Elham Shahabpoor, Mohammad Amin Delavari,
Volume 21, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
Cachexia syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent in cancer patients.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training as a therapeutic method on muscle cachexia and cardiovascular consequences caused by breast cancer. After 2 weeks of breast cancer induction, 20 BALB/c mice (age: 6-8 weeks and weight: 17- 18 g) mice performed the maximum aerobic capacity test and were randomly allocated into tumor-control and tumor-exercise groups. The tumor-exercise group performed the endurance Training protocol for 6 weeks, 5 days a week with gradual increase in intensity from 12 to 20 (m.min-1) and duration from 25 to 55 minutes And 24 hours after the last training session, the maximum aerobic capacity test was performed. 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed. Heart weight, weight of gastrocnemius and soleus muscle, heart mass index, ratio of weight of soleus muscle to body weight and ratio of weight of gastrocnemius muscle to body weight were measured in tumor-control and tumor-exercise groups. Data were analyzed by independent t-test at the significance level of P≥0.05. The results of the present study showed a significant increase in heart weight (P=0.005), spleen weight (P=0.029), weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (P=0.009) and soleus muscle (P=0.022) in the tumor-exercise group compared to the tumor-control group. Also, significant increase in the heart mass index (P=0.016) and the ratio of the weight of the gastrocnemius muscle to the body weight (P=0.005) and the ratio of the soleus muscle to the body weight (P=0.021) were observed in the tumor-exercise group compared to the tumor-control group. In conclusion,Endurance training seems to be a potential treatment method and strategy to improve the health of the skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system and reduce the process of muscle cachexia caused by breast cancer.
Mohsen Mohammadnia Ahmadi, Razieh Heidari,
Volume 21, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of traditional herbal remedies for the prevention and treatment of diseases along with exercise has become very popular. The aim of this study was to investigate acute effect of hydro alcoholic extract of melissa officinalis on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation and salivary cortisol during and after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in inactive women. Ten inactive women were selected based on criteria (BMI 22.28±0.60 kg/m2). Individuals participated in two separate sessions. In the first session, extract of melissa officinalis (500 mg) were intake one hour before HIIE. In the second session, the placebo (500 mg of starch) was intake. The HIIE program consisted of 11 alternates (1-minute with 90% vVO2max followed by 2-minute rest intervals with 60% vVO2max). Pre, during and after HIIE, respiratory gases was measured using the respiratory gas analyzer and was used to calculate metabolic rate (Energy Expenditure, VO2) and substrate oxidation (Fat oxidation, Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)). Heart rate monitored by polar sensor. Salivary cortisol after collection was measured by chemiluminescence method. Based on results, there was no significant difference in VO2 (P =0.51), Fat Oxidation (P= 0.9), RER (P= 0.76), Heart rate (P= 0.42) and energy expenditure (P=0.6) between melissa officinalis and placebo intake. Also, there was no significant difference in salivary cortisol (P= 0.15). Generally, hydro alcoholic extract of melissa officinalis supplement intake along HIIE has no effect on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation and cortisol level in inactive women.
Hamdollah Hadi,
Volume 21, Issue 26 (12-2023)
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of different doses of caffeine chewing gum on stress hormones and shooting performance of military men. The subjects of the present research were 10 commanders of Valiasr Police Training Center in Tabriz with a mean and standard deviation of age of 31.52±2.78 years, weight of 75.32±3.91 kilograms, His height was 176.14 ± 4.84 cm. The levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and oxytocin in the blood as well as shooting performance were measured after consuming different doses of caffeine. In the first phase, the placebo was given 15 minutes before the shooting. In the second, third and fourth stages (the time interval between each stage is 5 days), all the subjects were given caffeine gum with doses of 150, 200 and 300 mg 15 minutes before the shooting. Gum and placebo were given to the participants in a double-blind manner. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data(P≤0.05). The results of the present study showed that the consumption of caffeine gum in doses of 200 and 300 grams causes a significant decrease in all three stress hormones and also a significant increase in shooting performance, however, the consumption of a dose of 150 mg of caffeine don’t have an effect on the reduction of stress hormones and Shooting performance. According to these results, shooting athletes can be advised to use caffeine gum with doses of 200 and 300 mg before their training and competitions. However, more studies are needed to comment on the use of different doses of caffeine, especially in the form of chewing gum.
Elmira Ahmadi, Shahnaz Shahrbanian, Mohamadreza Kordi, Reza Gharakhanlou, Gregory Pearcey,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The imbalance of inflammatory cytokines in the brain causes mental fatigue. It is believed that aerobic exercise may moderate the level of inflammation of cytokines and thus reduce mental fatigue. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming aerobic training on pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) to evaluate mental fatigue in the brains of female mice after EAE induction. In this research, 21 mice (8 weeks old, 18 to 20 grams) were divided into three groups: healthy control, EAE control, and EAE swimming aerobic exercise. The animals in the training group performed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 4 weeks, with 5 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes. The western blot method was used to analyze the research variables. The results showed no significant difference in the amount of IL-6 between the EAE group and the swimming training group, but the amount of IL-10 in the swimming training group showed a significant increase compared to the EAE group. The ratio of IL-10/IL-6 values between the swimming training group and the EAE group was also not significant. It seems that moderate-intensity swimming aerobic exercises, without changing the pro-inflammatory factor, along with increasing the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, can lead to an improvement in the balance of the inflammatory index and a reduction in fatigue in the EAE group and the swimming exercise group.
Azam Davoodabadi, Saeed Naqeibi, Ali Barzegari, Mohammad Hassaan Dashty Khavidaki,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The aim of this study was the effect of a course of aerobic exercises on depression and oxidative stress factor changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats with Alzheimer's disease. For this purpose, 40 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 237±33 grams were randomly divided into four groups of 10: control, exercise, Alzheimer's, and exercise+Alzheimer's. The training protocol consisted of 12 weeks of running on a treadmill at a speed of 12 meters per minute and for 30 minutes in each session. At the end of the training period, the tests of feeding sensation suppression and tail suspension were performed to estimate depression as well as hippocampal and prefrontal malondialdehyde levels using the Bradford method. Also, in order to induce Alzheimer's, an amount of three mg/kg of streptozocin in a volume of five microliters of sterile distilled water was injected into the ventricle of the brain. The results showed that exercise training caused a significant decrease in depression in eating delay tests and immobility duration in Alzheimer's rats. Also, exercise caused a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's rats, while a significant difference was observed in the prefrontal area. It didn't happen. It seems that sports activity creates immunity against Alzheimer's and is probably effective in preventing depression in Alzheimer's patients.
Fatemeh Kazeminasab, Mohammad Hossein Mahboobi, Karim Azali Alamdari,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of combining aerobic exercise (AE) and vegetarian diet (VD) on blood pressure and body weight in adults with overweight and obesity. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2023 for English articles, and 1065 articles were found. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity. Data analysis was performed using random effect model and weighted mean differences (WMD). The results of meta-analysis of 25 studies with 10192 adults showed that combined aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased in body weight [WMD=-4.63, p=0.001] , systolic blood pressure [WMD=-6.94, p=0.001] , and diastolic blood pressure [WMD=-4.5, p=0.001] , in adults with overweight and obesity. Aerobic training alongside vegetarian diet as a non-medication approach for weight loss and blood pressure control in adults with overweight and/or obesity. In addition, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet with both types of duration (less than 12 weeks and more than 12 weeks) cause a significant decrease in blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity.
Masomeh Aghazadeh, Sakineh Aminnezhad,
Volume 22, Issue 27 (8-2024)
Abstract
One of the ways to optimize sports activities is the use of nanotechnology. Silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles have valuable effects in improving sports performance of athletes. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of clothes containing silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the physiological responses and sports performance of female athletes. The statistical population of the research was women active in public sports in Maku city. The sample size was selected by random method and 10 female athletes (with an average age of 25.9, an average weight of 60 kg and a body mass index of 25.49) were selected. The effect of the treatments (sports activity with and without nano clothes) on endurance, moisture absorption, bacterial removal, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate of the athletes were investigated. The results showed that the use of clothes containing silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles increases their endurance. These clothes lead to an increase in bacteria removal in them. The clothes containing these nanoparticles were effective in reducing their blood pressure. It also improved moisture absorption in female athletes. In general, clothes containing silver nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles have an effect on reducing the physiological responses and sports performance of female athletes.
Danial Timaji, Farshad Ghazalian, Mandana Gholami, Hossein Abednatanzi,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
In order to remain competitive, athletes and coaches are constantly looking for ways to enhance performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HIFT training and hypoxia mask on maximum oxygen consumption and respiratory efficiency of the players of Iran's men's national ice hockey team. In this semi-experimental study, 14 players of the Iranian national ice hockey team were divided into two HIFT and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask groups, then both HIFT groups and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask, performed HIFT training sessions with 30 seconds repetition and five sets for about an hour, three sessions a week for six weeks. maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and respiratory efficiency (vE/VCO2) were measured using gas analyzer. The results showed that HIFT and HIFT with hypoxia mask have an increasing effect on VO2max, but there was no difference between the effect of HIFT and HIFT with hypoxia mask on VO2max (P=0.390). vE/VCO2 decreased in both groups, but there was no difference between the effect of HIFT training and hypoxia mask on vE/VCO2 (P<0.05).
According to the similar respiratory performance benefits, elite male ice hockey players can benefit from HIFT training.
Fereshteh Shahidi, Hamide Ahmadi, Majid Kashef,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
PRAS40 is expressed in all types of body tissues and is present in the muscle growth pathway and has multiple phosphorylation sites. Studies have shown that PRAS40 plays a role in regulating cell growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of resistance training and whey protein supplementation on PRAS40 and biceps hypertrophy in male Wistar rats
Method:This developmental experimental study was carried out in 1402 year. 23 eight-week-old male Wistar rats (250 grams) were randomly divided into three groups: resistance training, resistance training+ supplement, and control. After two weeks of orientation, the training groups completed six weeks of resistance training, climbing the ladder five days a week. The training +supplement group received whey protein (2.05 g/kg dose) through gavage. 48 hours after the last training, a blood sample was taken and the gastrocnemius muscle was removed, frizzed, and saved to evaluate the expression of the PRAS40 gene.
Findings: Six weeks of resistance training with whey supplement caused a significant decrease in PRAS40 gene expression and an increase in body and muscle weight in the exercise and supplement + exercise groups.
Conclusion: The resistance training protocol along with her supplement can lead to muscle hypertrophy and activate the anabolic pathways in the muscle through the suppression of the PRAS40 pathway.
Mohamad Fashi, Afshin Seraji,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of regular physical activity on the amino acid profile of individuals living in the provinces affected by dust particles in Iran. Methods: There were a total of 50 inactive healthy men, with an average age of 31.64±1.5 years and a body mass index of 26.33±5.6, from three provinces in Iran: Khuzestan (n=15), Ilam (n=15), and Kermanshah (n=20) randomly assigned to two control and regular physical activity groups. Prior to the study, 48 hours prior to the occurrence of dust particles, and after the study amino acids, fat percentage, maximum oxygen consumption, were measured. Results: It was found that time (pre-test - May 12, 2023) had a significant effect on amino acids, maximum oxygen consumption, body fat percentage in the training group (p<0.05). In the control group, there was no significant difference in the amino acid, maximum oxygen consumption, body fat percentage, (p>0.05). In terms of body fat percentage, there was a significant difference between the control and exercise groups (p=0.01), as well as maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.01). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that regular exercise training reduce dust particle damage in those exposed to dust particles.
Leila Ghazaleh, Farahnaz Salar, Fatemeh Sharifi,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of fatigue induced by endurance running and sprinting on the knee muscle co-contraction in active young women. Methodology: Thirteen active young women (20-30 years, BMI 20-25kg/m2) were randomly selected. Subjects performed fatigue protocols during two sessions with a four-day interval. The activity of the vastus-medialis and vastus-lateralis muscles was detected using an electromyography device before and after running 400-meter and 3000-meter during the execution of knee extension and their co-contraction was calculated. Two-way repeated measure was used to analyze the data. Results: There was no significant difference between the co-contraction of the selected muscles before and after sprinting (p=0.3) and endurance running (p=0.19) and no significant difference (p=0.85) between the difference in co-contraction rate in the pre-test and post-test of sprinting and endurance running. Conclusion: Since there was no difference between the effect of fatigue caused by sprinting and endurance running on the co-contraction of the selected muscles, likely, the involvement of central factors in the appearance of fatigue caused by 400-meter sprinting and 3000-meter endurance running is similar and insignificant. The emergence of fatigue after implementing both protocols may be more due to environmental factors.
Maliheh Ardakanizadeh, Alireza Rahimi, Leila Vesaliakbarpour,
Volume 22, Issue 28 (12-2024)
Abstract
It seems that aerobic exercise in water is more effective in promoting motor fitness factors due to its greater resistance force compared to the dry environment. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic exercise in water and land on the physical fitness of inactive girls.
Thirty non-athletic girls were randomly divided into two groups water and Land (n=15), and performed aerobic activity for six weeks (3 sessions/week) with 60-70% of maximum heart rate. Before and after aerobic activity, was calculated their explosive power using the vertical jump (Sargent), agility (4×9test), reaction (reaction time test), and the balance (static balance test). For compare pre- and post-test, and to compare post-test results in water and land, One-way ANOVA (p≤0.05).
After aerobic activity (water and land) compared to before, significant improvement was found in the values of explosive power (p=0.001), agility (p=0.001) and static balance (p=0.003), while the comparison of training in water and land did not show a significant difference (p>0.05).
It seems that aerobic activity (water and land) can affect explosive power, agility and static balance, but no effect on reaction, also there is no difference between the two environments.
Samira Emadi, Shahnaz Shahrbanian, Mohammadreza Kordi, Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction:Disruption of the homeostasis of immune regulatory mediators Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Ornithine decarboxylase-1(ODC-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Physical activities play a role in controlling and improving the symptoms of MS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of physical activity in enriched movement environment on the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum tissue of an MS mice model.
Method: This experimental study was conducted on 30 female C57BL/6 mice (age: 8 weeks and average weight: 18 ± 2). Mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 including 1) healthy control, 2) Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and 3) EAE + physical activity in enriched movement environment for 4 weeks. Clinical score were recorded daily from induction until 28 days. The gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum was measured by RT-PCR method. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance.
Results: Activity in the enriched movement environment significantly decreased the gene expression of AhR compared to the EAE group (P=0/02) and also decreased the gene expression of ODC-1, but it was not statistically significant (P=0/28). Also, the clinical score improved significantly after activity in the enriched movement environment (P= 0/001).
Conclusion: In general, it seems that lifestyle change and activity in enriched movement environment lead to the down regulation of the gene expression of AhR and ODC-1 in the cerebellum and improved the clinical score of animals with MS.
Fatemeh Kazeminasab, Motahareh Mohebinejad, Karim Azali Alamdari,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Aim: Excessive fat deposition is associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes as well as hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the net effect size of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on some factors associated with insulin sensitivity in adults with overweight and obesity.
Methods: A search for English articles was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases without limiting the year of publication until February 2023. To calculate the effect size, WMD and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random effect model. Fixed effect model meta regression was used to determine treatment effects associations with other variables.
Results: In total, 13 studies with 446 adults with overweight and obesity (149 females, and 317 males) with 24.7-57 years old were included in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that HIIT caused a significant decrease in fasting glucose [WMD=-8.65 mg/dL, P=0.002], fasting insulin [WMD=-1.88 U/L P=0.005], and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) [WMD=-3.33 mmHg. Weak correlations were observed in between HIIT’s net effect on DBP and insulin (r=-0.32, p=0.019) as well as with subjects’ age (r=-0.29, p=0.037) respectively in meta-regression assessments.
Conclusion: The rate of DBP reduction is sharper and these changes are also correlated with age. Therefore, HIIT is suggested as a Non-pharmacological Approach to prevent against future cardiometabolic risk factors in this population.
Kia Ranjbar,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of the present study is to introduce and examine several genes that are related to people's sports performance and can be effective in their selection and selection in their favorite sports field. Various factors of physical fitness and training ability have been investigated along with the risk of sports injury and mental fitness of athletes.
Findings: The sports performance of people and the monitoring of sports exercises have been influenced by the vast genetic map and environmental interventions. In the present study, the performance of the aerobic system with the ACE gene and its different alleles, the strength and power performance of people with the ACTN3 gene, and the risk of injury of people with different genes such as COL1A1, COL5A1, Tenascin (TNC), apolipoprotein E and blood groups were investigated. It is a prediction; also, the trainability and mental preparation of people in the talent search process can be predicted and possibly measured by genetic knowledge. On the other hand, using the knowledge of genetics and genetic profiles of athletes can be useful for detecting genetic and cellular doping and help organizations that work in the prevention of doping, such as WADA.
Conclusion: The combination of genetic knowledge and environmental interventions play an effective role not only in discussing an athlete's talent, but also in monitoring and improving their performance. While genetics can play a significant role, the prediction of sports success based on genetic knowledge has been limited to a specific set of genes. However, developing this knowledge and identifying more genes that can aid in talent identification and exercise monitoring requires further research.
Sajad Karami, Hamid Rajabi, Fereshteh Shahidi, Fereshteh Golab,
Volume 23, Issue 29 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction and purpose: Age-related changes in the expression of angiogenesis-stimulating and inhibitory genes are characteristics of aging and endothelial dysfunction. Aerobic exercise can stop or reduce this disorder. Considering the importance of resistance training in the rehabilitation of the elderly, the aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility of the response of the stimulating and inhibiting factors of angiogenesis after resistance exercise intervention in the elderly. Methodology: 24 elderly men with an average age of 67.75 years were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner. Blood samples were taken before and after a resistance activity session before and after 8 weeks of resistance training. Real Time PCR method was used to express HIF-1, VEGF, SDF-1 and VEGI genes in blood tissue. The difference in the values of the variables was evaluated by the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurement of mixed design at the level of P≤0.05 using SPSS software version 25. Findings: HIF-1, VEGF and SDF-1 gene expression levels of the training group increased in the stages of the primary post-test (after one session), secondary pre-test and secondary post-test (after 8 weeks of training) and VEGI had no gene expression. Discussion and conclusion: It can be cautiously said that although one session of resistance training leads to gene expression of angiogenesis factors, long-term resistance training with sufficient intensity and volume can It activates the rate of angiogenesis in a much wider range and should be considered as a supplement to aerobic exercises in old age.
Rohollh Nikooie, Bahareh Hajmalek, Dariush Moflehi, Amir Nejad Vaziri,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: This semi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of insulin resistance on substrate selection during exercise in obese diabetic women.
Methods: 24 inactive obese women, including control (C; n=8,BMI=31.03±1.18), non-insulin resistance (NIR;n=8,BMI=30.91±0.78), and insulin resistance (IR, n=8,BMI=31.57±0.91) groups, were purposely selected and performed a standard incremental test with an initial workload of 50 W and increased in the workload of 20 W every three minutes. Respiratory gases were collected throughout the test. Cross-over point (COP), a point at which the metabolic substrate changes from fat to carbohydrates, and FATmax point at which fat has the highest contribution to energy supply, were determined. Heart rate and oxygen consumption corresponding to COP and FATmax, points were calculated and compared among the groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: In both diabetic groups, heart rate (P<0.001) and oxygen consumption (P<0.001) corresponding to COP were significantly lower compared to the C. Both variables had lower values in the IR compared to the NIR (P<0.001). In both diabetic groups, oxygen consumption corresponding to the FATmax point was significantly lower compared to the C (P<0.001) and had lower values in IR compared to the NIR (P<0.001).
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study showed that insulin resistance is associated with more reliance on carbohydrates and diminished fat oxidation at submaximal exercise intensities.
Mina Khantan, Behrouz Abdoli, Alireza Farsi,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is one of the newest methods in order to improve the athletic performance and mental preparation of professional athletes. In this study, we investigated the effects of 10-session unihemispheric concurrent dual-site anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), on swimming performance, mental toughness (MT) and perceived exertion.
Methods: 20 male professional swimmers (Age: 19.00±2.86 yrs) were randomly divided into tDCS (n=10) and sham (n=10) groups. On the first day, the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), next day, the 100-meter freestyle swimming performance test, and the rate of perceived exertion scale (RPE) were evaluated as pre-tests. From the third day, 10 sessions of tDCS were applied, each session a current of 2mA for 20 min, half an hour after the usual swimming exercise, three days a week. 48 hrs following 10th session of tDCS, evaluations were repeated. ANCOVA was used for statistical analysis.
Result: After 10 sessions of tDCS, swimming performance improved significantly; The total MT score increased significantly and no significant change was observed in RPE.
Conclusion: Based on this, multi-session tDCS combined with regular training is recommended to improve swimmers performance and psychological aspects that could be considered as a brain conditioning method to increase mental toughness and sports performance.
Mojtaba Salehpour, Faezeh Rezvani, Farzane Hatami,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Background: GDNF protein that is effective in neurocognitive plasticity and sarcopenia, increases with resistance training. The aim of the research is the effect of six weeks of TRX training on the GDNF protein level in the serum of elderly women.
Materials and methods: The purpose of the research is applied with a semi-experimental method including pre-test-post-test with control group.28 elderly women from retirement center of Teacher Training University,Shahid Rajaei, were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=15) with an average age of 60.86±5.60,BMI 27.65±4.22 ,control group (n=13) with an average age of 64.38±4.03,BMI 28.33 ± 2.18. In the first and last weeks, upper and lower body strength tests and GDNF protein levels were measured by ELISA kit .Shapiro-Wilk test for normality of data distribution,Levin test for homogeneity of variances,one-way analysis of covariance test (P<0.05) were performed to test hypotheses with spss24 software.
Results: Covariance analysis of upper and lower body strength were significantly different between groups (P<0.05).In adjusted averages,the GDNF protein level in the experimental group (443.102±15.751) is significantly higher than the control group (209.756±17.029)(P<0.05).
Conclusion: Six weeks of TRX training had a significant effect on the amount of GDNF protein, upper and lower body strength of elderly women, and can probably be effective in reducing or delaying sarcopenia.
Elham Shakoor, Sadegh Amani, Ahmad Ghasemian, Ahmad Mehrez,
Volume 23, Issue 30 (1-2026)
Abstract
Aim: Resistance exercises are suggested as a non-drug treatment to improve the complications of menopause (cognitive-nervous and inflammatory problems). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Circuit resistance training on the serum levels of BDNF and TNF-α in sedentary postmenopausal women.
methods: In this semi-experimental research, 30 postmenopausal women (age 54±3 years, body mass index 27.6±1.97 kg/m2) living in Tehran were randomly selected and assigned to two groups, Circuit resistance training groups (n=15) and control groups (n=15). Circuit Resistance training was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week including 12 stations for the whole body with an intensity of 40-75%, one maximum repetition in three sets with repetitions between 8-12. 24 hours before and after the intervention, fasting blood was taken to measure BDNF and TNF-a were performed. Repeated measures ANOVA statistical method was used to analyze the data.
Results: In the resistance training group, compared to the control group, there was a significant increase in the levels of BDNF (%13.99) and a significant decrease in the levels of TNF-a (%32.92) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the present study, it seems that low-to-moderate Circuit resistance training with increased BDNF and decreased TNF-a was able to improve cognitive-neural and inflammatory factors in postmenopausal women.
