using descriptive statistics and chi-square test at a significance level of 0.01. The muscle pain of the affected group was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of the healthy group, and also based on the chi-square test, the amount of back and neck pain was 52% and 45%, respectively, in affected people compared to other organs. It was more meaningful. (P<0.01) noticed that there was no significant difference between the pain and discomfort of different organs in the non-observed group. Corona patients may experience pain, and the cause of it in the Nordic questionnaire, in addition to physical abnormalities and excessive muscle disease, can be from Corona disease; Therefore, the Nordic questionnaire should be used.
Narmin Ghanizadeh Hesar, Behnam Moradi, Marzieh Musa Gholizadeh Fallah,
Volume 21, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
Upper-crossed syndrome is one of the most common disorders of the upper body, which is associated with 45-65% of shoulder pain. This study has been conducted to investigate the effect of corrective exercises focused on chain reactions, on scapular position, proprioception and shoulder functional stability of female students with UCS. 30 female students between 14 and 18 years of age in Urmia city who had the mentioned disorder were selected using the purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people). A tape measure was used to evaluate the distance between the median of the sternum to the coracoid ridge and the posterior-lateral distance of the acromion to the thoracic vertebra (scapular position), the Layton flexometer to measure proprioception, the Y Balance Test to evaluate the function of the upper limb, and the goniometer, tape measure and flexible ruler, respectively were used to measure head and shoulder forward angle and kyphosis. Independent and dependent t-tests were used to compare inter-group and intra-group means, respectively. The present study showed that the effect of corrective exercises on scapular position, proprioception and shoulder functional stability of female students with UCS was significant.
Masoud Barzegar, Malihe Hadadnezhad, Sadredin Shojaedin, Amir Letafatkar, Rose Fouladi,
Volume 21, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
The aim of this research was effect of eight weeks of neuromuscular training (NMT) with and without cognitive-dual tasks (DTs) on proprioception and balance of athletes with ACL deficiency (ACL-D). 39 soccer players with ACL-D were selected purposefully and randomly divided into three groups of 13 (control group, neuromuscular training group and neuromuscular training with dual tasks group). Two training groups performed the exercises for eight weeks and three sessions per week. cognitive-motor dual tasks were performed in one of the groups along with neuromuscular exercises in the form of counting down numbers, memorizing numbers, calculating unexpected equations, specialized football skill movements. The results of the current study indicated that there was no significant difference in knee joint proprioception in the open and closed kinetic chain after applying the intervention between the three groups, but there was a significant difference in lower extremity performance of the athletes based on the Y balance test in the anterior and posterior-lateral direction between the three groups (p<0.05). It seems that providing neuromuscular exercises along with cognitive-dual tasks can probably be considered as a useful approach to improve lower extremity performance based on the Y balance test in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.
Mohsen Mohammadnia Ahmadi, Razieh Heidari,
Volume 21, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of traditional herbal remedies for the prevention and treatment of diseases along with exercise has become very popular. The aim of this study was to investigate acute effect of hydro alcoholic extract of melissa officinalis on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation and salivary cortisol during and after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in inactive women. Ten inactive women were selected based on criteria (BMI 22.28±0.60 kg/m2). Individuals participated in two separate sessions. In the first session, extract of melissa officinalis (500 mg) were intake one hour before HIIE. In the second session, the placebo (500 mg of starch) was intake. The HIIE program consisted of 11 alternates (1-minute with 90% vVO2max followed by 2-minute rest intervals with 60% vVO2max). Pre, during and after HIIE, respiratory gases was measured using the respiratory gas analyzer and was used to calculate metabolic rate (Energy Expenditure, VO2) and substrate oxidation (Fat oxidation, Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)). Heart rate monitored by polar sensor. Salivary cortisol after collection was measured by chemiluminescence method. Based on results, there was no significant difference in VO2 (P =0.51), Fat Oxidation (P= 0.9), RER (P= 0.76), Heart rate (P= 0.42) and energy expenditure (P=0.6) between melissa officinalis and placebo intake. Also, there was no significant difference in salivary cortisol (P= 0.15). Generally, hydro alcoholic extract of melissa officinalis supplement intake along HIIE has no effect on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation and cortisol level in inactive women.
Hamidreza Barzegarpoor, Hamid Rajabi, Saied Mohammadi, Rana Fayazmilani,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Performing a mental exertion before and during an exercise increase fatigue indices. One of the important factors in inducing fatigue indices is the type of mental effort engaged. So, the purpose of the present study is comparing the effects of performing types of mental exertion during cycling exercise on fatigue indicators. Methods: 10 cyclist men (with average age 34.5 ± 4.5 kg, height 177 ± 4.5cm, peak power output 236 ± 36 W) invited for 5 different sessions. In the first session, anthropometric characteristics and of cycling peak power output have determined. In the next four sessions, cycling for 45-min at 65% PPO on the cycle ergometer with (Stroop, AX-CPT and PVT) or without (watching a movie) mental exertion. Rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were recorded while cycling every 10 min and cortisol concentration was measured before and 30 min after exercise finished. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to analyzing data. Results: Performing 45 minutes of Stroop mental exertion during cycling exercise increased effort perception, mental demand in the NASA questionnaire, and cortisol concentration compared to cycling exercise alone (P˂0/05) but there is no differences between AX-CPT and PVT to cycling exercise alone . Conclusion: The results of present study showed that performing different mental effort simultaneously with the cycling exercise depending on the amount of challenge and their duration may affect some of the fatigue indices.
Elmira Ahmadi, Shahnaz Shahrbanian, Mohamadreza Kordi, Reza Gharakhanlou, Gregory Pearcey,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The imbalance of inflammatory cytokines in the brain causes mental fatigue. It is believed that aerobic exercise may moderate the level of inflammation of cytokines and thus reduce mental fatigue. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming aerobic training on pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) to evaluate mental fatigue in the brains of female mice after EAE induction. In this research, 21 mice (8 weeks old, 18 to 20 grams) were divided into three groups: healthy control, EAE control, and EAE swimming aerobic exercise. The animals in the training group performed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 4 weeks, with 5 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes. The western blot method was used to analyze the research variables. The results showed no significant difference in the amount of IL-6 between the EAE group and the swimming training group, but the amount of IL-10 in the swimming training group showed a significant increase compared to the EAE group. The ratio of IL-10/IL-6 values between the swimming training group and the EAE group was also not significant. It seems that moderate-intensity swimming aerobic exercises, without changing the pro-inflammatory factor, along with increasing the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, can lead to an improvement in the balance of the inflammatory index and a reduction in fatigue in the EAE group and the swimming exercise group.
Mohamadjavad Razi, Hasan Modares, Zahra Shakeri Hosinabad,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and virtual learning may adversely affect students' musculoskeletal health and physical activity levels. This study aimed to investigate the impact of online education and prolonged sitting on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and physical activity among university students.
Methods: In this descriptive study, 440 male and female students from Farhangian University, Yazd Branch, were selected as the sample. Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and Beck Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using McNemar, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman’s correlation tests at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The prevalence of MSDs during the pandemic showed a significant increase compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.05). A significant correlation was observed between reduced physical activity and increased MSDs (p<0.05). Students who did not follow proper sitting postures had significant disorders in the neck (p<0.0001), shoulder (p=0.006), wrist (p=0.002), lower back (p=0.001), hip (p=0.01), and knee (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The findings suggest that quarantine conditions and virtual learning may exacerbate musculoskeletal problems and sedentary behavior among students. Promoting ergonomic practices and physical activity during pandemics is crucial.
Ranasadat Heydari, Mansour Sahebozamani, Fatemeh Karimi Afshar,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: Core stability is crucial for preventing and alleviating low back pain. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of suspended core stability exercises on the static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level in females with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain (NSCLBP).
Methodology: 21 females with NSLBP were randomly divided into experimental(n:11, age:35/1±8/2) and control (n:11, age:32/9±7/6) groups. The static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level were measured by Biodex balance system, valid tests of Core stability and Visual analogue scale (VAS) respectively. Mixed ANOVA were used for data analysis.
Results: Based on the results of the study, unlike the control group, there was a significant difference in static and dynamic balance, core stability, pain level variables from pre-test to post-test in the experimental group. Also, this difference was observed between the experimental and control groups(P≤0/05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, Suspended Core Stability Exercises with TRX, may improve core stability, static and dynamic balance and decrease pain in female with NSCLBP. This may be due to the instability of these exercises, which enhances muscle activation in the core while also involving changes in body position and movements of the upper and lower limbs.
Rohollh Nikooie, Bahareh Hajmalek, Dariush Moflehi, Amir Nejad Vaziri,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: This semi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of insulin resistance on substrate selection during exercise in obese diabetic women.
Methods: 24 inactive obese women, including control (C; n=8,BMI=31.03±1.18), non-insulin resistance (NIR;n=8,BMI=30.91±0.78), and insulin resistance (IR, n=8,BMI=31.57±0.91) groups, were purposely selected and performed a standard incremental test with an initial workload of 50 W and increased in the workload of 20 W every three minutes. Respiratory gases were collected throughout the test. Cross-over point (COP), a point at which the metabolic substrate changes from fat to carbohydrates, and FATmax point at which fat has the highest contribution to energy supply, were determined. Heart rate and oxygen consumption corresponding to COP and FATmax, points were calculated and compared among the groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: In both diabetic groups, heart rate (P<0.001) and oxygen consumption (P<0.001) corresponding to COP were significantly lower compared to the C. Both variables had lower values in the IR compared to the NIR (P<0.001). In both diabetic groups, oxygen consumption corresponding to the FATmax point was significantly lower compared to the C (P<0.001) and had lower values in IR compared to the NIR (P<0.001).
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study showed that insulin resistance is associated with more reliance on carbohydrates and diminished fat oxidation at submaximal exercise intensities.
Afshin Moghadasi,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Introduction and aim: Strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles is effective in controlling pronation. However, the effects of strengthening other muscle groups remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comprehensive and local corrective exercises on foot posture index (FPI) in people with flexible flat foot.
Methods: Forty-four students referring to Neshat corrective exercises center in Ilam city with a foot posture index score between 6 and 12 were selected as a statistical sample and stratified randomly divided into four groups of intrinsic exercises, intrinsic + extrinsic exercises, comprehensive corrective exercises (CCE) and control. The FPI was measured in the pre-test, at the end of the sixth week and at the end of the twelfth week. The mixed model analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the FPI in the exercise groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the intrinsic and intrinsic + extrinsic groups in the right (P=0.980) and left (P=0.965) foots. FPI in the CCE group showed a significant decrease compared to all groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: CCE, considering the principle of chain reactions of the human body and focusing on the activation of all the distal and proximal muscles effective in misalignment, is more effective than local exercises in correcting the flatness of a flexible foot.
Mina Khantan, Behrouz Abdoli, Alireza Farsi,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the newest methods in order to improve the athletic performance and mental preparation of professional athletes. In this study, we investigated the effects of 10-session unihemispheric concurrent dual-site anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), on swimming performance, mental toughness (MT) and perceived exertion.
Methods: 20 male professional swimmers (Age: 19.00±2.86 yrs) were randomly divided into tDCS (n=10) and sham (n=10) groups. On the first day, the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), next day, the 100-meter freestyle swimming performance test, and the rate of perceived exertion scale (RPE) were evaluated as pre-tests. From the third day, 10 sessions of tDCS were applied, each session a current of 2mA for 20 min, half an hour after the usual swimming exercise, three days a week. 48 hrs following 10th session of tDCS, evaluations were repeated. ANCOVA was used for statistical analysis.
Result: After 10 sessions of tDCS, swimming performance improved significantly; The total MT score increased significantly and no significant change was observed in RPE.
Conclusion: Based on this, multi-session tDCS combined with regular training is recommended to improve swimmers performance and psychological aspects that could be considered as a brain conditioning method to increase mental toughness and sports performance.
